Women's Health

The number of women with perinatal mood and anxiety disorder (PMAD) has spiked sharply in the United States. A new study explores trends by state and time period.

Between 2008 and 2020, in a national cohort of 750,004 commercially insured women with a live birth, nearly 1 in 5 (144,037 [19.2%]) were diagnosed with PMAD, according to a paper published in Health Affairs. PMAD diagnoses among privately insured women increased by 93.3% over those years, wrote lead author Kara Zivin, PhD, of the University of Michigan, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, and colleagues.

PMAD describes a spectrum of emotional complications with mild to severe symptoms that can affect women while pregnant and through the first year after giving birth.

The total number of perinatal women decreased from a high of 64,842 in 2008 to a low of 52,479 in 2020, a 19.1% decrease, but over the same time, women with diagnosed PMAD increased 56.4% from 9,520 in 2008 to 14,890 in 2020. Prevalence of PMAD doubled from 1,468 per 10,000 deliveries to 2,837 per 10,000 deliveries in 2020, according to the analysis.
 

Differences by State

Increases differed substantially by state. Though average annual changes across all states reached 109 additional PMAD diagnoses per 10,000 deliveries, Iowa had the greatest increase with an additional 163 PMAD diagnoses per 10,000 deliveries annually. New Mexico had the smallest annual growth, at an additional 49 per 10,000 deliveries.

The increases were accompanied by maternal health improvement efforts. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) required insurance companies to cover maternity and preventive services, which likely increased PMAD screening and detection, the researchers noted.

“Diagnosis of PMAD is rising due to increased awareness and in all likelihood, decrease in stigma, but availability of providers is so challenging,” said Lee S. Cohen, MD, who was not part of the study. Dr. Cohen is director of the Ammon-Pinizzotto Center for Women’s Mental Health and Perinatal and Reproductive Psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. “The navigation to providers by women who are suffering is beyond challenging,” he said.

The authors reported that all states except Vermont saw increasing rates of PMAD diagnoses post-ACA vs. pre-ACA. The researchers also found that relative to the period from 2008 to 2014, psychotherapy rates continued rising from 2015 to 2020 and suicidality (suicidal ideation or self-harm diagnoses) rates declined.
 

States’ Suicidality Rates Vary Widely

“Overall, access to psychotherapy may have stemmed suicidality despite increasing PMAD diagnoses. But although more PMAD diagnoses may have led to increased psychotherapy, therapy access depends on provider availability, which varies by geographic region and insurance coverage network,” the authors wrote.

Suicidality rates differed greatly by state. Louisiana’s annual rate of increase was greatest, at 22 per 10,000 while Maryland had the greatest negative annual rate of change, at −15 per 10,000 deliveries, the authors explained.

“Observed trends in PMAD diagnoses among privately insured people during 2008-2020 and in associated suicidality and psychotherapy use suggest an increasingly rapid worsening of US maternal mental health,” the authors wrote.

The authors noted that this study did not include those on public insurance, a group that may experience disproportionate maternal morbidity and mortality burden, and urged that future studies include them.
 

Strengths of Study

Kimberly McKee, PhD, MPH, assistant professor in the department of family medicine at University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, who was not part of this research, said this paper gives a broader look than prior work because it includes the year before and after birth, rather than delivery and hospitalization.

“It’s really important to look out at least 12 months postpartum,” she noted.

Another strength is that the study was able to look at use of services such as psychotherapy before and post ACA. She noted the increased use of psychotherapy and the decrease in suicidal ideation was an association, but said, “I think it’s reasonable to assume that there was a benefit.”

She noted that these data go through 2020 and the COVID-19 pandemic has even further stressed the healthcare system, which could affect these numbers.

Primary Care’s Role

“The opportunity for primary care to really be the medical home for reproductive-age women is key here,” Dr. McKee said, adding that primary care can provide the continuity if women go off and on insurance around pregnancy and make sure the women get follow-up care and referrals to specialty care.

Models that integrate behavioral health and primary care are particularly promising, she said. Inclusion of social workers at the point of care can also help meet needs regarding social determinants of health.

Telehealth is another avenue for expansion extending the reach for following perinatal women, she said. “Using every tool we have to reach individuals where they are can allow for more frequent check-ins, which is really important here.”

Dr. McKee said the paper highlights an important reality: Mental health is a leading cause and contributor to maternal mortality, which “is 100% preventable.” Yet, current literature continues to show increases.

“This is a fairly common problem that affects not just women, but the fetus, their children, their families,” she noted.

The authors and Dr. Cohen and Dr. McKee reported no relevant financial relationships.

The number of women with perinatal mood and anxiety disorder (PMAD) has spiked sharply in the United States. A new study explores trends by state and time period.

