Ramayee Periakaruppan, MD

Lipidized dermatofibromas most commonly are found on the ankles, which has led some authors to refer to these lesions as ankle-type fibrous histiocytomas.¹ Compared to ordinary dermatofibromas, patients with lipidized dermatofibromas tend to be older, most commonly presenting in the fifth or sixth decades of life, and are predominantly male. Lipidized dermatofibromas typically present as well-circumscribed solitary nodules in the dermis. Characteristic features include numerous xanthomatous cells dissected by distinctive hyalinized wiry collagen fibers (Figures 1 and 2).¹ Xanthomatous cells can be round, polygonal, or stellate in shape. These characteristic features in combination with others of dermatofibromas (eg, epidermal acanthosis [Figure 1]) fulfill the criteria for diagnosis of a lipidized dermatofibroma. Additionally, lipidized dermatofibromas tend to be larger than ordinary dermatofibromas, which typically are less than 2 cm in diameter.¹

Figure 1. Lipidized dermatofibromas are characterized by classic epidermal features of dermatofibromas, such as acanthosis, along with numerous foam cells and extensive stromal hyalinization (H&E, original magnification ×1.5).

Figure 2. Higher-power view of a lipidized dermatofibroma shows the characteristic irregular dissection of hyalinized wiry collagen fibers between the xanthomatous cells (H&E, original magnification ×20).

Eruptive xanthomas are characterized by a lacelike infiltrate of extravascular lipid deposits between collagen bundles (Figure 3).² Granular cell tumors are composed of sheets and/or nests of large cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and may be confused with lipidized dermatofibromas, as they also may induce overlying pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia³; however, on closer examination of the cells, the cytoplasm is found to be granular (Figure 4), which contrasts the finely vacuolated cytoplasm of xanthomatous cells found in lipidized dermatofibromas. Giant lysosomal granules (eg, pustulo-ovoid bodies of Milian) are present in some cases.² Of note, an unusual variant of dermatofibroma exists that features prominent granular cells.⁴

Figure 3. Lacelike deposition of extravascular lipid deposits is seen infiltrating between collagen bundles in an eruptive xanthoma (H&E, original magnification ×20).

Figure 4. An abundant eosinophilic, finely granular cytoplasm is characteristic of granular cell tumor (H&E, original magnification ×40).

Tuberous xanthomas most commonly occur around the pressure areas, such as the knees, elbows, and buttocks. Foam cells are a main feature of tuberous xanthomas and are arranged in large aggregates throughout the dermis.² Tuberous xanthomas lack Touton giant cells or inflammatory cells. Older lesions tend to develop substantial fibrosis (Figure 5). Although foam cells can be present in older lesions, they are never as conspicuous as those found in other xanthomas.

Xanthogranulomas commonly occur on the head and neck. Findings noted on low magnification include a well-circumscribed exophytic nodule and an epidermal collarette, which help to easily distinguish xanthogranulomas from lipidized dermatofibromas. Additionally, the presence of a more prominent inflammatory infiltrate, which often includes eosinophils, as well as multinucleated Touton giant cells (Figure 6) and histiocytes with more eosinophilic and less xanthomatous cytoplasm can help distinguish between the lesions.^1,5 Notably, Touton giant cells also can be seen in lipidized dermatofibromas,¹ but the presence of unique features such as distinctive stromal hyalinization are clues to the correct diagnosis of a lipidized dermatofibroma.

Lipidized dermatofibromas most commonly are found on the ankles, which has led some authors to refer to these lesions as ankle-type fibrous histiocytomas.¹ Compared to ordinary dermatofibromas, patients with lipidized dermatofibromas tend to be older, most commonly presenting in the fifth or sixth decades of life, and are predominantly male. Lipidized dermatofibromas typically present as well-circumscribed solitary nodules in the dermis. Characteristic features include numerous xanthomatous cells dissected by distinctive hyalinized wiry collagen fibers (Figures 1 and 2).¹ Xanthomatous cells can be round, polygonal, or stellate in shape. These characteristic features in combination with others of dermatofibromas (eg, epidermal acanthosis [Figure 1]) fulfill the criteria for diagnosis of a lipidized dermatofibroma. Additionally, lipidized dermatofibromas tend to be larger than ordinary dermatofibromas, which typically are less than 2 cm in diameter.¹

Figure 1. Lipidized dermatofibromas are characterized by classic epidermal features of dermatofibromas, such as acanthosis, along with numerous foam cells and extensive stromal hyalinization (H&E, original magnification ×1.5).

Figure 2. Higher-power view of a lipidized dermatofibroma shows the characteristic irregular dissection of hyalinized wiry collagen fibers between the xanthomatous cells (H&E, original magnification ×20).

