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The causes of shoulder pain may be as common as a traumatic injury or as rare as a systemic inflammatory condition, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. The combination of joints, tendons, and muscles that make up the shoulder can present diagnostic and clinical challenges, but several experts shared their tips for management.
Evaluation and Diagnosis
Rotator cuff tendinopathy/tendinitis and subacromial bursitis are typically the most common causes of shoulder pain presenting to a primary care provider, said Jason Kolfenbach, MD, a rheumatologist at UC Health, Denver, Colorado, in an interview. “Other causes of shoulder pain may include acromioclavicular osteoarthritis, biceps tendinitis (often a secondary process in the setting of rotator cuff disease), and true glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis,” he said.
Experts estimate that as much as 80% of shoulder pain involves the muscles, tendons, and ligaments surrounding the joint, rather than true arthritis, said Kolfenbach, who was a co-author of a Medscape slideshow on evaluating shoulder pain. In the slideshow, the authors noted that proper evaluation is needed for successful pain management. Some patients may do well with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), rest, ice, and physical therapy, but more serious conditions may require steroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, or surgery.
If a patient’s joint pain with active range of motion is relieved when an examiner supports the affected limb (passive range of motion), the cause is more likely related to muscles, tendons, or ligaments, Kolfenbach said.
Primary care providers may not be familiar with examination maneuvers to diagnose shoulder pain, although they are often tasked with evaluating and managing these patients, said Kolfenbach.
Education focused on practical aspects of these maneuvers may help improve primary care confidence in utilizing them and lead to more appropriate ordering of imaging testing and better pain management plans for patients, he said.
However, “If there is concern for a true intra-articular process, plain radiographs are recommended to determine if there is loss of cartilage space and/or other anatomic drivers of pain,” he noted. “Even in conditions of documented intra-articular arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, weakness, and atrophy of the surrounding musculature can contribute to joint disability and pain,” he said. For these patients, referral to physical therapy for periarticular strengthening can provide pain relief, he added.
Pinning Down the Pain Point
The many different structures within the shoulder that can cause pain make diagnosis a challenge, Nicole Angelo, DO, MS, a physiatrist at the Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, said in an interview.
Potential sources of pain include the joint of the shoulder itself, the structures within it (labrum, capsule, and ligaments), and the surrounding rotator cuff muscles and tendons, she said. Patients also may experience overlapping pain referred from the neck (cervical spine) related to nerve irritation (cervical radiculopathy) or arthritis, she noted.
“A patient’s history, including mechanism and acuity of injury, as well as exam, specifically weakness in certain movements,” can help determine whether advanced imaging and surgical intervention may be required,” Angelo told this news organization.
Frozen shoulder is the most missed diagnosis of shoulder pain in primary care, Brian Feeley, MD, chief of sports medicine and shoulder surgery at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), said in an interview.
Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, can mimic many other conditions including rotator cuff problems, shoulder arthritis, and biceps problems, Feeley said. “When people have a loss of active and passive range of motion and no evidence of arthritis on x-rays, their diagnosis is most likely frozen shoulder,” he said.
Another challenge for primary care providers is identifying the severity of rotator cuff problems, Feeley said. “I like to think of rotator cuff problems along a spectrum — impingement is inflammation above the rotator cuff and suggests an imbalance between rotator cuff strength and deltoid strength,” said Feeley. “Partial thickness tears are often normal age-related problems but can be a source of pain,” he added.
However, full-thickness tears encompass a range of problems, from very small asymptomatic holes in the rotator cuff to massive tears that require shoulder replacement, Feeley explained. “Tendinopathy, or changes in the collagen organization in the tendon of the rotator cuff, sounds problematic, but most often is either incidental or part of aging,” he added.
When Shoulder Pain Isn’t Caused by the Shoulder
Primary care patients presenting with shoulder pain may in fact have a neck or spine problem instead, Feeley told this news organization. “Pain that is in the shoulder blade area or down the arm and into the fingers is usually coming from the neck/cervical spine,” he said.
In some cases, shoulder pain stems from the joints below the shoulder, including the elbow, because of arthritis, tennis elbow (lateral epicondylopathy), or golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylopathy), said Angelo. “Conditions of the elbow and neck can also affect shoulder mechanics or cause someone to use the joint more or less frequently,” she said. The interconnections between the neck and joints of the upper extremity, including referral patterns, complicate the diagnosis of shoulder pain; therefore, careful history-taking and examination of joints both above and below the shoulder are essential, she added.
