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The Current State of Postgraduate Dermatology Training Programs for Advanced Practice Providers
The Current State of Postgraduate Dermatology Training Programs for Advanced Practice Providers
Nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) often help provide dermatologic care but lack the same mandatory specialized postgraduate training required of board-certified dermatologists (BCDs), which includes at least 3 years of dermatology-focused education in an accredited residency program in addition to an intern year of general medicine, pediatrics, or surgery. Dermatology residency is followed by a certification examination administered by the American Board of Dermatology (ABD) or the American Osteopathic Board of Dermatology, leading to board certification. Some physicians choose to do a fellowship, which typically involves an additional 1 to 2 years of postresidency subspeciality training.
Optional postgraduate dermatology training programs for advanced practice providers (APPs) have been offered by some academic institutions and private practice groups since at least 2003, including Lahey Hospital and Medical Center (Burlington, Massachusetts) as well as the University of Rochester Medical Center (Rochester, New York). Despite a lack of accreditation or standardization, the programs can be beneficial for NPs and PAs to expand their dermatologic knowledge and skills and help bridge the care gap within the specialty. Didactics often are conducted in parallel with the educational activities of the parent institution’s traditional dermatology residency program (eg, lectures, grand rounds). While these programs often are managed by practicing dermatology NPs and PAs, dermatologists also may be involved in their education with didactic instruction, curriculum development, and clinical preceptorship.
In this cross-sectional study, we identified and evaluated 10 postgraduate dermatology training programs for APPs across the United States. With the growing number of NPs and PAs in the dermatology workforce—both in academic and private practice—it is important for BCDs to be aware of the differences in the dermatology training received in order to ensure safe and effective care is provided through supervisory or collaborative roles (depending on state independent practice laws for APPs and to be aware of the implications these programs may have on the field of dermatology.
Methods
To identify postgraduate dermatology training programs for APPs in the United States, we conducted a cross-sectional study using data obtained via a Google search of various combinations of the following terms: nurse practitioner, NP, physician assistant, PA, advance practice provider, APP, dermatology, postgraduate training, residency, and fellowship. We excluded postgraduate dermatology training programs for APPs that required tuition and did not provide a stipend, as well as programs that lacked the formal structure and credibility needed to qualify as legitimate postgraduate training. Many of the excluded programs operate in a manner that raises ethical concerns, offering pay-to-play opportunities under the guise of education. Information collected on each program included the program name, location, parent institution, program length, class size, curriculum, and any associated salary and benefits.
Results
Ten academic and private practice organizations across the United States that offer postgraduate dermatologic training programs for APPs were identified (eTable). Four (40%) programs were advertised as fellowships. Six (60%) of the programs were offered at academic medical centers, and 4 (40%) were offered by private practices. Most programs were located east of the Mississippi River, and many institutions offered instruction at 1 or more locations within the same state (eFigure). The Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery private practice group offered training opportunities in multiple states.
Six programs required APPs to become board-certified NPs or PAs prior to enrolling. Most programs enrolled both NPs and PAs, while some only enrolled NPs (eTable). Only 1 (10%) program required NPs to be board certified as a family NP, while another (10%) recommended that applicants have experience in urgent care, emergency medicine, or trauma medicine. Lahey Hospital & Medical Center required experience as an NP in a general setting for 1 to 2 years prior to applying. No program required prior experience in the field of dermatology.
Program length varied from 6 to 24 months, and cohort size typically was limited to 1 to 2 providers (eTable). Although the exact numbers could not be ascertained, most curricula focused on medical dermatology, including clinical and didactic components, but many offered electives such as cosmetic and procedural dermatology. Two institutions (20%) required independent research. Work typically was limited to 40 hours per week, and most paid a full-time employee salary and provided benefits such as health insurance, retirement, and paid leave (eTable). Kansas Medical Clinic (Topeka, Kansas) required at least 3 years of employment in an underserved community following program completion. The Oasis Dermatology private practice group in Texas required a 1-year teaching commitment after program completion. The Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery group offered a full-time position upon program completion.
Comment
There is a large difference in the total number of training and credentialing hours when comparing graduate school training and postgraduate credentialing of medical and osteopathic physicians compared with APPs. A new graduate physician has at least twice as many clinical hours as a PA and 10 times as many clinical hours as an NP prior to starting residency. Physicians also typically complete at least 6 times the number of hours of certification examinations compared to NPs and PAs.1
Nurse practitioner students typically complete the 500 hours of prelicensure clinical training required for NP school in 2 to 4 years.2,3 The amount of time required for completion is dependent on the degree and experience of the student upon program entry (eg, bachelor of science in nursing vs master of science in nursing as a terminal degree). Physician assistant students are required to complete 2000 prelicensure clinical hours, and most PA programs are 3 years in duration.4 Many NP and PA programs require some degree of clinical experience prior to beginning graduate education.5
When comparing prelicensure examinations, questions assessing dermatologic knowledge comprise approximately 6% to 10% of the total questions on the United States Medical Licensing Examination Steps 1 and 2.6 The Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination of the United States Level 1 and Level 2-Cognitive Evaluation both have at least 5% of questions dedicated to dermatology.7 Approximately 5% of the questions on the Physician Assistant National Certifying Examination are dedicated to dermatology.8 The dermatology content on either of the NP certification examinations is unclear.2,3 In the states of California, Indiana, and New York, national certification through the American Association of Nurse Practitioners or American Nurses Credentialing Center is not required for NPs to practice in their respective states.9
Regarding dermatologic board certification, a new graduate NP may obtain certification from the
Many of the programs we evaluated integrate APP trainees into resident education, allowing participation in equivalent didactic curricula, clinical rotations, and departmental academic activities. The salary and benefits associated with these programs are somewhat like those of resident physicians.15,16 While most tuition-based programs were excluded from our study due to their lack of credibility and alignment with our study criteria, we identified 2 specific programs that stood out as credible despite requiring students to pay tuition. These programs demonstrated a structured and rigorous curriculum with a clear focus on comprehensive dermatologic training, meeting our standards for inclusion. These programs offer dermatologic training for graduates of NP and PA programs at a cost to the student.15,16 The program at the Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, is largely online,15 and the program at the University of Miami, Florida, offers no direct clinical contact.16 These programs illustrate the variety of postgraduate dermatology curricula available nationally in comparison to resident salaries; however, they were not included in our formal analysis because they do not provide structured, in-person clinical training consistent with our inclusion criteria. Neither of these programs would enable participants to qualify for credentialing with the Dermatology Nurse Practitioner Certification Board after completion. While this study identified postgraduate training programs for APPs in dermatology advertised online, it is possible some were omitted or not advertised online.
