O'Grady CP

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by pain and dysfunction. OA is a leading cause of disability in middle-aged and older adults,¹ affecting an estimated 27 million Americans.² With the continued aging of the baby boomer population and rising obesity rates, the incidence of OA is estimated to increase by 40% by 2025.³ The clinical and economic burdens of OA on our society—medical costs and workdays lost—are significant and will continue to be a problem for years to come.⁴

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an option for severe end-stage OA. Most patients with mild to moderate OA follow nonsurgical strategies in an attempt to avoid invasive procedures. As there is no established cure, initial treatment of knee OA is geared toward alleviating pain and improving function. A multimodal approach is typically used and recommended.^5,6 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and narcotic analgesics are commonly prescribed. NSAIDs can be effective⁷ but have well-known cardiovascular, renal, and gastrointestinal risks. If possible, narcotic analgesics should be avoided because of the risk of addiction and the problems associated with dependence. Intra-articular injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid (viscosupplementation) are often recommended to reduce pain associated with arthritis. Braces designed to “off-load” the more diseased medial or lateral compartment of the knee have also been used in an effort to provide symptomatic relief. These low-risk, noninvasive unloader braces have increasingly been advanced as a conservative treatment modality for knee OA,^6,8-10despite modest evidence and lack of appropriately powered randomized controlled trials.¹¹ As more research on the efficacy of these braces is needed, we conducted a study to determine whether an unloader brace is an acceptable and valid treatment modality for knee OA.

Patients and Methods

This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of patients with symptomatic, predominantly unicompartmental OA involving the medial compartment of the knee. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Baptist Hospital in Pensacola, Florida. Patients were excluded if they had a rheumatologic disorder other than OA; a history of knee surgery other than a routine arthroscopic procedure; any soft-tissue, neurologic, or vascular compromise preventing long-term brace use; or obesity preventing effective or comfortable brace use. It is generally felt that unloader bracing may not be effective for patients with severe contractures or significant knee deformity; therefore, those lacking more than 10° of extension or 20° of flexion, or those who had a varus deformity of more than 8° of varus, were not offered enrollment.

Ideal sizes for the proposed study groups were determined through power analysis using standard deviations from prior similar investigations. The target was 30 patients per group.

Patients gave informed consent to the work. A computer-generated randomization schedule was used to randomize patients either to receive a medial unloader brace (Fusion OA; Breg, Inc) or not to receive a brace. Patients in these brace and control groups were allowed to continue their standard conservative OA treatment modalities, including NSAID use, home exercises, and joint supplement use. Patients were restricted from receiving any injection therapy or narcotic pain medication in an effort to isolate the effects of bracing on relief of pain and other symptoms.

All patients were examined by an orthopedic surgeon or fellowship-trained primary care sports medicine specialist. Age, sex, height, and weight data were recorded. Body mass index was calculated. Anteroposterior, lateral, flexion weight-bearing, and long-leg standing radiographs were obtained. Two orthopedic surgeons blindly graded OA¹² and calculated knee varus angles.¹³ Values were averaged, and intraobserver reliability and interobserver reliability were calculated.

Prospective subjective outcomes were evaluated with the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), administered on study entry and at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks during the study. The KOOS has 5 subscales: Pain, Symptoms, Function in Daily Living, Function in Sport and Recreation, and Knee-Related Quality of Life. Each subscale is scored separately. Items are rated 0 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems). Patients were also asked to complete a weekly diary, which included visual analog scale (VAS) ratings of pain, NSAID use, sleep, and activity level. VAS items were rated 1 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems). For brace-group patients, hours of brace use per day were recorded. Patients were required to use the brace for a minimum of 4 hours per day.

KOOS and VAS data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance. Significance level was set at P < .05.

Results

Of the 50 patients randomized, 31 (16 brace, 15 control) completed the study. Of the 19 dropouts, 10 were in the brace group (4 dropped out because of brace discomfort) and 9 in the control group (5 dropped out because of significant pain and the desire for more aggressive treatment with injections). The target patient numbers based on the power analysis were not achieved because of patient enrollment difficulties resulting from the strict criteria established in the study design.

The brace group consisted of 8 men and 8 women. Braces were worn an average of 6.7 hours per day. The control group consisted of 8 men and 7 women. The groups were not significantly different in age, height, weight, body mass index, measured varus knee angle, or arthritis grade (Table 1).

