What is the role of roflumilast in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

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What is the role of roflumilast in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
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Chris Lau, MD
Atul C. Mehta, MD
Umur Hatipoglu, MD

Roflumilast has been shown to reduce rates of acute exacerbation in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ie, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) less than 50% with symptoms of chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations.

Roflumilast is a selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that acts on airway smooth muscle cells and various inflammatory cells. By blocking PDE4, roflumilast raises cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels within these cells, curtailing the inflammatory response.1,2

Roflumilast is not a bronchodilator, although modest improvements in FEV1 have been documented in clinical trials when it was used as maintenance therapy.

TRIALS OF ROFLUMILAST

Several trials have investigated the efficacy of roflumilast in COPD (Table 1).

The RECORD trial

The RECORD trial1 in 2005 was the first large randomized controlled trial of roflumilast in moderate to severe COPD. At a dose of 500 µg orally daily, there was a modest but statistically significant improvement in the postbronchodilator FEV1. There was also improvement in the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire score in the treatment arm, but this was not statistically significant. The study also found a reduction in acute exacerbations of COPD with roflumilast, which was a secondary end point.1

The results of this study spurred interest in roflumilast as well as criticism of the design of the study. First, COPD patients on inhaled maintenance therapy such as an inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist combination or a long-acting muscarinic antagonist had their medications held during the study. Second, the average FEV1 was 54% of predicted, indicative of a study population with less severe disease.1

The RATIO trial

Taking into account the results of the RECORD trial, the RATIO trial3 in 2007 recruited patients with more severe COPD—ie, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) class III and IV—and included the rate of acute exacerbations as a primary end point. Maintenance therapy with inhaled corticosteroids was continued in patients already taking them. However, long-acting beta-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonist therapies were held.3

Again, roflumilast improved postbronchodilator FEV1 compared with placebo. A reduction in acute exacerbations was seen but was not statistically significant except in subgroup analysis, where a statistically significant reduction in acute exacerbations was noted for patients with very severe (GOLD class IV) COPD.3

Post hoc analysis from the RATIO trial suggested that patients with chronic bronchitis and patients with a history of frequent exacerbations were more likely to respond to roflumilast.2

The EOS and HELIOS trials

In 2009, the results of the EOS and HELIOS trials of roflumilast in patients with severe COPD were published.4 These trials allowed continuation of long-acting beta-agonists and muscarinic antagonists. The prebronchodilator FEV1 improved modestly when roflumilast was added to a long-acting bronchodilator. These studies ran for only 24 weeks, and the rate of acute exacerbations was not a primary end point, although the results did show a trend toward reduction of exacerbations.4

The AURA and HERMES trials

Also in 2009 was the publication of the results of two 52-week placebo-controlled trials (AURA and HERMES) of roflumilast in patients with severe COPD with chronic bronchitis and a history of frequent exacerbations.5 Maintenance therapy with long-acting beta-agonists was continued, whereas inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting muscarinic antagonists were held. Statistically significant improvements in prebronchodilator FEV1 and reduction in the rate of exacerbations were observed in the roflumilast group (17% reduction, 95% confidence interval 8–25, P < .0003).5

The REACT trial

The REACT trial6 randomized 1,945 patients with severe COPD already on maximal recommended combination inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist therapy to receive either roflumilast or placebo. The patients’ ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity was less than 70%, their postbronchodilator FEV1 was less than 50%, and they had chronic bronchitis and a history of at least two acute exacerbations during the past year. They had also been on combination therapy for the previous year. Patients who were on long-acting muscarinic-antagonist therapy (70% of the cohort) were included, and continued with their medication.

Patients were followed for 52 weeks. There was a significant reduction in the rate of exacerbations in the roflumilast group vs placebo (0.823 vs 0.959; risk ratio 0.858; 95% confidence interval 0.740–0.995; P = .0424).6 As in previous trials, the roflumilast group showed an improvement in postbronchodilator FEV1. The study also showed a reduction in hospital admissions in the treatment group.6

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ROFLUMILAST

Roflumilast is known to have adverse effects significant enough to reduce compliance, the most common being diarrhea, weight loss, and nausea.2,6,7 In the REACT trial,6 11% of patients in the roflumilast group vs 5% in the placebo group dropped out of the study because of adverse drug effects. Diarrhea was reported in 10% and weight loss in 9% of patients taking roflumilast. Weight loss has been shown to be reversible upon stopping roflumilast.2 There has been no evidence of increased risk of death or serious adverse events in studies of roflumilast in patients with COPD.2 However, the benefit-to-harm ratio suggests that roflumilast provides a net benefit only in patients at high risk of severe exacerbations.7