While many of the postgraduate programs we evaluated provide unique educational opportunities for APPs, it is unknown if graduating providers are equipped to handle the care of patients with complex dermatologic needs. Regardless, the increased utilization of APPs by BCDs has been well documented over the past 2 decades.17-20 It has been suggested that a higher ratio of APPs to dermatologists can decrease the time it takes for a patient to be seen in a clinic.21-23 However, investigators have expressed concerns that APPs lack standardized surgical training and clinical hour requirements in the field of dermatology.24 Despite these concerns, Medicare claims data show that APPs are performing advanced surgical and cosmetic procedures at increasing rates.17,18 Other authors have questioned the cost-effectiveness of APPs, as multiple studies have shown that the number of biopsies needed to diagnose 1 case of skin cancer is higher for midlevel providers than for dermatologists.25-27
Conclusion
With the anticipated expansion of private equity in dermatology and the growth of our Medicare-eligible population, we are likely to see increased utilization of APPs to address the shortage of BCDs.28,29 Understanding the prelicensure and postlicensure clinical training requirements, examination hours, and extent of dermatology-focused education among APPs and BCDs can help dermatologists collaborate more effectively and ensure safe, high-quality patient care. Standardizing, improving, and providing high-quality education and promoting lifelong learning in the field of dermatology should be celebrated, and dermatologists are the skin experts best equipped to lead dermatologic education forward.
- Robeznieks A. Training gaps between physicians, nonphysicians are significant. American Medical Association. February 17, 2025. Accessed October 23, 2025. https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/scope-practice/training-gaps-between-physicians-nonphysicians-are-significant
- American Nurses Credentialing Center. Test content outline. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.nursingworld.org/globalassets/08282024-exam-24-npd-tco-website.pdf
- American Academy of Nurse Practitioners National Certification Board. AANPCB Family Nurse Practitioner Adult-Gerontology Primary Care Nurse Practitioner Psychiatric Mental Health Pratitioner: FNP, AGNP & PMHNP Certification Certification Handbook. American Academy of Nurse Practitioners Certification Board; 2023. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.aanpcert.org/resource/documents/AGNP%20FNP%20Candidate%20Handbook.pdf
- Society of Dermatology Physician Associates. SDPA Diplomate Fellowship. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://learning.dermpa.orgdiplomate-fellowship
- American Academy of Physician Associates. Become a PA. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.aapa.org/career-central/become-a-pa/
- United States Medical Licensing Examination. Prepare for your exam. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.usmle.org/prepare-your-exam
- National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners. Patient presentations related to the integumentary system. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.nbome.org/assessments/comlex-usa/comlex-usa-blueprint/d2-clinical-presentations/integumentary-system
- National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants. PANCE content blueprint. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://prodcmsstoragesa.blob.core.windows.net/uploads/files/PANCEBlueprint.pdf
- American Association of Nurse Practitioners. Practice information by state. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.aanp.org/practice/practice-information-by-state
- Dermatology Nurse Practitioner Certification Board. Eligibility. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.dnpcb.org/eligibility.php
- National Board of Dermatology Physician Assistants. Certification. Accessed September 3, 2022.
- Society of Dermatology Physician Associates. SDPA statement regarding the ABDPA Board Certification Exam for derm PAs. October 8, 2019. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.dermpa.org/news/articles/2019-10/sdpa-statement-regarding-abdpa-board-certification-exam-derm-pas
- American Board of Dermatology. Residents and fellows. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.abderm.org/residents-and-fellows
- American Osteopathic Board of Dermatology. Primary certificaiton exam. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://certification.osteopathic.org/dermatology/certification-process/dermatology/written-exams/
- Florida Atlantic University. Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing. Dermatology nurse practitioner certificate program. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.fau.edu/nursing/academics/certificates/dermatology-program/
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery. Advanced Practitioner Program.
- Coldiron B, Ratnarathorn M. Scope of physician procedures independently billed by mid-level providers in the office setting. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:1153-1159.
- Zhang M, Zippin J, Kaffenberger B. Trends and scope of dermatology procedures billed by advanced practice professionals from 2012 through 2015. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:1040-1044.
- Resneck J Jr, Kimball AB. The dermatology workforce shortage. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:50-54.
- Kimball AB, Resneck JS Jr. The US dermatology workforce: a specialty remains in shortage. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:741-745.
- Creadore A, Desai S, Li SJ, et al. Insurance acceptance, appointment wait time, and dermatologist access across practice types in the US. JAMA Dermatol. 2021;157:181-188.
- Braun RT, Bond AM, Qian Y, et al. Private equity in dermatology: effect on price, utilization, and spending. Health Aff (Millwood). 2021;40:727-735.
- Skaljic M, Lipoff JB. Association of private equity ownership with increased employment of advanced practice professionals in outpatient dermatology offices. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:1178-1180.
- Jalian HR, Avram MM. Mid-level practitioners in dermatology: a need for further study and oversight. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:1149-1151.
- Sarzynski E, Barry H. Current evidence and controversies: advanced practice providers in healthcare. Am J Manag Care. 2019;25:366-368.
- Nault A, Zhang C, Kim K, et al. Biopsy use in skin cancer diagnosis: comparing dermatology physicians and advanced practice professionals. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151:899-902.
- Anderson AM, Matsumoto M, Saul MI, et al. Accuracy of skin cancer diagnosis by physician assistants compared with dermatologists in a large health care system. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:569-573.