Conservative Care
Shoulder problems often can be managed conservatively with therapeutic exercise focused on maintaining range of motion of the shoulder and strengthening the musculature around the shoulder, Angelo said. “Often, working with a physical therapist to address the mechanics of how the shoulder is moving and how the muscles are firing can help decrease pain and help patients meet their functional goals,” said Angelo. “Injections into the joint, the bursa adjacent to the rotator cuff, and, at times, into the tendons themselves can also be beneficial in relieving pain and improving function,” she said.
In some cases, a short, consistent course of anti-inflammatory medications can be part of a conservative strategy for the management of shoulder pain, Angelo noted.
“Utilizing these medications on an as-needed basis can also help patients improve their ability to sleep, perform their daily activities, and participate in physical therapy,” she said. A course of physical therapy that promotes maintaining shoulder range of motion, strengthening of the rotator cuff musculature, and working on the mechanics between the scapula and humerus is a good first step for most shoulder conditions, Angelo told this news organization.
“If there is concern due to recent trauma, significant weakness, or new/persistent numbness, referral to a specialist should be considered,” she said. If conservative measures including analgesics and exercise have failed to improve shoulder pain, advanced imaging and further interventional treatment may be necessary, Angelo added.
Most shoulder problems can and should be managed nonoperatively, Feeley said. Surgery should be reserved for patients whose shoulder pain has not improved with nonoperative care in most situations, he said. “It is often surprising for patients to hear, but most things in the shoulder actually get better without surgery, and changes on MRI are often normal for age,” Feeley noted. For example, more than 80% of individuals older than 50 will show signs of a labral tear or arthritis in the acromioclavicular joint, he said. “These are incidental findings that don’t need treatment,” he added.
More research is needed to develop more medications to manage pain for all musculoskeletal conditions, including shoulder pain, said Feeley. “But for now, for patients with shoulder pain, I tend to recommend a combination of Tylenol and an NSAID to improve inflammation and reduce pain, and a guided [physical] therapy program at home or in person. The combination of both usually will be successful,” he said.
Postsurgical Shoulder Pain
“For patients who have shoulder surgery, the techniques to manage pain around surgery have improved tremendously over the last decade, particularly with multimodal pain management and nerve blocks,” Feeley told this news organization. These advances have tremendously reduced the need for narcotics for pain management beyond the first 72 hours after surgery, he said. “I strongly recommend patients and primary care doctors to stop all narcotics as soon as possible after shoulder surgery, since they are not nearly as effective for management of pain after the first few days, and they should never be used as a sleep aid,” he emphasized.
Managing pain during recovery from shoulder surgery also involves about 6 weeks in a sling to protect the repair, followed by 6 weeks of active motion but no strengthening, then 3 months of strengthening exercises, he said.
Shoulder pain resources for patients: https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_shoulder-pain-causes.asp
Feeley’s 10-minute video on shoulder examination and pain assessment at the UCSF 14th Annual Primary Care Sports Medicine Conference, 2019: Video on the Essential Shoulder Exam
Kolfenbach disclosed receiving royalties from Elsevier for being the editor of Rheumatology Secrets and Wolters Kluwer for authoring several articles on UpToDate. Feeley and Angelo had no relevant financial conflicts to disclose.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
The causes of shoulder pain may be as common as a traumatic injury or as rare as a systemic inflammatory condition, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. The combination of joints, tendons, and muscles that make up the shoulder can present diagnostic and clinical challenges, but several experts shared their tips for management.
Evaluation and Diagnosis
Rotator cuff tendinopathy/tendinitis and subacromial bursitis are typically the most common causes of shoulder pain presenting to a primary care provider, said Jason Kolfenbach, MD, a rheumatologist at UC Health, Denver, Colorado, in an interview. “Other causes of shoulder pain may include acromioclavicular osteoarthritis, biceps tendinitis (often a secondary process in the setting of rotator cuff disease), and true glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis,” he said.
Experts estimate that as much as 80% of shoulder pain involves the muscles, tendons, and ligaments surrounding the joint, rather than true arthritis, said Kolfenbach, who was a co-author of a Medscape slideshow on evaluating shoulder pain. In the slideshow, the authors noted that proper evaluation is needed for successful pain management. Some patients may do well with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), rest, ice, and physical therapy, but more serious conditions may require steroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, or surgery.
If a patient’s joint pain with active range of motion is relieved when an examiner supports the affected limb (passive range of motion), the cause is more likely related to muscles, tendons, or ligaments, Kolfenbach said.
Primary care providers may not be familiar with examination maneuvers to diagnose shoulder pain, although they are often tasked with evaluating and managing these patients, said Kolfenbach.
Education focused on practical aspects of these maneuvers may help improve primary care confidence in utilizing them and lead to more appropriate ordering of imaging testing and better pain management plans for patients, he said.