Radiographs were assessed by 2 orthopedic surgeons. Varus angle measurements showed high interobserver reliability (.904, P = .03) and high intraobserver reliability (.969, P = .05); arthritis grades showed low interobserver reliability (.469, P = .59) and high intraobserver reliability (.810, P = .001).

KOOS results showed that, compared with control patients, brace patients had significantly less pain (P < .001), fewer arthritis symptoms (P = .007), better ability to engage in activities of daily living (ADLs) (P = .008), and better total knee function (P = .004) (Figures 1-4). The groups did not differ in ability to engage in sport and recreation (P = .402) or in knee-related quality of life (P = .718), but each parameter showed a trend to be better in the brace group. There was no effect of time in any KOOS subscale. Confidence intervals for these data are listed in Table 2.

VAS results showed that, compared with control patients, brace patients had significantly less pain throughout the day (P = .021) and better activity levels (P = .035) (Figures 5, 6). The groups did not differ in ability to sleep (P = .117) or NSAID use (P = .138), but each parameter showed a trend to be better in the brace group. There was no effect of time in either VAS.

Discussion

We conducted this study to determine the efficacy of a medial unloader brace in reducing the pain and symptoms associated with varus knee OA.

Although TKA is an option for patients with significant end-stage knee OA, mild OA and moderate OA typically are managed with nonoperative modalities. These modalities can be effective and may delay or eliminate the need for surgery, which poses a small but definite risk. Delaying surgery, especially in younger, active patients, has the potential to reduce the number of wear-related revision surgeries.¹⁴

Braces designed to off-load the more diseased medial or lateral compartment of the knee have been used in an effort to provide relief from symptomatic OA. There is a lack of appropriately powered, randomized controlled studies on the efficacy of these braces. With the evidence being inconclusive, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons is unable to recommend for or against use of a brace in medial unicompartmental OA.¹¹ More research on the efficacy of these braces is needed. In the present study, we asked 2 questions: Does use of an unloader brace lessen the pain associated with knee OA? Is the unloader brace an acceptable and valid treatment modality for knee OA?

The 2 clinical outcome tools used in this study showed significant improvement in pain in brace patients compared with control patients. KOOS results showed reduced pain and arthritis symptoms. VAS results showed less pain experienced throughout the day. Pain reduction is probably the most important benefit of any nonoperative modality for knee OA. Pain typically is the driving force and the major indication for TKA. Other investigators have found pain reduced with use of unloader braces, but few long-term prospective randomized trials have been conducted. Ramsey and colleagues¹⁵ compared a neutral stabilizing brace with a medial unloading brace and found that both helped reduce pain and functional disability. This led to discussion about the 2 major potential mechanisms for symptom relief. One theory holds that bracing unloads the diseased portion of the joint and thereby helps improve symptoms.^16-18 According to the other theory, bracing stabilizes the knee, reducing muscle cocontractions and joint compression.^15,19,20 Draganich and colleagues²¹ found that both off-the-shelf and adjustable unloader braces reduced pain. In a short-term (8-week) study, Barnes and colleagues²² found substantial improvement in knee pain with use of an unloader brace. In one of the larger, better designed, prospective studies, Brouwer and colleagues²³ found borderline but significant improvements in pain. Larsen and colleagues,²⁴ in another short-term study, found no improvement in pain but did report improved activity levels with use of a medial unloader brace.

In addition to demonstrating pain reduction, our results showed that, compared with control patients, brace patients had fewer arthritis symptoms, better ability to engage in ADLs, and increased activity levels. Other studies have identified additional benefits of bracing for knee arthritis. Larsen and colleagues²⁴ found that valgus bracing for medial compartment knee OA improved walking and sit-to-stand activities. Although pain relief results were modest, Brouwer and colleagues²³ found significantly better knee function and longer walking distances for patients who used a medial unloader brace. Hewett and colleagues²⁵ found that pain, ADLs, and walking distance were all improved after 9 weeks of brace wear.

Our study had a few limitations. Although injections and narcotic pain medications were not allowed, NSAIDs, home exercises, and other modalities were permitted. We did not think it was reasonable to eliminate every nonoperative modality during the 6-month study period. Therefore, it is possible that some of the study population’s improvements are attributable to these other modalities, which were not rigidly controlled.