- Sung C, Salem S, Oulee A, et al. A systematic review: landscape of private equity in dermatology from past to present. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023 Apr 1;22:404-409. doi: 10.36849/JDD.6892.
- CMS releases National Healthcare Expenditure and enrollment projections through 2031. Health Management Associates. July 13, 2023. Accessed October 23, 2025. https://www.healthmanagement.com/blog/cms-releases-national-healthcare-expenditure-and-enrollment-projections-through-2031/
Nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) often help provide dermatologic care but lack the same mandatory specialized postgraduate training required of board-certified dermatologists (BCDs), which includes at least 3 years of dermatology-focused education in an accredited residency program in addition to an intern year of general medicine, pediatrics, or surgery. Dermatology residency is followed by a certification examination administered by the American Board of Dermatology (ABD) or the American Osteopathic Board of Dermatology, leading to board certification. Some physicians choose to do a fellowship, which typically involves an additional 1 to 2 years of postresidency subspeciality training.
Optional postgraduate dermatology training programs for advanced practice providers (APPs) have been offered by some academic institutions and private practice groups since at least 2003, including Lahey Hospital and Medical Center (Burlington, Massachusetts) as well as the University of Rochester Medical Center (Rochester, New York). Despite a lack of accreditation or standardization, the programs can be beneficial for NPs and PAs to expand their dermatologic knowledge and skills and help bridge the care gap within the specialty. Didactics often are conducted in parallel with the educational activities of the parent institution’s traditional dermatology residency program (eg, lectures, grand rounds). While these programs often are managed by practicing dermatology NPs and PAs, dermatologists also may be involved in their education with didactic instruction, curriculum development, and clinical preceptorship.
In this cross-sectional study, we identified and evaluated 10 postgraduate dermatology training programs for APPs across the United States. With the growing number of NPs and PAs in the dermatology workforce—both in academic and private practice—it is important for BCDs to be aware of the differences in the dermatology training received in order to ensure safe and effective care is provided through supervisory or collaborative roles (depending on state independent practice laws for APPs and to be aware of the implications these programs may have on the field of dermatology.
Methods
To identify postgraduate dermatology training programs for APPs in the United States, we conducted a cross-sectional study using data obtained via a Google search of various combinations of the following terms: nurse practitioner, NP, physician assistant, PA, advance practice provider, APP, dermatology, postgraduate training, residency, and fellowship. We excluded postgraduate dermatology training programs for APPs that required tuition and did not provide a stipend, as well as programs that lacked the formal structure and credibility needed to qualify as legitimate postgraduate training. Many of the excluded programs operate in a manner that raises ethical concerns, offering pay-to-play opportunities under the guise of education. Information collected on each program included the program name, location, parent institution, program length, class size, curriculum, and any associated salary and benefits.
Results
Ten academic and private practice organizations across the United States that offer postgraduate dermatologic training programs for APPs were identified (eTable). Four (40%) programs were advertised as fellowships. Six (60%) of the programs were offered at academic medical centers, and 4 (40%) were offered by private practices. Most programs were located east of the Mississippi River, and many institutions offered instruction at 1 or more locations within the same state (eFigure). The Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery private practice group offered training opportunities in multiple states.
Six programs required APPs to become board-certified NPs or PAs prior to enrolling. Most programs enrolled both NPs and PAs, while some only enrolled NPs (eTable). Only 1 (10%) program required NPs to be board certified as a family NP, while another (10%) recommended that applicants have experience in urgent care, emergency medicine, or trauma medicine. Lahey Hospital & Medical Center required experience as an NP in a general setting for 1 to 2 years prior to applying. No program required prior experience in the field of dermatology.
Program length varied from 6 to 24 months, and cohort size typically was limited to 1 to 2 providers (eTable). Although the exact numbers could not be ascertained, most curricula focused on medical dermatology, including clinical and didactic components, but many offered electives such as cosmetic and procedural dermatology. Two institutions (20%) required independent research. Work typically was limited to 40 hours per week, and most paid a full-time employee salary and provided benefits such as health insurance, retirement, and paid leave (eTable). Kansas Medical Clinic (Topeka, Kansas) required at least 3 years of employment in an underserved community following program completion. The Oasis Dermatology private practice group in Texas required a 1-year teaching commitment after program completion. The Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery group offered a full-time position upon program completion.
Comment
There is a large difference in the total number of training and credentialing hours when comparing graduate school training and postgraduate credentialing of medical and osteopathic physicians compared with APPs. A new graduate physician has at least twice as many clinical hours as a PA and 10 times as many clinical hours as an NP prior to starting residency. Physicians also typically complete at least 6 times the number of hours of certification examinations compared to NPs and PAs.1
Nurse practitioner students typically complete the 500 hours of prelicensure clinical training required for NP school in 2 to 4 years.2,3 The amount of time required for completion is dependent on the degree and experience of the student upon program entry (eg, bachelor of science in nursing vs master of science in nursing as a terminal degree). Physician assistant students are required to complete 2000 prelicensure clinical hours, and most PA programs are 3 years in duration.4 Many NP and PA programs require some degree of clinical experience prior to beginning graduate education.5
When comparing prelicensure examinations, questions assessing dermatologic knowledge comprise approximately 6% to 10% of the total questions on the United States Medical Licensing Examination Steps 1 and 2.6 The Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination of the United States Level 1 and Level 2-Cognitive Evaluation both have at least 5% of questions dedicated to dermatology.7 Approximately 5% of the questions on the Physician Assistant National Certifying Examination are dedicated to dermatology.8 The dermatology content on either of the NP certification examinations is unclear.2,3 In the states of California, Indiana, and New York, national certification through the American Association of Nurse Practitioners or American Nurses Credentialing Center is not required for NPs to practice in their respective states.9
Regarding dermatologic board certification, a new graduate NP may obtain certification from the
Many of the programs we evaluated integrate APP trainees into resident education, allowing participation in equivalent didactic curricula, clinical rotations, and departmental academic activities. The salary and benefits associated with these programs are somewhat like those of resident physicians.15,16 While most tuition-based programs were excluded from our study due to their lack of credibility and alignment with our study criteria, we identified 2 specific programs that stood out as credible despite requiring students to pay tuition. These programs demonstrated a structured and rigorous curriculum with a clear focus on comprehensive dermatologic training, meeting our standards for inclusion. These programs offer dermatologic training for graduates of NP and PA programs at a cost to the student.15,16 The program at the Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, is largely online,15 and the program at the University of Miami, Florida, offers no direct clinical contact.16 These programs illustrate the variety of postgraduate dermatology curricula available nationally in comparison to resident salaries; however, they were not included in our formal analysis because they do not provide structured, in-person clinical training consistent with our inclusion criteria. Neither of these programs would enable participants to qualify for credentialing with the Dermatology Nurse Practitioner Certification Board after completion. While this study identified postgraduate training programs for APPs in dermatology advertised online, it is possible some were omitted or not advertised online.