Eruptive xanthomas are characterized by a lacelike infiltrate of extravascular lipid deposits between collagen bundles (Figure 3).² Granular cell tumors are composed of sheets and/or nests of large cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and may be confused with lipidized dermatofibromas, as they also may induce overlying pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia³; however, on closer examination of the cells, the cytoplasm is found to be granular (Figure 4), which contrasts the finely vacuolated cytoplasm of xanthomatous cells found in lipidized dermatofibromas. Giant lysosomal granules (eg, pustulo-ovoid bodies of Milian) are present in some cases.² Of note, an unusual variant of dermatofibroma exists that features prominent granular cells.⁴

Figure 3. Lacelike deposition of extravascular lipid deposits is seen infiltrating between collagen bundles in an eruptive xanthoma (H&E, original magnification ×20).

Figure 4. An abundant eosinophilic, finely granular cytoplasm is characteristic of granular cell tumor (H&E, original magnification ×40).

Tuberous xanthomas most commonly occur around the pressure areas, such as the knees, elbows, and buttocks. Foam cells are a main feature of tuberous xanthomas and are arranged in large aggregates throughout the dermis.² Tuberous xanthomas lack Touton giant cells or inflammatory cells. Older lesions tend to develop substantial fibrosis (Figure 5). Although foam cells can be present in older lesions, they are never as conspicuous as those found in other xanthomas.

Xanthogranulomas commonly occur on the head and neck. Findings noted on low magnification include a well-circumscribed exophytic nodule and an epidermal collarette, which help to easily distinguish xanthogranulomas from lipidized dermatofibromas. Additionally, the presence of a more prominent inflammatory infiltrate, which often includes eosinophils, as well as multinucleated Touton giant cells (Figure 6) and histiocytes with more eosinophilic and less xanthomatous cytoplasm can help distinguish between the lesions.^1,5 Notably, Touton giant cells also can be seen in lipidized dermatofibromas,¹ but the presence of unique features such as distinctive stromal hyalinization are clues to the correct diagnosis of a lipidized dermatofibroma.

Lipidized dermatofibromas most commonly are found on the ankles, which has led some authors to refer to these lesions as ankle-type fibrous histiocytomas.¹ Compared to ordinary dermatofibromas, patients with lipidized dermatofibromas tend to be older, most commonly presenting in the fifth or sixth decades of life, and are predominantly male. Lipidized dermatofibromas typically present as well-circumscribed solitary nodules in the dermis. Characteristic features include numerous xanthomatous cells dissected by distinctive hyalinized wiry collagen fibers (Figures 1 and 2).¹ Xanthomatous cells can be round, polygonal, or stellate in shape. These characteristic features in combination with others of dermatofibromas (eg, epidermal acanthosis [Figure 1]) fulfill the criteria for diagnosis of a lipidized dermatofibroma. Additionally, lipidized dermatofibromas tend to be larger than ordinary dermatofibromas, which typically are less than 2 cm in diameter.¹

Figure 1. Lipidized dermatofibromas are characterized by classic epidermal features of dermatofibromas, such as acanthosis, along with numerous foam cells and extensive stromal hyalinization (H&E, original magnification ×1.5).

Figure 2. Higher-power view of a lipidized dermatofibroma shows the characteristic irregular dissection of hyalinized wiry collagen fibers between the xanthomatous cells (H&E, original magnification ×20).

Eruptive xanthomas are characterized by a lacelike infiltrate of extravascular lipid deposits between collagen bundles (Figure 3).² Granular cell tumors are composed of sheets and/or nests of large cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and may be confused with lipidized dermatofibromas, as they also may induce overlying pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia³; however, on closer examination of the cells, the cytoplasm is found to be granular (Figure 4), which contrasts the finely vacuolated cytoplasm of xanthomatous cells found in lipidized dermatofibromas. Giant lysosomal granules (eg, pustulo-ovoid bodies of Milian) are present in some cases.² Of note, an unusual variant of dermatofibroma exists that features prominent granular cells.⁴

Figure 3. Lacelike deposition of extravascular lipid deposits is seen infiltrating between collagen bundles in an eruptive xanthoma (H&E, original magnification ×20).

Figure 4. An abundant eosinophilic, finely granular cytoplasm is characteristic of granular cell tumor (H&E, original magnification ×40).

Tuberous xanthomas most commonly occur around the pressure areas, such as the knees, elbows, and buttocks. Foam cells are a main feature of tuberous xanthomas and are arranged in large aggregates throughout the dermis.² Tuberous xanthomas lack Touton giant cells or inflammatory cells. Older lesions tend to develop substantial fibrosis (Figure 5). Although foam cells can be present in older lesions, they are never as conspicuous as those found in other xanthomas.

Xanthogranulomas commonly occur on the head and neck. Findings noted on low magnification include a well-circumscribed exophytic nodule and an epidermal collarette, which help to easily distinguish xanthogranulomas from lipidized dermatofibromas. Additionally, the presence of a more prominent inflammatory infiltrate, which often includes eosinophils, as well as multinucleated Touton giant cells (Figure 6) and histiocytes with more eosinophilic and less xanthomatous cytoplasm can help distinguish between the lesions.^1,5 Notably, Touton giant cells also can be seen in lipidized dermatofibromas,¹ but the presence of unique features such as distinctive stromal hyalinization are clues to the correct diagnosis of a lipidized dermatofibroma.