However, “If there is concern for a true intra-articular process, plain radiographs are recommended to determine if there is loss of cartilage space and/or other anatomic drivers of pain,” he noted. “Even in conditions of documented intra-articular arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, weakness, and atrophy of the surrounding musculature can contribute to joint disability and pain,” he said. For these patients, referral to physical therapy for periarticular strengthening can provide pain relief, he added.
Pinning Down the Pain Point
The many different structures within the shoulder that can cause pain make diagnosis a challenge, Nicole Angelo, DO, MS, a physiatrist at the Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, said in an interview.
Potential sources of pain include the joint of the shoulder itself, the structures within it (labrum, capsule, and ligaments), and the surrounding rotator cuff muscles and tendons, she said. Patients also may experience overlapping pain referred from the neck (cervical spine) related to nerve irritation (cervical radiculopathy) or arthritis, she noted.
“A patient’s history, including mechanism and acuity of injury, as well as exam, specifically weakness in certain movements,” can help determine whether advanced imaging and surgical intervention may be required,” Angelo told this news organization.
Frozen shoulder is the most missed diagnosis of shoulder pain in primary care, Brian Feeley, MD, chief of sports medicine and shoulder surgery at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), said in an interview.
Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, can mimic many other conditions including rotator cuff problems, shoulder arthritis, and biceps problems, Feeley said. “When people have a loss of active and passive range of motion and no evidence of arthritis on x-rays, their diagnosis is most likely frozen shoulder,” he said.
Another challenge for primary care providers is identifying the severity of rotator cuff problems, Feeley said. “I like to think of rotator cuff problems along a spectrum — impingement is inflammation above the rotator cuff and suggests an imbalance between rotator cuff strength and deltoid strength,” said Feeley. “Partial thickness tears are often normal age-related problems but can be a source of pain,” he added.
However, full-thickness tears encompass a range of problems, from very small asymptomatic holes in the rotator cuff to massive tears that require shoulder replacement, Feeley explained. “Tendinopathy, or changes in the collagen organization in the tendon of the rotator cuff, sounds problematic, but most often is either incidental or part of aging,” he added.
When Shoulder Pain Isn’t Caused by the Shoulder
Primary care patients presenting with shoulder pain may in fact have a neck or spine problem instead, Feeley told this news organization. “Pain that is in the shoulder blade area or down the arm and into the fingers is usually coming from the neck/cervical spine,” he said.
In some cases, shoulder pain stems from the joints below the shoulder, including the elbow, because of arthritis, tennis elbow (lateral epicondylopathy), or golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylopathy), said Angelo. “Conditions of the elbow and neck can also affect shoulder mechanics or cause someone to use the joint more or less frequently,” she said. The interconnections between the neck and joints of the upper extremity, including referral patterns, complicate the diagnosis of shoulder pain; therefore, careful history-taking and examination of joints both above and below the shoulder are essential, she added.
Conservative Care
Shoulder problems often can be managed conservatively with therapeutic exercise focused on maintaining range of motion of the shoulder and strengthening the musculature around the shoulder, Angelo said. “Often, working with a physical therapist to address the mechanics of how the shoulder is moving and how the muscles are firing can help decrease pain and help patients meet their functional goals,” said Angelo. “Injections into the joint, the bursa adjacent to the rotator cuff, and, at times, into the tendons themselves can also be beneficial in relieving pain and improving function,” she said.
In some cases, a short, consistent course of anti-inflammatory medications can be part of a conservative strategy for the management of shoulder pain, Angelo noted.
“Utilizing these medications on an as-needed basis can also help patients improve their ability to sleep, perform their daily activities, and participate in physical therapy,” she said. A course of physical therapy that promotes maintaining shoulder range of motion, strengthening of the rotator cuff musculature, and working on the mechanics between the scapula and humerus is a good first step for most shoulder conditions, Angelo told this news organization.
“If there is concern due to recent trauma, significant weakness, or new/persistent numbness, referral to a specialist should be considered,” she said. If conservative measures including analgesics and exercise have failed to improve shoulder pain, advanced imaging and further interventional treatment may be necessary, Angelo added.
Most shoulder problems can and should be managed nonoperatively, Feeley said. Surgery should be reserved for patients whose shoulder pain has not improved with nonoperative care in most situations, he said. “It is often surprising for patients to hear, but most things in the shoulder actually get better without surgery, and changes on MRI are often normal for age,” Feeley noted. For example, more than 80% of individuals older than 50 will show signs of a labral tear or arthritis in the acromioclavicular joint, he said. “These are incidental findings that don’t need treatment,” he added.