While many of the postgraduate programs we evaluated provide unique educational opportunities for APPs, it is unknown if graduating providers are equipped to handle the care of patients with complex dermatologic needs. Regardless, the increased utilization of APPs by BCDs has been well documented over the past 2 decades.17-20 It has been suggested that a higher ratio of APPs to dermatologists can decrease the time it takes for a patient to be seen in a clinic.21-23 However, investigators have expressed concerns that APPs lack standardized surgical training and clinical hour requirements in the field of dermatology.24 Despite these concerns, Medicare claims data show that APPs are performing advanced surgical and cosmetic procedures at increasing rates.17,18 Other authors have questioned the cost-effectiveness of APPs, as multiple studies have shown that the number of biopsies needed to diagnose 1 case of skin cancer is higher for midlevel providers than for dermatologists.25-27
Conclusion
With the anticipated expansion of private equity in dermatology and the growth of our Medicare-eligible population, we are likely to see increased utilization of APPs to address the shortage of BCDs.28,29 Understanding the prelicensure and postlicensure clinical training requirements, examination hours, and extent of dermatology-focused education among APPs and BCDs can help dermatologists collaborate more effectively and ensure safe, high-quality patient care. Standardizing, improving, and providing high-quality education and promoting lifelong learning in the field of dermatology should be celebrated, and dermatologists are the skin experts best equipped to lead dermatologic education forward.
Nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) often help provide dermatologic care but lack the same mandatory specialized postgraduate training required of board-certified dermatologists (BCDs), which includes at least 3 years of dermatology-focused education in an accredited residency program in addition to an intern year of general medicine, pediatrics, or surgery. Dermatology residency is followed by a certification examination administered by the American Board of Dermatology (ABD) or the American Osteopathic Board of Dermatology, leading to board certification. Some physicians choose to do a fellowship, which typically involves an additional 1 to 2 years of postresidency subspeciality training.
Optional postgraduate dermatology training programs for advanced practice providers (APPs) have been offered by some academic institutions and private practice groups since at least 2003, including Lahey Hospital and Medical Center (Burlington, Massachusetts) as well as the University of Rochester Medical Center (Rochester, New York). Despite a lack of accreditation or standardization, the programs can be beneficial for NPs and PAs to expand their dermatologic knowledge and skills and help bridge the care gap within the specialty. Didactics often are conducted in parallel with the educational activities of the parent institution’s traditional dermatology residency program (eg, lectures, grand rounds). While these programs often are managed by practicing dermatology NPs and PAs, dermatologists also may be involved in their education with didactic instruction, curriculum development, and clinical preceptorship.
In this cross-sectional study, we identified and evaluated 10 postgraduate dermatology training programs for APPs across the United States. With the growing number of NPs and PAs in the dermatology workforce—both in academic and private practice—it is important for BCDs to be aware of the differences in the dermatology training received in order to ensure safe and effective care is provided through supervisory or collaborative roles (depending on state independent practice laws for APPs and to be aware of the implications these programs may have on the field of dermatology.
Methods
To identify postgraduate dermatology training programs for APPs in the United States, we conducted a cross-sectional study using data obtained via a Google search of various combinations of the following terms: nurse practitioner, NP, physician assistant, PA, advance practice provider, APP, dermatology, postgraduate training, residency, and fellowship. We excluded postgraduate dermatology training programs for APPs that required tuition and did not provide a stipend, as well as programs that lacked the formal structure and credibility needed to qualify as legitimate postgraduate training. Many of the excluded programs operate in a manner that raises ethical concerns, offering pay-to-play opportunities under the guise of education. Information collected on each program included the program name, location, parent institution, program length, class size, curriculum, and any associated salary and benefits.
Results
Ten academic and private practice organizations across the United States that offer postgraduate dermatologic training programs for APPs were identified (eTable). Four (40%) programs were advertised as fellowships. Six (60%) of the programs were offered at academic medical centers, and 4 (40%) were offered by private practices. Most programs were located east of the Mississippi River, and many institutions offered instruction at 1 or more locations within the same state (eFigure). The Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery private practice group offered training opportunities in multiple states.
Six programs required APPs to become board-certified NPs or PAs prior to enrolling. Most programs enrolled both NPs and PAs, while some only enrolled NPs (eTable). Only 1 (10%) program required NPs to be board certified as a family NP, while another (10%) recommended that applicants have experience in urgent care, emergency medicine, or trauma medicine. Lahey Hospital & Medical Center required experience as an NP in a general setting for 1 to 2 years prior to applying. No program required prior experience in the field of dermatology.
Program length varied from 6 to 24 months, and cohort size typically was limited to 1 to 2 providers (eTable). Although the exact numbers could not be ascertained, most curricula focused on medical dermatology, including clinical and didactic components, but many offered electives such as cosmetic and procedural dermatology. Two institutions (20%) required independent research. Work typically was limited to 40 hours per week, and most paid a full-time employee salary and provided benefits such as health insurance, retirement, and paid leave (eTable). Kansas Medical Clinic (Topeka, Kansas) required at least 3 years of employment in an underserved community following program completion. The Oasis Dermatology private practice group in Texas required a 1-year teaching commitment after program completion. The Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery group offered a full-time position upon program completion.