Patient enrollment was difficult because of the strict inclusion and exclusion criteria used. The result was a smaller than anticipated patient population. Although there were many excellent study candidates, most declined enrollment when they learned they could be randomized to the control group. These patients were not willing to forgo injections or bracing for 6 months. We thought it was important to maintain our study design because it allowed us to evaluate the true effect of brace use while eliminating confounding variables. Nearly equal numbers of brace and control patients dropped out of the study. The majority of control group dropouts wanted more treatment options, indicating that NSAIDs and exercises alone were not controlling patients’ symptoms. This finding supports recommendations for a multimodal approach to treatment. As expected, some patients dropped out because their brace was uncomfortable—an important finding that should be considered when counseling patients about treatment options for OA.

Not all patients are candidates for braces. Braces can be irritating and uncomfortable for obese patients and patients with skin or vascular issues. Some patients find braces inconvenient. As discussed, a multimodal OA treatment approach is encouraged, but not every mode fits every patient. Physician and patient should thoroughly discuss the benefits and potential problems of brace use before prescribing. Our study results showed trends toward better improvements for brace patients (compared with control patients) in quality of life, ability to engage in sport and recreation, ability to sleep, and need for NSAIDs. Had we enrolled more patients, we might have found statistical significance for these trends. Despite the challenges with patient enrollment and study population size, the data make clear that unloader braces can benefit appropriate patients.

Our findings support use of a medial unloader brace as an acceptable and valid treatment modality for mild and moderate knee OA. The medial unloader brace should be considered a reasonable alternative, as part of a multimodal approach, to more invasive options, such as TKA.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by pain and dysfunction. OA is a leading cause of disability in middle-aged and older adults,¹ affecting an estimated 27 million Americans.² With the continued aging of the baby boomer population and rising obesity rates, the incidence of OA is estimated to increase by 40% by 2025.³ The clinical and economic burdens of OA on our society—medical costs and workdays lost—are significant and will continue to be a problem for years to come.⁴

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an option for severe end-stage OA. Most patients with mild to moderate OA follow nonsurgical strategies in an attempt to avoid invasive procedures. As there is no established cure, initial treatment of knee OA is geared toward alleviating pain and improving function. A multimodal approach is typically used and recommended.^5,6 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and narcotic analgesics are commonly prescribed. NSAIDs can be effective⁷ but have well-known cardiovascular, renal, and gastrointestinal risks. If possible, narcotic analgesics should be avoided because of the risk of addiction and the problems associated with dependence. Intra-articular injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid (viscosupplementation) are often recommended to reduce pain associated with arthritis. Braces designed to “off-load” the more diseased medial or lateral compartment of the knee have also been used in an effort to provide symptomatic relief. These low-risk, noninvasive unloader braces have increasingly been advanced as a conservative treatment modality for knee OA,^6,8-10despite modest evidence and lack of appropriately powered randomized controlled trials.¹¹ As more research on the efficacy of these braces is needed, we conducted a study to determine whether an unloader brace is an acceptable and valid treatment modality for knee OA.

Patients and Methods

This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of patients with symptomatic, predominantly unicompartmental OA involving the medial compartment of the knee. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Baptist Hospital in Pensacola, Florida. Patients were excluded if they had a rheumatologic disorder other than OA; a history of knee surgery other than a routine arthroscopic procedure; any soft-tissue, neurologic, or vascular compromise preventing long-term brace use; or obesity preventing effective or comfortable brace use. It is generally felt that unloader bracing may not be effective for patients with severe contractures or significant knee deformity; therefore, those lacking more than 10° of extension or 20° of flexion, or those who had a varus deformity of more than 8° of varus, were not offered enrollment.

Ideal sizes for the proposed study groups were determined through power analysis using standard deviations from prior similar investigations. The target was 30 patients per group.

Patients gave informed consent to the work. A computer-generated randomization schedule was used to randomize patients either to receive a medial unloader brace (Fusion OA; Breg, Inc) or not to receive a brace. Patients in these brace and control groups were allowed to continue their standard conservative OA treatment modalities, including NSAID use, home exercises, and joint supplement use. Patients were restricted from receiving any injection therapy or narcotic pain medication in an effort to isolate the effects of bracing on relief of pain and other symptoms.

All patients were examined by an orthopedic surgeon or fellowship-trained primary care sports medicine specialist. Age, sex, height, and weight data were recorded. Body mass index was calculated. Anteroposterior, lateral, flexion weight-bearing, and long-leg standing radiographs were obtained. Two orthopedic surgeons blindly graded OA¹² and calculated knee varus angles.¹³ Values were averaged, and intraobserver reliability and interobserver reliability were calculated.