References
  1. Rabe KF, Bateman ED, O’Donnell DE, Witte S, Bredenbroker D, Bethke TD. Roflumilast—an oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366:63–71.
  2. Field SK. Roflumilast, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, for COPD patients with a history of exacerbations. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med 2011; 5:57–70.
  3. Calverley PM, Sanchez-Toril F, McIvor A, Teichmann P, Bredenbroeker D, Fabbri LM. Effect of 1-year treatment with roflumilast in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:154–161.
  4. Fabbri LM, Calverley PM, Izquierdo-Alonso JL, et al; M2-127 and M2-128 study groups. Roflumilast in moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with longacting bronchodilators: two randomized clinical trials. Lancet 2009; 374:695–703.
  5. Calverley PM, Rabe KF, Goehring U-M, Kristiansen S, Fabbri LM, Martinez FJ. Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomized clinical trials. Lancet 2009; 374:684–95.
  6. Martinez FJ, Calverley PM, Goehring UM, Brose M, Fabbri LM, Rabe KF. Effect of roflumilast on exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uncontrolled by combination therapy (REACT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385:857–866.
  7. Yu T, Fain K, Boyd CM, et al. Benefits and harms of roflumilast in moderate to severe COPD. Thorax 2014; 69:616–622.
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Author and Disclosure Information

Chris Lau, MD
Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic

Atul C. Mehta, MD
Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH

Umur Hatipoglu, MD
Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Clinical Assistant Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH

Address: Chris Lau, MD, Respiratory Institute, A90, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106; lauc@ccf.org

Dr. Hatipoglu has disclosed research grant support from Novartis. The grant was received by the Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic.

Issue
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine - 84(1)
Publications
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
Topics
Drug Therapy
Pulmonology
Page Number
13-15
Sections
1-Minute Consult
Author(s)
Chris Lau, MD
Atul C. Mehta, MD
Umur Hatipoglu, MD
Author(s)
Chris Lau, MD
Atul C. Mehta, MD
Umur Hatipoglu, MD
Author and Disclosure Information

Chris Lau, MD
Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic

Atul C. Mehta, MD
Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH

Umur Hatipoglu, MD
Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Clinical Assistant Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH

Address: Chris Lau, MD, Respiratory Institute, A90, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106; lauc@ccf.org

Dr. Hatipoglu has disclosed research grant support from Novartis. The grant was received by the Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic.

Author and Disclosure Information

Chris Lau, MD
Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic

Atul C. Mehta, MD
Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH

Umur Hatipoglu, MD
Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Clinical Assistant Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH

Address: Chris Lau, MD, Respiratory Institute, A90, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106; lauc@ccf.org

Dr. Hatipoglu has disclosed research grant support from Novartis. The grant was received by the Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic.

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Related Articles
Treating and preventing acute exacerbations of COPD

Roflumilast has been shown to reduce rates of acute exacerbation in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ie, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) less than 50% with symptoms of chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations.

Roflumilast is a selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that acts on airway smooth muscle cells and various inflammatory cells. By blocking PDE4, roflumilast raises cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels within these cells, curtailing the inflammatory response.1,2

Roflumilast is not a bronchodilator, although modest improvements in FEV1 have been documented in clinical trials when it was used as maintenance therapy.

TRIALS OF ROFLUMILAST

Several trials have investigated the efficacy of roflumilast in COPD (Table 1).

The RECORD trial

The RECORD trial1 in 2005 was the first large randomized controlled trial of roflumilast in moderate to severe COPD. At a dose of 500 µg orally daily, there was a modest but statistically significant improvement in the postbronchodilator FEV1. There was also improvement in the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire score in the treatment arm, but this was not statistically significant. The study also found a reduction in acute exacerbations of COPD with roflumilast, which was a secondary end point.1

The results of this study spurred interest in roflumilast as well as criticism of the design of the study. First, COPD patients on inhaled maintenance therapy such as an inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist combination or a long-acting muscarinic antagonist had their medications held during the study. Second, the average FEV1 was 54% of predicted, indicative of a study population with less severe disease.1

The RATIO trial

Taking into account the results of the RECORD trial, the RATIO trial3 in 2007 recruited patients with more severe COPD—ie, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) class III and IV—and included the rate of acute exacerbations as a primary end point. Maintenance therapy with inhaled corticosteroids was continued in patients already taking them. However, long-acting beta-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonist therapies were held.3

Again, roflumilast improved postbronchodilator FEV1 compared with placebo. A reduction in acute exacerbations was seen but was not statistically significant except in subgroup analysis, where a statistically significant reduction in acute exacerbations was noted for patients with very severe (GOLD class IV) COPD.3

Post hoc analysis from the RATIO trial suggested that patients with chronic bronchitis and patients with a history of frequent exacerbations were more likely to respond to roflumilast.2