Comment
There is a large difference in the total number of training and credentialing hours when comparing graduate school training and postgraduate credentialing of medical and osteopathic physicians compared with APPs. A new graduate physician has at least twice as many clinical hours as a PA and 10 times as many clinical hours as an NP prior to starting residency. Physicians also typically complete at least 6 times the number of hours of certification examinations compared to NPs and PAs.1
Nurse practitioner students typically complete the 500 hours of prelicensure clinical training required for NP school in 2 to 4 years.2,3 The amount of time required for completion is dependent on the degree and experience of the student upon program entry (eg, bachelor of science in nursing vs master of science in nursing as a terminal degree). Physician assistant students are required to complete 2000 prelicensure clinical hours, and most PA programs are 3 years in duration.4 Many NP and PA programs require some degree of clinical experience prior to beginning graduate education.5
When comparing prelicensure examinations, questions assessing dermatologic knowledge comprise approximately 6% to 10% of the total questions on the United States Medical Licensing Examination Steps 1 and 2.6 The Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination of the United States Level 1 and Level 2-Cognitive Evaluation both have at least 5% of questions dedicated to dermatology.7 Approximately 5% of the questions on the Physician Assistant National Certifying Examination are dedicated to dermatology.8 The dermatology content on either of the NP certification examinations is unclear.2,3 In the states of California, Indiana, and New York, national certification through the American Association of Nurse Practitioners or American Nurses Credentialing Center is not required for NPs to practice in their respective states.9
Regarding dermatologic board certification, a new graduate NP may obtain certification from the
Many of the programs we evaluated integrate APP trainees into resident education, allowing participation in equivalent didactic curricula, clinical rotations, and departmental academic activities. The salary and benefits associated with these programs are somewhat like those of resident physicians.15,16 While most tuition-based programs were excluded from our study due to their lack of credibility and alignment with our study criteria, we identified 2 specific programs that stood out as credible despite requiring students to pay tuition. These programs demonstrated a structured and rigorous curriculum with a clear focus on comprehensive dermatologic training, meeting our standards for inclusion. These programs offer dermatologic training for graduates of NP and PA programs at a cost to the student.15,16 The program at the Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, is largely online,15 and the program at the University of Miami, Florida, offers no direct clinical contact.16 These programs illustrate the variety of postgraduate dermatology curricula available nationally in comparison to resident salaries; however, they were not included in our formal analysis because they do not provide structured, in-person clinical training consistent with our inclusion criteria. Neither of these programs would enable participants to qualify for credentialing with the Dermatology Nurse Practitioner Certification Board after completion. While this study identified postgraduate training programs for APPs in dermatology advertised online, it is possible some were omitted or not advertised online.
While many of the postgraduate programs we evaluated provide unique educational opportunities for APPs, it is unknown if graduating providers are equipped to handle the care of patients with complex dermatologic needs. Regardless, the increased utilization of APPs by BCDs has been well documented over the past 2 decades.17-20 It has been suggested that a higher ratio of APPs to dermatologists can decrease the time it takes for a patient to be seen in a clinic.21-23 However, investigators have expressed concerns that APPs lack standardized surgical training and clinical hour requirements in the field of dermatology.24 Despite these concerns, Medicare claims data show that APPs are performing advanced surgical and cosmetic procedures at increasing rates.17,18 Other authors have questioned the cost-effectiveness of APPs, as multiple studies have shown that the number of biopsies needed to diagnose 1 case of skin cancer is higher for midlevel providers than for dermatologists.25-27
Conclusion
With the anticipated expansion of private equity in dermatology and the growth of our Medicare-eligible population, we are likely to see increased utilization of APPs to address the shortage of BCDs.28,29 Understanding the prelicensure and postlicensure clinical training requirements, examination hours, and extent of dermatology-focused education among APPs and BCDs can help dermatologists collaborate more effectively and ensure safe, high-quality patient care. Standardizing, improving, and providing high-quality education and promoting lifelong learning in the field of dermatology should be celebrated, and dermatologists are the skin experts best equipped to lead dermatologic education forward.
- Robeznieks A. Training gaps between physicians, nonphysicians are significant. American Medical Association. February 17, 2025. Accessed October 23, 2025. https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/scope-practice/training-gaps-between-physicians-nonphysicians-are-significant
- American Nurses Credentialing Center. Test content outline. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.nursingworld.org/globalassets/08282024-exam-24-npd-tco-website.pdf
- American Academy of Nurse Practitioners National Certification Board. AANPCB Family Nurse Practitioner Adult-Gerontology Primary Care Nurse Practitioner Psychiatric Mental Health Pratitioner: FNP, AGNP & PMHNP Certification Certification Handbook. American Academy of Nurse Practitioners Certification Board; 2023. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.aanpcert.org/resource/documents/AGNP%20FNP%20Candidate%20Handbook.pdf
- Society of Dermatology Physician Associates. SDPA Diplomate Fellowship. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://learning.dermpa.orgdiplomate-fellowship
- American Academy of Physician Associates. Become a PA. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.aapa.org/career-central/become-a-pa/
- United States Medical Licensing Examination. Prepare for your exam. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.usmle.org/prepare-your-exam
- National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners. Patient presentations related to the integumentary system. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.nbome.org/assessments/comlex-usa/comlex-usa-blueprint/d2-clinical-presentations/integumentary-system
- National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants. PANCE content blueprint. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://prodcmsstoragesa.blob.core.windows.net/uploads/files/PANCEBlueprint.pdf
- American Association of Nurse Practitioners. Practice information by state. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.aanp.org/practice/practice-information-by-state
- Dermatology Nurse Practitioner Certification Board. Eligibility. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.dnpcb.org/eligibility.php
- National Board of Dermatology Physician Assistants. Certification. Accessed September 3, 2022.