Prospective subjective outcomes were evaluated with the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), administered on study entry and at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks during the study. The KOOS has 5 subscales: Pain, Symptoms, Function in Daily Living, Function in Sport and Recreation, and Knee-Related Quality of Life. Each subscale is scored separately. Items are rated 0 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems). Patients were also asked to complete a weekly diary, which included visual analog scale (VAS) ratings of pain, NSAID use, sleep, and activity level. VAS items were rated 1 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems). For brace-group patients, hours of brace use per day were recorded. Patients were required to use the brace for a minimum of 4 hours per day.

KOOS and VAS data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance. Significance level was set at P < .05.

Results

Of the 50 patients randomized, 31 (16 brace, 15 control) completed the study. Of the 19 dropouts, 10 were in the brace group (4 dropped out because of brace discomfort) and 9 in the control group (5 dropped out because of significant pain and the desire for more aggressive treatment with injections). The target patient numbers based on the power analysis were not achieved because of patient enrollment difficulties resulting from the strict criteria established in the study design.

The brace group consisted of 8 men and 8 women. Braces were worn an average of 6.7 hours per day. The control group consisted of 8 men and 7 women. The groups were not significantly different in age, height, weight, body mass index, measured varus knee angle, or arthritis grade (Table 1).

Radiographs were assessed by 2 orthopedic surgeons. Varus angle measurements showed high interobserver reliability (.904, P = .03) and high intraobserver reliability (.969, P = .05); arthritis grades showed low interobserver reliability (.469, P = .59) and high intraobserver reliability (.810, P = .001).

KOOS results showed that, compared with control patients, brace patients had significantly less pain (P < .001), fewer arthritis symptoms (P = .007), better ability to engage in activities of daily living (ADLs) (P = .008), and better total knee function (P = .004) (Figures 1-4). The groups did not differ in ability to engage in sport and recreation (P = .402) or in knee-related quality of life (P = .718), but each parameter showed a trend to be better in the brace group. There was no effect of time in any KOOS subscale. Confidence intervals for these data are listed in Table 2.

VAS results showed that, compared with control patients, brace patients had significantly less pain throughout the day (P = .021) and better activity levels (P = .035) (Figures 5, 6). The groups did not differ in ability to sleep (P = .117) or NSAID use (P = .138), but each parameter showed a trend to be better in the brace group. There was no effect of time in either VAS.

Discussion

We conducted this study to determine the efficacy of a medial unloader brace in reducing the pain and symptoms associated with varus knee OA.

Although TKA is an option for patients with significant end-stage knee OA, mild OA and moderate OA typically are managed with nonoperative modalities. These modalities can be effective and may delay or eliminate the need for surgery, which poses a small but definite risk. Delaying surgery, especially in younger, active patients, has the potential to reduce the number of wear-related revision surgeries.¹⁴

Braces designed to off-load the more diseased medial or lateral compartment of the knee have been used in an effort to provide relief from symptomatic OA. There is a lack of appropriately powered, randomized controlled studies on the efficacy of these braces. With the evidence being inconclusive, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons is unable to recommend for or against use of a brace in medial unicompartmental OA.¹¹ More research on the efficacy of these braces is needed. In the present study, we asked 2 questions: Does use of an unloader brace lessen the pain associated with knee OA? Is the unloader brace an acceptable and valid treatment modality for knee OA?

The 2 clinical outcome tools used in this study showed significant improvement in pain in brace patients compared with control patients. KOOS results showed reduced pain and arthritis symptoms. VAS results showed less pain experienced throughout the day. Pain reduction is probably the most important benefit of any nonoperative modality for knee OA. Pain typically is the driving force and the major indication for TKA. Other investigators have found pain reduced with use of unloader braces, but few long-term prospective randomized trials have been conducted. Ramsey and colleagues¹⁵ compared a neutral stabilizing brace with a medial unloading brace and found that both helped reduce pain and functional disability. This led to discussion about the 2 major potential mechanisms for symptom relief. One theory holds that bracing unloads the diseased portion of the joint and thereby helps improve symptoms.^16-18 According to the other theory, bracing stabilizes the knee, reducing muscle cocontractions and joint compression.^15,19,20 Draganich and colleagues²¹ found that both off-the-shelf and adjustable unloader braces reduced pain. In a short-term (8-week) study, Barnes and colleagues²² found substantial improvement in knee pain with use of an unloader brace. In one of the larger, better designed, prospective studies, Brouwer and colleagues²³ found borderline but significant improvements in pain. Larsen and colleagues,²⁴ in another short-term study, found no improvement in pain but did report improved activity levels with use of a medial unloader brace.