More research is needed to develop more medications to manage pain for all musculoskeletal conditions, including shoulder pain, said Feeley. “But for now, for patients with shoulder pain, I tend to recommend a combination of Tylenol and an NSAID to improve inflammation and reduce pain, and a guided [physical] therapy program at home or in person. The combination of both usually will be successful,” he said.
Postsurgical Shoulder Pain
“For patients who have shoulder surgery, the techniques to manage pain around surgery have improved tremendously over the last decade, particularly with multimodal pain management and nerve blocks,” Feeley told this news organization. These advances have tremendously reduced the need for narcotics for pain management beyond the first 72 hours after surgery, he said. “I strongly recommend patients and primary care doctors to stop all narcotics as soon as possible after shoulder surgery, since they are not nearly as effective for management of pain after the first few days, and they should never be used as a sleep aid,” he emphasized.
Managing pain during recovery from shoulder surgery also involves about 6 weeks in a sling to protect the repair, followed by 6 weeks of active motion but no strengthening, then 3 months of strengthening exercises, he said.
Shoulder pain resources for patients: https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_shoulder-pain-causes.asp
Feeley’s 10-minute video on shoulder examination and pain assessment at the UCSF 14th Annual Primary Care Sports Medicine Conference, 2019: Video on the Essential Shoulder Exam
Kolfenbach disclosed receiving royalties from Elsevier for being the editor of Rheumatology Secrets and Wolters Kluwer for authoring several articles on UpToDate. Feeley and Angelo had no relevant financial conflicts to disclose.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
The causes of shoulder pain may be as common as a traumatic injury or as rare as a systemic inflammatory condition, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. The combination of joints, tendons, and muscles that make up the shoulder can present diagnostic and clinical challenges, but several experts shared their tips for management.
Evaluation and Diagnosis
Rotator cuff tendinopathy/tendinitis and subacromial bursitis are typically the most common causes of shoulder pain presenting to a primary care provider, said Jason Kolfenbach, MD, a rheumatologist at UC Health, Denver, Colorado, in an interview. “Other causes of shoulder pain may include acromioclavicular osteoarthritis, biceps tendinitis (often a secondary process in the setting of rotator cuff disease), and true glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis,” he said.
Experts estimate that as much as 80% of shoulder pain involves the muscles, tendons, and ligaments surrounding the joint, rather than true arthritis, said Kolfenbach, who was a co-author of a Medscape slideshow on evaluating shoulder pain. In the slideshow, the authors noted that proper evaluation is needed for successful pain management. Some patients may do well with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), rest, ice, and physical therapy, but more serious conditions may require steroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, or surgery.
If a patient’s joint pain with active range of motion is relieved when an examiner supports the affected limb (passive range of motion), the cause is more likely related to muscles, tendons, or ligaments, Kolfenbach said.
Primary care providers may not be familiar with examination maneuvers to diagnose shoulder pain, although they are often tasked with evaluating and managing these patients, said Kolfenbach.
Education focused on practical aspects of these maneuvers may help improve primary care confidence in utilizing them and lead to more appropriate ordering of imaging testing and better pain management plans for patients, he said.
However, “If there is concern for a true intra-articular process, plain radiographs are recommended to determine if there is loss of cartilage space and/or other anatomic drivers of pain,” he noted. “Even in conditions of documented intra-articular arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, weakness, and atrophy of the surrounding musculature can contribute to joint disability and pain,” he said. For these patients, referral to physical therapy for periarticular strengthening can provide pain relief, he added.
Pinning Down the Pain Point
The many different structures within the shoulder that can cause pain make diagnosis a challenge, Nicole Angelo, DO, MS, a physiatrist at the Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, said in an interview.
Potential sources of pain include the joint of the shoulder itself, the structures within it (labrum, capsule, and ligaments), and the surrounding rotator cuff muscles and tendons, she said. Patients also may experience overlapping pain referred from the neck (cervical spine) related to nerve irritation (cervical radiculopathy) or arthritis, she noted.
“A patient’s history, including mechanism and acuity of injury, as well as exam, specifically weakness in certain movements,” can help determine whether advanced imaging and surgical intervention may be required,” Angelo told this news organization.
Frozen shoulder is the most missed diagnosis of shoulder pain in primary care, Brian Feeley, MD, chief of sports medicine and shoulder surgery at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), said in an interview.
Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, can mimic many other conditions including rotator cuff problems, shoulder arthritis, and biceps problems, Feeley said. “When people have a loss of active and passive range of motion and no evidence of arthritis on x-rays, their diagnosis is most likely frozen shoulder,” he said.