- Society of Dermatology Physician Associates. SDPA statement regarding the ABDPA Board Certification Exam for derm PAs. October 8, 2019. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.dermpa.org/news/articles/2019-10/sdpa-statement-regarding-abdpa-board-certification-exam-derm-pas
- American Board of Dermatology. Residents and fellows. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.abderm.org/residents-and-fellows
- American Osteopathic Board of Dermatology. Primary certificaiton exam. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://certification.osteopathic.org/dermatology/certification-process/dermatology/written-exams/
- Florida Atlantic University. Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing. Dermatology nurse practitioner certificate program. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.fau.edu/nursing/academics/certificates/dermatology-program/
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery. Advanced Practitioner Program.
- Coldiron B, Ratnarathorn M. Scope of physician procedures independently billed by mid-level providers in the office setting. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:1153-1159.
- Zhang M, Zippin J, Kaffenberger B. Trends and scope of dermatology procedures billed by advanced practice professionals from 2012 through 2015. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:1040-1044.
- Resneck J Jr, Kimball AB. The dermatology workforce shortage. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:50-54.
- Kimball AB, Resneck JS Jr. The US dermatology workforce: a specialty remains in shortage. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:741-745.
- Creadore A, Desai S, Li SJ, et al. Insurance acceptance, appointment wait time, and dermatologist access across practice types in the US. JAMA Dermatol. 2021;157:181-188.
- Braun RT, Bond AM, Qian Y, et al. Private equity in dermatology: effect on price, utilization, and spending. Health Aff (Millwood). 2021;40:727-735.
- Skaljic M, Lipoff JB. Association of private equity ownership with increased employment of advanced practice professionals in outpatient dermatology offices. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:1178-1180.
- Jalian HR, Avram MM. Mid-level practitioners in dermatology: a need for further study and oversight. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:1149-1151.
- Sarzynski E, Barry H. Current evidence and controversies: advanced practice providers in healthcare. Am J Manag Care. 2019;25:366-368.
- Nault A, Zhang C, Kim K, et al. Biopsy use in skin cancer diagnosis: comparing dermatology physicians and advanced practice professionals. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151:899-902.
- Anderson AM, Matsumoto M, Saul MI, et al. Accuracy of skin cancer diagnosis by physician assistants compared with dermatologists in a large health care system. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:569-573.
- Sung C, Salem S, Oulee A, et al. A systematic review: landscape of private equity in dermatology from past to present. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023 Apr 1;22:404-409. doi: 10.36849/JDD.6892.
- CMS releases National Healthcare Expenditure and enrollment projections through 2031. Health Management Associates. July 13, 2023. Accessed October 23, 2025. https://www.healthmanagement.com/blog/cms-releases-national-healthcare-expenditure-and-enrollment-projections-through-2031/
- Robeznieks A. Training gaps between physicians, nonphysicians are significant. American Medical Association. February 17, 2025. Accessed October 23, 2025. https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/scope-practice/training-gaps-between-physicians-nonphysicians-are-significant
- American Nurses Credentialing Center. Test content outline. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.nursingworld.org/globalassets/08282024-exam-24-npd-tco-website.pdf
- American Academy of Nurse Practitioners National Certification Board. AANPCB Family Nurse Practitioner Adult-Gerontology Primary Care Nurse Practitioner Psychiatric Mental Health Pratitioner: FNP, AGNP & PMHNP Certification Certification Handbook. American Academy of Nurse Practitioners Certification Board; 2023. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.aanpcert.org/resource/documents/AGNP%20FNP%20Candidate%20Handbook.pdf
- Society of Dermatology Physician Associates. SDPA Diplomate Fellowship. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://learning.dermpa.orgdiplomate-fellowship
- American Academy of Physician Associates. Become a PA. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.aapa.org/career-central/become-a-pa/
- United States Medical Licensing Examination. Prepare for your exam. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.usmle.org/prepare-your-exam
- National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners. Patient presentations related to the integumentary system. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.nbome.org/assessments/comlex-usa/comlex-usa-blueprint/d2-clinical-presentations/integumentary-system
- National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants. PANCE content blueprint. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://prodcmsstoragesa.blob.core.windows.net/uploads/files/PANCEBlueprint.pdf
- American Association of Nurse Practitioners. Practice information by state. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.aanp.org/practice/practice-information-by-state
- Dermatology Nurse Practitioner Certification Board. Eligibility. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.dnpcb.org/eligibility.php
- National Board of Dermatology Physician Assistants. Certification. Accessed September 3, 2022.
- Society of Dermatology Physician Associates. SDPA statement regarding the ABDPA Board Certification Exam for derm PAs. October 8, 2019. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.dermpa.org/news/articles/2019-10/sdpa-statement-regarding-abdpa-board-certification-exam-derm-pas
- American Board of Dermatology. Residents and fellows. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.abderm.org/residents-and-fellows
- American Osteopathic Board of Dermatology. Primary certificaiton exam. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://certification.osteopathic.org/dermatology/certification-process/dermatology/written-exams/
- Florida Atlantic University. Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing. Dermatology nurse practitioner certificate program. Accessed October 6, 2025. https://www.fau.edu/nursing/academics/certificates/dermatology-program/
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery. Advanced Practitioner Program.
- Coldiron B, Ratnarathorn M. Scope of physician procedures independently billed by mid-level providers in the office setting. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:1153-1159.
- Zhang M, Zippin J, Kaffenberger B. Trends and scope of dermatology procedures billed by advanced practice professionals from 2012 through 2015. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:1040-1044.
- Resneck J Jr, Kimball AB. The dermatology workforce shortage. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:50-54.
- Kimball AB, Resneck JS Jr. The US dermatology workforce: a specialty remains in shortage. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:741-745.
- Creadore A, Desai S, Li SJ, et al. Insurance acceptance, appointment wait time, and dermatologist access across practice types in the US. JAMA Dermatol. 2021;157:181-188.
- Braun RT, Bond AM, Qian Y, et al. Private equity in dermatology: effect on price, utilization, and spending. Health Aff (Millwood). 2021;40:727-735.
- Skaljic M, Lipoff JB. Association of private equity ownership with increased employment of advanced practice professionals in outpatient dermatology offices. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:1178-1180.