In addition to demonstrating pain reduction, our results showed that, compared with control patients, brace patients had fewer arthritis symptoms, better ability to engage in ADLs, and increased activity levels. Other studies have identified additional benefits of bracing for knee arthritis. Larsen and colleagues²⁴ found that valgus bracing for medial compartment knee OA improved walking and sit-to-stand activities. Although pain relief results were modest, Brouwer and colleagues²³ found significantly better knee function and longer walking distances for patients who used a medial unloader brace. Hewett and colleagues²⁵ found that pain, ADLs, and walking distance were all improved after 9 weeks of brace wear.

Our study had a few limitations. Although injections and narcotic pain medications were not allowed, NSAIDs, home exercises, and other modalities were permitted. We did not think it was reasonable to eliminate every nonoperative modality during the 6-month study period. Therefore, it is possible that some of the study population’s improvements are attributable to these other modalities, which were not rigidly controlled.

Patient enrollment was difficult because of the strict inclusion and exclusion criteria used. The result was a smaller than anticipated patient population. Although there were many excellent study candidates, most declined enrollment when they learned they could be randomized to the control group. These patients were not willing to forgo injections or bracing for 6 months. We thought it was important to maintain our study design because it allowed us to evaluate the true effect of brace use while eliminating confounding variables. Nearly equal numbers of brace and control patients dropped out of the study. The majority of control group dropouts wanted more treatment options, indicating that NSAIDs and exercises alone were not controlling patients’ symptoms. This finding supports recommendations for a multimodal approach to treatment. As expected, some patients dropped out because their brace was uncomfortable—an important finding that should be considered when counseling patients about treatment options for OA.

Not all patients are candidates for braces. Braces can be irritating and uncomfortable for obese patients and patients with skin or vascular issues. Some patients find braces inconvenient. As discussed, a multimodal OA treatment approach is encouraged, but not every mode fits every patient. Physician and patient should thoroughly discuss the benefits and potential problems of brace use before prescribing. Our study results showed trends toward better improvements for brace patients (compared with control patients) in quality of life, ability to engage in sport and recreation, ability to sleep, and need for NSAIDs. Had we enrolled more patients, we might have found statistical significance for these trends. Despite the challenges with patient enrollment and study population size, the data make clear that unloader braces can benefit appropriate patients.

Our findings support use of a medial unloader brace as an acceptable and valid treatment modality for mild and moderate knee OA. The medial unloader brace should be considered a reasonable alternative, as part of a multimodal approach, to more invasive options, such as TKA.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by pain and dysfunction. OA is a leading cause of disability in middle-aged and older adults,¹ affecting an estimated 27 million Americans.² With the continued aging of the baby boomer population and rising obesity rates, the incidence of OA is estimated to increase by 40% by 2025.³ The clinical and economic burdens of OA on our society—medical costs and workdays lost—are significant and will continue to be a problem for years to come.⁴

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an option for severe end-stage OA. Most patients with mild to moderate OA follow nonsurgical strategies in an attempt to avoid invasive procedures. As there is no established cure, initial treatment of knee OA is geared toward alleviating pain and improving function. A multimodal approach is typically used and recommended.^5,6 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and narcotic analgesics are commonly prescribed. NSAIDs can be effective⁷ but have well-known cardiovascular, renal, and gastrointestinal risks. If possible, narcotic analgesics should be avoided because of the risk of addiction and the problems associated with dependence. Intra-articular injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid (viscosupplementation) are often recommended to reduce pain associated with arthritis. Braces designed to “off-load” the more diseased medial or lateral compartment of the knee have also been used in an effort to provide symptomatic relief. These low-risk, noninvasive unloader braces have increasingly been advanced as a conservative treatment modality for knee OA,^6,8-10despite modest evidence and lack of appropriately powered randomized controlled trials.¹¹ As more research on the efficacy of these braces is needed, we conducted a study to determine whether an unloader brace is an acceptable and valid treatment modality for knee OA.