Between 2008 and 2020, in a national cohort of 750,004 commercially insured women with a live birth, nearly 1 in 5 (144,037 [19.2%]) were diagnosed with PMAD, according to a paper published in Health Affairs. PMAD diagnoses among privately insured women increased by 93.3% over those years, wrote lead author Kara Zivin, PhD, of the University of Michigan, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, and colleagues.

PMAD describes a spectrum of emotional complications with mild to severe symptoms that can affect women while pregnant and through the first year after giving birth.

The total number of perinatal women decreased from a high of 64,842 in 2008 to a low of 52,479 in 2020, a 19.1% decrease, but over the same time, women with diagnosed PMAD increased 56.4% from 9,520 in 2008 to 14,890 in 2020. Prevalence of PMAD doubled from 1,468 per 10,000 deliveries to 2,837 per 10,000 deliveries in 2020, according to the analysis.
 

Differences by State

Increases differed substantially by state. Though average annual changes across all states reached 109 additional PMAD diagnoses per 10,000 deliveries, Iowa had the greatest increase with an additional 163 PMAD diagnoses per 10,000 deliveries annually. New Mexico had the smallest annual growth, at an additional 49 per 10,000 deliveries.

The increases were accompanied by maternal health improvement efforts. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) required insurance companies to cover maternity and preventive services, which likely increased PMAD screening and detection, the researchers noted.

“Diagnosis of PMAD is rising due to increased awareness and in all likelihood, decrease in stigma, but availability of providers is so challenging,” said Lee S. Cohen, MD, who was not part of the study. Dr. Cohen is director of the Ammon-Pinizzotto Center for Women’s Mental Health and Perinatal and Reproductive Psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. “The navigation to providers by women who are suffering is beyond challenging,” he said.

The authors reported that all states except Vermont saw increasing rates of PMAD diagnoses post-ACA vs. pre-ACA. The researchers also found that relative to the period from 2008 to 2014, psychotherapy rates continued rising from 2015 to 2020 and suicidality (suicidal ideation or self-harm diagnoses) rates declined.
 

States’ Suicidality Rates Vary Widely

“Overall, access to psychotherapy may have stemmed suicidality despite increasing PMAD diagnoses. But although more PMAD diagnoses may have led to increased psychotherapy, therapy access depends on provider availability, which varies by geographic region and insurance coverage network,” the authors wrote.

Suicidality rates differed greatly by state. Louisiana’s annual rate of increase was greatest, at 22 per 10,000 while Maryland had the greatest negative annual rate of change, at −15 per 10,000 deliveries, the authors explained.

“Observed trends in PMAD diagnoses among privately insured people during 2008-2020 and in associated suicidality and psychotherapy use suggest an increasingly rapid worsening of US maternal mental health,” the authors wrote.

The authors noted that this study did not include those on public insurance, a group that may experience disproportionate maternal morbidity and mortality burden, and urged that future studies include them.
 

Strengths of Study

Kimberly McKee, PhD, MPH, assistant professor in the department of family medicine at University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, who was not part of this research, said this paper gives a broader look than prior work because it includes the year before and after birth, rather than delivery and hospitalization.

“It’s really important to look out at least 12 months postpartum,” she noted.

Another strength is that the study was able to look at use of services such as psychotherapy before and post ACA. She noted the increased use of psychotherapy and the decrease in suicidal ideation was an association, but said, “I think it’s reasonable to assume that there was a benefit.”

She noted that these data go through 2020 and the COVID-19 pandemic has even further stressed the healthcare system, which could affect these numbers.

Primary Care’s Role

“The opportunity for primary care to really be the medical home for reproductive-age women is key here,” Dr. McKee said, adding that primary care can provide the continuity if women go off and on insurance around pregnancy and make sure the women get follow-up care and referrals to specialty care.

Models that integrate behavioral health and primary care are particularly promising, she said. Inclusion of social workers at the point of care can also help meet needs regarding social determinants of health.

Telehealth is another avenue for expansion extending the reach for following perinatal women, she said. “Using every tool we have to reach individuals where they are can allow for more frequent check-ins, which is really important here.”

Dr. McKee said the paper highlights an important reality: Mental health is a leading cause and contributor to maternal mortality, which “is 100% preventable.” Yet, current literature continues to show increases.

“This is a fairly common problem that affects not just women, but the fetus, their children, their families,” she noted.

The authors and Dr. Cohen and Dr. McKee reported no relevant financial relationships.

The number of women with perinatal mood and anxiety disorder (PMAD) has spiked sharply in the United States. A new study explores trends by state and time period.