The EOS and HELIOS trials

In 2009, the results of the EOS and HELIOS trials of roflumilast in patients with severe COPD were published.4 These trials allowed continuation of long-acting beta-agonists and muscarinic antagonists. The prebronchodilator FEV1 improved modestly when roflumilast was added to a long-acting bronchodilator. These studies ran for only 24 weeks, and the rate of acute exacerbations was not a primary end point, although the results did show a trend toward reduction of exacerbations.4

The AURA and HERMES trials

Also in 2009 was the publication of the results of two 52-week placebo-controlled trials (AURA and HERMES) of roflumilast in patients with severe COPD with chronic bronchitis and a history of frequent exacerbations.5 Maintenance therapy with long-acting beta-agonists was continued, whereas inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting muscarinic antagonists were held. Statistically significant improvements in prebronchodilator FEV1 and reduction in the rate of exacerbations were observed in the roflumilast group (17% reduction, 95% confidence interval 8–25, P < .0003).5

The REACT trial

The REACT trial6 randomized 1,945 patients with severe COPD already on maximal recommended combination inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist therapy to receive either roflumilast or placebo. The patients’ ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity was less than 70%, their postbronchodilator FEV1 was less than 50%, and they had chronic bronchitis and a history of at least two acute exacerbations during the past year. They had also been on combination therapy for the previous year. Patients who were on long-acting muscarinic-antagonist therapy (70% of the cohort) were included, and continued with their medication.

Patients were followed for 52 weeks. There was a significant reduction in the rate of exacerbations in the roflumilast group vs placebo (0.823 vs 0.959; risk ratio 0.858; 95% confidence interval 0.740–0.995; P = .0424).6 As in previous trials, the roflumilast group showed an improvement in postbronchodilator FEV1. The study also showed a reduction in hospital admissions in the treatment group.6

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ROFLUMILAST

Roflumilast is known to have adverse effects significant enough to reduce compliance, the most common being diarrhea, weight loss, and nausea.2,6,7 In the REACT trial,6 11% of patients in the roflumilast group vs 5% in the placebo group dropped out of the study because of adverse drug effects. Diarrhea was reported in 10% and weight loss in 9% of patients taking roflumilast. Weight loss has been shown to be reversible upon stopping roflumilast.2 There has been no evidence of increased risk of death or serious adverse events in studies of roflumilast in patients with COPD.2 However, the benefit-to-harm ratio suggests that roflumilast provides a net benefit only in patients at high risk of severe exacerbations.7

Roflumilast has been shown to reduce rates of acute exacerbation in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ie, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) less than 50% with symptoms of chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations.

Roflumilast is a selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that acts on airway smooth muscle cells and various inflammatory cells. By blocking PDE4, roflumilast raises cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels within these cells, curtailing the inflammatory response.1,2

Roflumilast is not a bronchodilator, although modest improvements in FEV1 have been documented in clinical trials when it was used as maintenance therapy.

TRIALS OF ROFLUMILAST

Several trials have investigated the efficacy of roflumilast in COPD (Table 1).

The RECORD trial

The RECORD trial1 in 2005 was the first large randomized controlled trial of roflumilast in moderate to severe COPD. At a dose of 500 µg orally daily, there was a modest but statistically significant improvement in the postbronchodilator FEV1. There was also improvement in the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire score in the treatment arm, but this was not statistically significant. The study also found a reduction in acute exacerbations of COPD with roflumilast, which was a secondary end point.1

The results of this study spurred interest in roflumilast as well as criticism of the design of the study. First, COPD patients on inhaled maintenance therapy such as an inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist combination or a long-acting muscarinic antagonist had their medications held during the study. Second, the average FEV1 was 54% of predicted, indicative of a study population with less severe disease.1

The RATIO trial

Taking into account the results of the RECORD trial, the RATIO trial3 in 2007 recruited patients with more severe COPD—ie, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) class III and IV—and included the rate of acute exacerbations as a primary end point. Maintenance therapy with inhaled corticosteroids was continued in patients already taking them. However, long-acting beta-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonist therapies were held.3

Again, roflumilast improved postbronchodilator FEV1 compared with placebo. A reduction in acute exacerbations was seen but was not statistically significant except in subgroup analysis, where a statistically significant reduction in acute exacerbations was noted for patients with very severe (GOLD class IV) COPD.3

Post hoc analysis from the RATIO trial suggested that patients with chronic bronchitis and patients with a history of frequent exacerbations were more likely to respond to roflumilast.2

The EOS and HELIOS trials

In 2009, the results of the EOS and HELIOS trials of roflumilast in patients with severe COPD were published.4 These trials allowed continuation of long-acting beta-agonists and muscarinic antagonists. The prebronchodilator FEV1 improved modestly when roflumilast was added to a long-acting bronchodilator. These studies ran for only 24 weeks, and the rate of acute exacerbations was not a primary end point, although the results did show a trend toward reduction of exacerbations.4