Another challenge for primary care providers is identifying the severity of rotator cuff problems, Feeley said. “I like to think of rotator cuff problems along a spectrum — impingement is inflammation above the rotator cuff and suggests an imbalance between rotator cuff strength and deltoid strength,” said Feeley. “Partial thickness tears are often normal age-related problems but can be a source of pain,” he added.
However, full-thickness tears encompass a range of problems, from very small asymptomatic holes in the rotator cuff to massive tears that require shoulder replacement, Feeley explained. “Tendinopathy, or changes in the collagen organization in the tendon of the rotator cuff, sounds problematic, but most often is either incidental or part of aging,” he added.
When Shoulder Pain Isn’t Caused by the Shoulder
Primary care patients presenting with shoulder pain may in fact have a neck or spine problem instead, Feeley told this news organization. “Pain that is in the shoulder blade area or down the arm and into the fingers is usually coming from the neck/cervical spine,” he said.
In some cases, shoulder pain stems from the joints below the shoulder, including the elbow, because of arthritis, tennis elbow (lateral epicondylopathy), or golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylopathy), said Angelo. “Conditions of the elbow and neck can also affect shoulder mechanics or cause someone to use the joint more or less frequently,” she said. The interconnections between the neck and joints of the upper extremity, including referral patterns, complicate the diagnosis of shoulder pain; therefore, careful history-taking and examination of joints both above and below the shoulder are essential, she added.
Conservative Care
Shoulder problems often can be managed conservatively with therapeutic exercise focused on maintaining range of motion of the shoulder and strengthening the musculature around the shoulder, Angelo said. “Often, working with a physical therapist to address the mechanics of how the shoulder is moving and how the muscles are firing can help decrease pain and help patients meet their functional goals,” said Angelo. “Injections into the joint, the bursa adjacent to the rotator cuff, and, at times, into the tendons themselves can also be beneficial in relieving pain and improving function,” she said.
In some cases, a short, consistent course of anti-inflammatory medications can be part of a conservative strategy for the management of shoulder pain, Angelo noted.
“Utilizing these medications on an as-needed basis can also help patients improve their ability to sleep, perform their daily activities, and participate in physical therapy,” she said. A course of physical therapy that promotes maintaining shoulder range of motion, strengthening of the rotator cuff musculature, and working on the mechanics between the scapula and humerus is a good first step for most shoulder conditions, Angelo told this news organization.
“If there is concern due to recent trauma, significant weakness, or new/persistent numbness, referral to a specialist should be considered,” she said. If conservative measures including analgesics and exercise have failed to improve shoulder pain, advanced imaging and further interventional treatment may be necessary, Angelo added.
Most shoulder problems can and should be managed nonoperatively, Feeley said. Surgery should be reserved for patients whose shoulder pain has not improved with nonoperative care in most situations, he said. “It is often surprising for patients to hear, but most things in the shoulder actually get better without surgery, and changes on MRI are often normal for age,” Feeley noted. For example, more than 80% of individuals older than 50 will show signs of a labral tear or arthritis in the acromioclavicular joint, he said. “These are incidental findings that don’t need treatment,” he added.
More research is needed to develop more medications to manage pain for all musculoskeletal conditions, including shoulder pain, said Feeley. “But for now, for patients with shoulder pain, I tend to recommend a combination of Tylenol and an NSAID to improve inflammation and reduce pain, and a guided [physical] therapy program at home or in person. The combination of both usually will be successful,” he said.
Postsurgical Shoulder Pain
“For patients who have shoulder surgery, the techniques to manage pain around surgery have improved tremendously over the last decade, particularly with multimodal pain management and nerve blocks,” Feeley told this news organization. These advances have tremendously reduced the need for narcotics for pain management beyond the first 72 hours after surgery, he said. “I strongly recommend patients and primary care doctors to stop all narcotics as soon as possible after shoulder surgery, since they are not nearly as effective for management of pain after the first few days, and they should never be used as a sleep aid,” he emphasized.
Managing pain during recovery from shoulder surgery also involves about 6 weeks in a sling to protect the repair, followed by 6 weeks of active motion but no strengthening, then 3 months of strengthening exercises, he said.
Shoulder pain resources for patients: https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_shoulder-pain-causes.asp
Feeley’s 10-minute video on shoulder examination and pain assessment at the UCSF 14th Annual Primary Care Sports Medicine Conference, 2019: Video on the Essential Shoulder Exam
Kolfenbach disclosed receiving royalties from Elsevier for being the editor of Rheumatology Secrets and Wolters Kluwer for authoring several articles on UpToDate. Feeley and Angelo had no relevant financial conflicts to disclose.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.