Between 2008 and 2020, in a national cohort of 750,004 commercially insured women with a live birth, nearly 1 in 5 (144,037 [19.2%]) were diagnosed with PMAD, according to a paper published in Health Affairs. PMAD diagnoses among privately insured women increased by 93.3% over those years, wrote lead author Kara Zivin, PhD, of the University of Michigan, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, and colleagues.

PMAD describes a spectrum of emotional complications with mild to severe symptoms that can affect women while pregnant and through the first year after giving birth.

The total number of perinatal women decreased from a high of 64,842 in 2008 to a low of 52,479 in 2020, a 19.1% decrease, but over the same time, women with diagnosed PMAD increased 56.4% from 9,520 in 2008 to 14,890 in 2020. Prevalence of PMAD doubled from 1,468 per 10,000 deliveries to 2,837 per 10,000 deliveries in 2020, according to the analysis.
 

Differences by State

Increases differed substantially by state. Though average annual changes across all states reached 109 additional PMAD diagnoses per 10,000 deliveries, Iowa had the greatest increase with an additional 163 PMAD diagnoses per 10,000 deliveries annually. New Mexico had the smallest annual growth, at an additional 49 per 10,000 deliveries.

The increases were accompanied by maternal health improvement efforts. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) required insurance companies to cover maternity and preventive services, which likely increased PMAD screening and detection, the researchers noted.

“Diagnosis of PMAD is rising due to increased awareness and in all likelihood, decrease in stigma, but availability of providers is so challenging,” said Lee S. Cohen, MD, who was not part of the study. Dr. Cohen is director of the Ammon-Pinizzotto Center for Women’s Mental Health and Perinatal and Reproductive Psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. “The navigation to providers by women who are suffering is beyond challenging,” he said.

The authors reported that all states except Vermont saw increasing rates of PMAD diagnoses post-ACA vs. pre-ACA. The researchers also found that relative to the period from 2008 to 2014, psychotherapy rates continued rising from 2015 to 2020 and suicidality (suicidal ideation or self-harm diagnoses) rates declined.
 

States’ Suicidality Rates Vary Widely

“Overall, access to psychotherapy may have stemmed suicidality despite increasing PMAD diagnoses. But although more PMAD diagnoses may have led to increased psychotherapy, therapy access depends on provider availability, which varies by geographic region and insurance coverage network,” the authors wrote.

Suicidality rates differed greatly by state. Louisiana’s annual rate of increase was greatest, at 22 per 10,000 while Maryland had the greatest negative annual rate of change, at −15 per 10,000 deliveries, the authors explained.

“Observed trends in PMAD diagnoses among privately insured people during 2008-2020 and in associated suicidality and psychotherapy use suggest an increasingly rapid worsening of US maternal mental health,” the authors wrote.

The authors noted that this study did not include those on public insurance, a group that may experience disproportionate maternal morbidity and mortality burden, and urged that future studies include them.
 

Strengths of Study

Kimberly McKee, PhD, MPH, assistant professor in the department of family medicine at University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, who was not part of this research, said this paper gives a broader look than prior work because it includes the year before and after birth, rather than delivery and hospitalization.

“It’s really important to look out at least 12 months postpartum,” she noted.

Another strength is that the study was able to look at use of services such as psychotherapy before and post ACA. She noted the increased use of psychotherapy and the decrease in suicidal ideation was an association, but said, “I think it’s reasonable to assume that there was a benefit.”

She noted that these data go through 2020 and the COVID-19 pandemic has even further stressed the healthcare system, which could affect these numbers.

Primary Care’s Role

“The opportunity for primary care to really be the medical home for reproductive-age women is key here,” Dr. McKee said, adding that primary care can provide the continuity if women go off and on insurance around pregnancy and make sure the women get follow-up care and referrals to specialty care.

Models that integrate behavioral health and primary care are particularly promising, she said. Inclusion of social workers at the point of care can also help meet needs regarding social determinants of health.

Telehealth is another avenue for expansion extending the reach for following perinatal women, she said. “Using every tool we have to reach individuals where they are can allow for more frequent check-ins, which is really important here.”

Dr. McKee said the paper highlights an important reality: Mental health is a leading cause and contributor to maternal mortality, which “is 100% preventable.” Yet, current literature continues to show increases.

“This is a fairly common problem that affects not just women, but the fetus, their children, their families,” she noted.

The authors and Dr. Cohen and Dr. McKee reported no relevant financial relationships.

A new way of using artificial intelligence (AI) can predict breast cancer 5 years in advance with impressive accuracy — and unlike previous AI models, we know how this one works.

The new AI system, called AsymMirai, simplifies previous models by solely comparing differences between right and left breasts to predict risk. It could potentially save lives, prevent unnecessary testing, and save the healthcare system money, its creators say.