The AURA and HERMES trials

Also in 2009 was the publication of the results of two 52-week placebo-controlled trials (AURA and HERMES) of roflumilast in patients with severe COPD with chronic bronchitis and a history of frequent exacerbations.5 Maintenance therapy with long-acting beta-agonists was continued, whereas inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting muscarinic antagonists were held. Statistically significant improvements in prebronchodilator FEV1 and reduction in the rate of exacerbations were observed in the roflumilast group (17% reduction, 95% confidence interval 8–25, P < .0003).5

The REACT trial

The REACT trial6 randomized 1,945 patients with severe COPD already on maximal recommended combination inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist therapy to receive either roflumilast or placebo. The patients’ ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity was less than 70%, their postbronchodilator FEV1 was less than 50%, and they had chronic bronchitis and a history of at least two acute exacerbations during the past year. They had also been on combination therapy for the previous year. Patients who were on long-acting muscarinic-antagonist therapy (70% of the cohort) were included, and continued with their medication.

Patients were followed for 52 weeks. There was a significant reduction in the rate of exacerbations in the roflumilast group vs placebo (0.823 vs 0.959; risk ratio 0.858; 95% confidence interval 0.740–0.995; P = .0424).6 As in previous trials, the roflumilast group showed an improvement in postbronchodilator FEV1. The study also showed a reduction in hospital admissions in the treatment group.6

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ROFLUMILAST

Roflumilast is known to have adverse effects significant enough to reduce compliance, the most common being diarrhea, weight loss, and nausea.2,6,7 In the REACT trial,6 11% of patients in the roflumilast group vs 5% in the placebo group dropped out of the study because of adverse drug effects. Diarrhea was reported in 10% and weight loss in 9% of patients taking roflumilast. Weight loss has been shown to be reversible upon stopping roflumilast.2 There has been no evidence of increased risk of death or serious adverse events in studies of roflumilast in patients with COPD.2 However, the benefit-to-harm ratio suggests that roflumilast provides a net benefit only in patients at high risk of severe exacerbations.7

References
  1. Rabe KF, Bateman ED, O’Donnell DE, Witte S, Bredenbroker D, Bethke TD. Roflumilast—an oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366:63–71.
  2. Field SK. Roflumilast, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, for COPD patients with a history of exacerbations. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med 2011; 5:57–70.
  3. Calverley PM, Sanchez-Toril F, McIvor A, Teichmann P, Bredenbroeker D, Fabbri LM. Effect of 1-year treatment with roflumilast in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:154–161.
  4. Fabbri LM, Calverley PM, Izquierdo-Alonso JL, et al; M2-127 and M2-128 study groups. Roflumilast in moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with longacting bronchodilators: two randomized clinical trials. Lancet 2009; 374:695–703.
  5. Calverley PM, Rabe KF, Goehring U-M, Kristiansen S, Fabbri LM, Martinez FJ. Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomized clinical trials. Lancet 2009; 374:684–95.
  6. Martinez FJ, Calverley PM, Goehring UM, Brose M, Fabbri LM, Rabe KF. Effect of roflumilast on exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uncontrolled by combination therapy (REACT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385:857–866.
  7. Yu T, Fain K, Boyd CM, et al. Benefits and harms of roflumilast in moderate to severe COPD. Thorax 2014; 69:616–622.
References
  1. Rabe KF, Bateman ED, O’Donnell DE, Witte S, Bredenbroker D, Bethke TD. Roflumilast—an oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366:63–71.
  2. Field SK. Roflumilast, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, for COPD patients with a history of exacerbations. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med 2011; 5:57–70.
  3. Calverley PM, Sanchez-Toril F, McIvor A, Teichmann P, Bredenbroeker D, Fabbri LM. Effect of 1-year treatment with roflumilast in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:154–161.
  4. Fabbri LM, Calverley PM, Izquierdo-Alonso JL, et al; M2-127 and M2-128 study groups. Roflumilast in moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with longacting bronchodilators: two randomized clinical trials. Lancet 2009; 374:695–703.
  5. Calverley PM, Rabe KF, Goehring U-M, Kristiansen S, Fabbri LM, Martinez FJ. Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomized clinical trials. Lancet 2009; 374:684–95.
  6. Martinez FJ, Calverley PM, Goehring UM, Brose M, Fabbri LM, Rabe KF. Effect of roflumilast on exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uncontrolled by combination therapy (REACT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385:857–866.
  7. Yu T, Fain K, Boyd CM, et al. Benefits and harms of roflumilast in moderate to severe COPD. Thorax 2014; 69:616–622.
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Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine - 84(1)
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What is the role of roflumilast in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
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