Patients and Methods

This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of patients with symptomatic, predominantly unicompartmental OA involving the medial compartment of the knee. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Baptist Hospital in Pensacola, Florida. Patients were excluded if they had a rheumatologic disorder other than OA; a history of knee surgery other than a routine arthroscopic procedure; any soft-tissue, neurologic, or vascular compromise preventing long-term brace use; or obesity preventing effective or comfortable brace use. It is generally felt that unloader bracing may not be effective for patients with severe contractures or significant knee deformity; therefore, those lacking more than 10° of extension or 20° of flexion, or those who had a varus deformity of more than 8° of varus, were not offered enrollment.

Ideal sizes for the proposed study groups were determined through power analysis using standard deviations from prior similar investigations. The target was 30 patients per group.

Patients gave informed consent to the work. A computer-generated randomization schedule was used to randomize patients either to receive a medial unloader brace (Fusion OA; Breg, Inc) or not to receive a brace. Patients in these brace and control groups were allowed to continue their standard conservative OA treatment modalities, including NSAID use, home exercises, and joint supplement use. Patients were restricted from receiving any injection therapy or narcotic pain medication in an effort to isolate the effects of bracing on relief of pain and other symptoms.

All patients were examined by an orthopedic surgeon or fellowship-trained primary care sports medicine specialist. Age, sex, height, and weight data were recorded. Body mass index was calculated. Anteroposterior, lateral, flexion weight-bearing, and long-leg standing radiographs were obtained. Two orthopedic surgeons blindly graded OA¹² and calculated knee varus angles.¹³ Values were averaged, and intraobserver reliability and interobserver reliability were calculated.

Prospective subjective outcomes were evaluated with the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), administered on study entry and at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks during the study. The KOOS has 5 subscales: Pain, Symptoms, Function in Daily Living, Function in Sport and Recreation, and Knee-Related Quality of Life. Each subscale is scored separately. Items are rated 0 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems). Patients were also asked to complete a weekly diary, which included visual analog scale (VAS) ratings of pain, NSAID use, sleep, and activity level. VAS items were rated 1 (extreme problems) to 100 (no problems). For brace-group patients, hours of brace use per day were recorded. Patients were required to use the brace for a minimum of 4 hours per day.

KOOS and VAS data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance. Significance level was set at P < .05.

Results

Of the 50 patients randomized, 31 (16 brace, 15 control) completed the study. Of the 19 dropouts, 10 were in the brace group (4 dropped out because of brace discomfort) and 9 in the control group (5 dropped out because of significant pain and the desire for more aggressive treatment with injections). The target patient numbers based on the power analysis were not achieved because of patient enrollment difficulties resulting from the strict criteria established in the study design.

The brace group consisted of 8 men and 8 women. Braces were worn an average of 6.7 hours per day. The control group consisted of 8 men and 7 women. The groups were not significantly different in age, height, weight, body mass index, measured varus knee angle, or arthritis grade (Table 1).

Radiographs were assessed by 2 orthopedic surgeons. Varus angle measurements showed high interobserver reliability (.904, P = .03) and high intraobserver reliability (.969, P = .05); arthritis grades showed low interobserver reliability (.469, P = .59) and high intraobserver reliability (.810, P = .001).

KOOS results showed that, compared with control patients, brace patients had significantly less pain (P < .001), fewer arthritis symptoms (P = .007), better ability to engage in activities of daily living (ADLs) (P = .008), and better total knee function (P = .004) (Figures 1-4). The groups did not differ in ability to engage in sport and recreation (P = .402) or in knee-related quality of life (P = .718), but each parameter showed a trend to be better in the brace group. There was no effect of time in any KOOS subscale. Confidence intervals for these data are listed in Table 2.

VAS results showed that, compared with control patients, brace patients had significantly less pain throughout the day (P = .021) and better activity levels (P = .035) (Figures 5, 6). The groups did not differ in ability to sleep (P = .117) or NSAID use (P = .138), but each parameter showed a trend to be better in the brace group. There was no effect of time in either VAS.

Discussion

We conducted this study to determine the efficacy of a medial unloader brace in reducing the pain and symptoms associated with varus knee OA.