- Jalian HR, Avram MM. Mid-level practitioners in dermatology: a need for further study and oversight. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:1149-1151.
- Sarzynski E, Barry H. Current evidence and controversies: advanced practice providers in healthcare. Am J Manag Care. 2019;25:366-368.
- Nault A, Zhang C, Kim K, et al. Biopsy use in skin cancer diagnosis: comparing dermatology physicians and advanced practice professionals. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151:899-902.
- Anderson AM, Matsumoto M, Saul MI, et al. Accuracy of skin cancer diagnosis by physician assistants compared with dermatologists in a large health care system. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:569-573.
- Sung C, Salem S, Oulee A, et al. A systematic review: landscape of private equity in dermatology from past to present. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023 Apr 1;22:404-409. doi: 10.36849/JDD.6892.
- CMS releases National Healthcare Expenditure and enrollment projections through 2031. Health Management Associates. July 13, 2023. Accessed October 23, 2025. https://www.healthmanagement.com/blog/cms-releases-national-healthcare-expenditure-and-enrollment-projections-through-2031/
The Current State of Postgraduate Dermatology Training Programs for Advanced Practice Providers
The Current State of Postgraduate Dermatology Training Programs for Advanced Practice Providers
Practice Points
- Postgraduate dermatology training programs are available for advanced practice providers (APPs), but they are optional and lack a formal accreditation process.
- Awareness of these programs and the differences between APPs and physician training may help dermatologists provide safe and effective care in collaborative or supervisory roles.
Erythematous Plaques on the Dorsal Aspect of the Hand
The Diagnosis: Majocchi Granuloma
Histopathology showed rare follicular-based organisms highlighted by periodic acid–Schiff staining. This finding along with her use of clobetasol ointment on the hands led to a diagnosis of Majocchi granuloma in our patient. Clobetasol and crisaborole ointments were discontinued, and she was started on oral terbinafine 250 mg daily for 4 weeks, which resulted in resolution of the rash.
Majocchi granuloma (also known as nodular granulomatous perifolliculitis) is a perifollicular granulomatous process caused by a dermatophyte infection of the hair follicles. Trichophyton rubrum is the most commonly implicated organism, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum, which also cause tinea corporis and tinea pedis.1 This condition most commonly occurs in women aged 20 to 35 years. Risk factors include trauma, occlusion of the hair follicles, immunosuppression, and use of potent topical corticosteroids in patients with tinea.2,3 Immunocompetent patients present with perifollicular papules or pustules with erythematous scaly plaques on the extremities, while immunocompromised patients may have subcutaneous nodules or abscesses on any hair-bearing parts of the body.3
Majocchi granuloma is considered a dermal fungal infection in which the disruption of hair follicles from occlusion or trauma allows fungal organisms and keratinaceous material substrates to be introduced into the dermis. The differential diagnosis is based on the types of presenting lesions. The papules of Majocchi granuloma can resemble folliculitis, acne, or insect bites, while nodules can resemble erythema nodosum or furunculosis.4 Plaques, such as those seen in our patient, can mimic cellulitis and allergic or irritant contact dermatitis.4 Additionally, the plaques may appear annular or figurate, which may resemble erythema gyratum repens or erythema annulare centrifugum.
The diagnosis of Majocchi granuloma often requires fungal culture and biopsy because a potassium hydroxide preparation is unable to distinguish between superficial and invasive dermatophytes.3 Histopathology will show perifollicular granulomatous inflammation. Fungal elements can be detected with periodic acid–Schiff or Grocott-Gomori methenamine-silver staining of the hairs and hair follicles as well as dermal infiltrates.4
Topical corticosteroids should be discontinued. Systemic antifungals are the treatment of choice for Majocchi granuloma, as topical antifungals are not effective against deep fungal infections. Although there are no standard guidelines on duration or dosage, recommended regimens in immunocompetent patients include terbinafine 250 mg/d for 4 weeks; itraconazole pulse therapy consisting of 200 mg twice daily for 1 week with 2 weeks off therapy, then repeat the cycle for a total of 2 to 3 pulses; and griseofulvin 500 mg twice daily for 8 to 12 weeks (Table).3 For immunocompromised patients, combination therapy with more than one antifungal may be necessary.
- James WD, Berger T, Elston DM. Diseases resulting from fungi and yeasts. In: James WD, Berger T, Elston D, eds. Andrews’ Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 12th ed. Saunders Elsevier; 2016:285-318.
- Li FQ, Lv S, Xia JX. Majocchi’s granuloma after topical corticosteroids therapy. Case Rep Dermatol Med. 2014;2014:507176.
- Boral H, Durdu M, Ilkit M. Majocchi’s granuloma: current perspectives. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:751-760.
- I˙lkit M, Durdu M, Karakas¸ M. Majocchi’s granuloma: a symptom complex caused by fungal pathogens. Med Mycol. 2012;50:449-457.
The Diagnosis: Majocchi Granuloma
Histopathology showed rare follicular-based organisms highlighted by periodic acid–Schiff staining. This finding along with her use of clobetasol ointment on the hands led to a diagnosis of Majocchi granuloma in our patient. Clobetasol and crisaborole ointments were discontinued, and she was started on oral terbinafine 250 mg daily for 4 weeks, which resulted in resolution of the rash.
Majocchi granuloma (also known as nodular granulomatous perifolliculitis) is a perifollicular granulomatous process caused by a dermatophyte infection of the hair follicles. Trichophyton rubrum is the most commonly implicated organism, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum, which also cause tinea corporis and tinea pedis.1 This condition most commonly occurs in women aged 20 to 35 years. Risk factors include trauma, occlusion of the hair follicles, immunosuppression, and use of potent topical corticosteroids in patients with tinea.2,3 Immunocompetent patients present with perifollicular papules or pustules with erythematous scaly plaques on the extremities, while immunocompromised patients may have subcutaneous nodules or abscesses on any hair-bearing parts of the body.3
Majocchi granuloma is considered a dermal fungal infection in which the disruption of hair follicles from occlusion or trauma allows fungal organisms and keratinaceous material substrates to be introduced into the dermis. The differential diagnosis is based on the types of presenting lesions. The papules of Majocchi granuloma can resemble folliculitis, acne, or insect bites, while nodules can resemble erythema nodosum or furunculosis.4 Plaques, such as those seen in our patient, can mimic cellulitis and allergic or irritant contact dermatitis.4 Additionally, the plaques may appear annular or figurate, which may resemble erythema gyratum repens or erythema annulare centrifugum.