Although TKA is an option for patients with significant end-stage knee OA, mild OA and moderate OA typically are managed with nonoperative modalities. These modalities can be effective and may delay or eliminate the need for surgery, which poses a small but definite risk. Delaying surgery, especially in younger, active patients, has the potential to reduce the number of wear-related revision surgeries.¹⁴

Braces designed to off-load the more diseased medial or lateral compartment of the knee have been used in an effort to provide relief from symptomatic OA. There is a lack of appropriately powered, randomized controlled studies on the efficacy of these braces. With the evidence being inconclusive, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons is unable to recommend for or against use of a brace in medial unicompartmental OA.¹¹ More research on the efficacy of these braces is needed. In the present study, we asked 2 questions: Does use of an unloader brace lessen the pain associated with knee OA? Is the unloader brace an acceptable and valid treatment modality for knee OA?

The 2 clinical outcome tools used in this study showed significant improvement in pain in brace patients compared with control patients. KOOS results showed reduced pain and arthritis symptoms. VAS results showed less pain experienced throughout the day. Pain reduction is probably the most important benefit of any nonoperative modality for knee OA. Pain typically is the driving force and the major indication for TKA. Other investigators have found pain reduced with use of unloader braces, but few long-term prospective randomized trials have been conducted. Ramsey and colleagues¹⁵ compared a neutral stabilizing brace with a medial unloading brace and found that both helped reduce pain and functional disability. This led to discussion about the 2 major potential mechanisms for symptom relief. One theory holds that bracing unloads the diseased portion of the joint and thereby helps improve symptoms.^16-18 According to the other theory, bracing stabilizes the knee, reducing muscle cocontractions and joint compression.^15,19,20 Draganich and colleagues²¹ found that both off-the-shelf and adjustable unloader braces reduced pain. In a short-term (8-week) study, Barnes and colleagues²² found substantial improvement in knee pain with use of an unloader brace. In one of the larger, better designed, prospective studies, Brouwer and colleagues²³ found borderline but significant improvements in pain. Larsen and colleagues,²⁴ in another short-term study, found no improvement in pain but did report improved activity levels with use of a medial unloader brace.

In addition to demonstrating pain reduction, our results showed that, compared with control patients, brace patients had fewer arthritis symptoms, better ability to engage in ADLs, and increased activity levels. Other studies have identified additional benefits of bracing for knee arthritis. Larsen and colleagues²⁴ found that valgus bracing for medial compartment knee OA improved walking and sit-to-stand activities. Although pain relief results were modest, Brouwer and colleagues²³ found significantly better knee function and longer walking distances for patients who used a medial unloader brace. Hewett and colleagues²⁵ found that pain, ADLs, and walking distance were all improved after 9 weeks of brace wear.

Our study had a few limitations. Although injections and narcotic pain medications were not allowed, NSAIDs, home exercises, and other modalities were permitted. We did not think it was reasonable to eliminate every nonoperative modality during the 6-month study period. Therefore, it is possible that some of the study population’s improvements are attributable to these other modalities, which were not rigidly controlled.

Patient enrollment was difficult because of the strict inclusion and exclusion criteria used. The result was a smaller than anticipated patient population. Although there were many excellent study candidates, most declined enrollment when they learned they could be randomized to the control group. These patients were not willing to forgo injections or bracing for 6 months. We thought it was important to maintain our study design because it allowed us to evaluate the true effect of brace use while eliminating confounding variables. Nearly equal numbers of brace and control patients dropped out of the study. The majority of control group dropouts wanted more treatment options, indicating that NSAIDs and exercises alone were not controlling patients’ symptoms. This finding supports recommendations for a multimodal approach to treatment. As expected, some patients dropped out because their brace was uncomfortable—an important finding that should be considered when counseling patients about treatment options for OA.

Not all patients are candidates for braces. Braces can be irritating and uncomfortable for obese patients and patients with skin or vascular issues. Some patients find braces inconvenient. As discussed, a multimodal OA treatment approach is encouraged, but not every mode fits every patient. Physician and patient should thoroughly discuss the benefits and potential problems of brace use before prescribing. Our study results showed trends toward better improvements for brace patients (compared with control patients) in quality of life, ability to engage in sport and recreation, ability to sleep, and need for NSAIDs. Had we enrolled more patients, we might have found statistical significance for these trends. Despite the challenges with patient enrollment and study population size, the data make clear that unloader braces can benefit appropriate patients.

Our findings support use of a medial unloader brace as an acceptable and valid treatment modality for mild and moderate knee OA. The medial unloader brace should be considered a reasonable alternative, as part of a multimodal approach, to more invasive options, such as TKA.