The diagnosis of Majocchi granuloma often requires fungal culture and biopsy because a potassium hydroxide preparation is unable to distinguish between superficial and invasive dermatophytes.3 Histopathology will show perifollicular granulomatous inflammation. Fungal elements can be detected with periodic acid–Schiff or Grocott-Gomori methenamine-silver staining of the hairs and hair follicles as well as dermal infiltrates.4
Topical corticosteroids should be discontinued. Systemic antifungals are the treatment of choice for Majocchi granuloma, as topical antifungals are not effective against deep fungal infections. Although there are no standard guidelines on duration or dosage, recommended regimens in immunocompetent patients include terbinafine 250 mg/d for 4 weeks; itraconazole pulse therapy consisting of 200 mg twice daily for 1 week with 2 weeks off therapy, then repeat the cycle for a total of 2 to 3 pulses; and griseofulvin 500 mg twice daily for 8 to 12 weeks (Table).3 For immunocompromised patients, combination therapy with more than one antifungal may be necessary.
The Diagnosis: Majocchi Granuloma
Histopathology showed rare follicular-based organisms highlighted by periodic acid–Schiff staining. This finding along with her use of clobetasol ointment on the hands led to a diagnosis of Majocchi granuloma in our patient. Clobetasol and crisaborole ointments were discontinued, and she was started on oral terbinafine 250 mg daily for 4 weeks, which resulted in resolution of the rash.
Majocchi granuloma (also known as nodular granulomatous perifolliculitis) is a perifollicular granulomatous process caused by a dermatophyte infection of the hair follicles. Trichophyton rubrum is the most commonly implicated organism, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum, which also cause tinea corporis and tinea pedis.1 This condition most commonly occurs in women aged 20 to 35 years. Risk factors include trauma, occlusion of the hair follicles, immunosuppression, and use of potent topical corticosteroids in patients with tinea.2,3 Immunocompetent patients present with perifollicular papules or pustules with erythematous scaly plaques on the extremities, while immunocompromised patients may have subcutaneous nodules or abscesses on any hair-bearing parts of the body.3
Majocchi granuloma is considered a dermal fungal infection in which the disruption of hair follicles from occlusion or trauma allows fungal organisms and keratinaceous material substrates to be introduced into the dermis. The differential diagnosis is based on the types of presenting lesions. The papules of Majocchi granuloma can resemble folliculitis, acne, or insect bites, while nodules can resemble erythema nodosum or furunculosis.4 Plaques, such as those seen in our patient, can mimic cellulitis and allergic or irritant contact dermatitis.4 Additionally, the plaques may appear annular or figurate, which may resemble erythema gyratum repens or erythema annulare centrifugum.
The diagnosis of Majocchi granuloma often requires fungal culture and biopsy because a potassium hydroxide preparation is unable to distinguish between superficial and invasive dermatophytes.3 Histopathology will show perifollicular granulomatous inflammation. Fungal elements can be detected with periodic acid–Schiff or Grocott-Gomori methenamine-silver staining of the hairs and hair follicles as well as dermal infiltrates.4
Topical corticosteroids should be discontinued. Systemic antifungals are the treatment of choice for Majocchi granuloma, as topical antifungals are not effective against deep fungal infections. Although there are no standard guidelines on duration or dosage, recommended regimens in immunocompetent patients include terbinafine 250 mg/d for 4 weeks; itraconazole pulse therapy consisting of 200 mg twice daily for 1 week with 2 weeks off therapy, then repeat the cycle for a total of 2 to 3 pulses; and griseofulvin 500 mg twice daily for 8 to 12 weeks (Table).3 For immunocompromised patients, combination therapy with more than one antifungal may be necessary.
- James WD, Berger T, Elston DM. Diseases resulting from fungi and yeasts. In: James WD, Berger T, Elston D, eds. Andrews’ Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 12th ed. Saunders Elsevier; 2016:285-318.
- Li FQ, Lv S, Xia JX. Majocchi’s granuloma after topical corticosteroids therapy. Case Rep Dermatol Med. 2014;2014:507176.
- Boral H, Durdu M, Ilkit M. Majocchi’s granuloma: current perspectives. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:751-760.
- I˙lkit M, Durdu M, Karakas¸ M. Majocchi’s granuloma: a symptom complex caused by fungal pathogens. Med Mycol. 2012;50:449-457.
- James WD, Berger T, Elston DM. Diseases resulting from fungi and yeasts. In: James WD, Berger T, Elston D, eds. Andrews’ Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 12th ed. Saunders Elsevier; 2016:285-318.
- Li FQ, Lv S, Xia JX. Majocchi’s granuloma after topical corticosteroids therapy. Case Rep Dermatol Med. 2014;2014:507176.
- Boral H, Durdu M, Ilkit M. Majocchi’s granuloma: current perspectives. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:751-760.
- I˙lkit M, Durdu M, Karakas¸ M. Majocchi’s granuloma: a symptom complex caused by fungal pathogens. Med Mycol. 2012;50:449-457.
A 33-year-old woman presented with an asymptomatic rash on the left hand that was suspected by her primary care physician to be a flare of hand dermatitis. The patient had a history of irritant hand dermatitis diagnosed 2 years prior that was suspected to be secondary to frequent handwashing and was well controlled with clobetasol and crisaborole ointments for 1 year. Four months prior to the current presentation, she developed a flare that was refractory to these topical therapies; treatment with biweekly dupilumab 300 mg was initiated by dermatology, but the rash continued to evolve. A punch biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis.