“With traditional AI, you ask it a question and it spits out an answer, but no one really knows how it makes its decisions. It’s a black box,” said Jon Donnelly, a PhD student in the department of computer science at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, and first author on a new paper in Radiology describing the model.

“With our approach, people know how the algorithm comes up with its output so they can fact-check it and trust it,” he said.

One in eight women will develop invasive breast cancer, and 1 in 39 will die from it. Mammograms miss about 20% of breast cancers. (The shortcomings of genetic screening and mammograms received extra attention recently when actress Olivia Munn disclosed that she’d been treated for an aggressive form of breast cancer despite a normal mammogram and a negative genetic test.)

The model could help doctors bring the often-abstract idea of AI to the bedside in a meaningful way, said radiologist Vivianne Freitas, MD, assistant professor of medical imaging at the University of Toronto.

“This marks a new chapter in the field of AI,” said Dr. Freitas, who authored an editorial lauding the new paper. “It makes AI more tangible and understandable, thereby improving its potential for acceptance.”
 

AI as a Second Set of Eyes

Mr. Donnelly described AsymMirai as a simpler, more transparent, and easier-to-use version of Mirai, a breakthrough AI model which made headlines in 2021 with its promise to determine with unprecedented accuracy whether a patient is likely to get breast cancer within the next 5 years.

Mirai identified up to twice as many future cancer diagnoses as the conventional risk calculator Tyrer-Cuzick. It also maintained accuracy across a diverse set of patients — a notable plus for two fields (AI and healthcare) notorious for delivering poorer results for minorities.

Tyrer-Cuzick and other lower-tech risk calculators use personal and family history to statistically calculate risk. Mirai, on the other hand, analyzes countless bits of raw data embedded in a mammogram to decipher patterns a radiologist’s eyes may not catch. Four images, including two angles from each breast, are fed into the model, which produces a score between 0 and 1 to indicate the person’s risk of getting breast cancer in 1, 3, or 5 years.

But even Mirai’s creators have conceded they didn’t know exactly how it arrives at that score — a fact that has fueled hesitancy among clinicians.

Study coauthor Fides Schwartz, MD, a radiologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, said researchers were able to crack the code on Mirai’s “black box,” finding that its scores were largely determined by assessing subtle differences between right breast tissue and left breast tissue.

Knowing this, the research team simplified the model to predict risk based solely on “local bilateral dissimilarity.” AsymMirai was born.

The team then used AsymMirai to look back at > 200,000 mammograms from nearly 82,000 patients. They found it worked nearly as well as its predecessor, assigning a higher risk to those who would go on to develop cancer 66% of the time (vs Mirai’s 71%). In patients where it noticed the same asymmetry multiple years in a row it worked even better, with an 88% chance of giving people who would develop cancer later a higher score than those who would not.

“We found that we can, with surprisingly high accuracy, predict whether a woman will develop cancer in the next 1-5 years based solely on localized differences between her left and right breast tissue,” said Mr. Donnelly.

Dr. Schwartz imagines a day when radiologists could use the model to help develop personalized screening strategies for patients. Doctors might advise those with higher scores to get screened more often than guidelines suggest, supplement mammograms with an MRI , and keep a close watch on trouble spots identified by AI.

“For people with really low risk, on the other hand, maybe we can save them an annual exam that’s not super pleasant and might not be necessary,” said Dr. Schwartz.
 

Cautious Optimism

Robert Smith, PhD, senior vice president of early cancer detection science at the American Cancer Society, noted that AI has been used for decades to try to reduce radiologists’ workload and improve diagnoses.

“But AI just never really lived up to its fullest potential,” Dr. Smith said, “quite often because it was being used as a crutch by inexperienced radiologists who, instead of interpreting the mammogram and then seeing what AI had to say ended up letting AI do most of the work which, frankly, just wasn’t that accurate.”

He’s hopeful that newer, more sophisticated iterations of AI medical imaging platforms (roughly 18-20 models are in development) can ultimately save women’s lives, particularly in areas where radiologists are in short supply.

But he believes it will be a long time before doctors, or their patients, are willing to risk postponing a mammogram based on an algorithm.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

A new way of using artificial intelligence (AI) can predict breast cancer 5 years in advance with impressive accuracy — and unlike previous AI models, we know how this one works.

The new AI system, called AsymMirai, simplifies previous models by solely comparing differences between right and left breasts to predict risk. It could potentially save lives, prevent unnecessary testing, and save the healthcare system money, its creators say.

“With traditional AI, you ask it a question and it spits out an answer, but no one really knows how it makes its decisions. It’s a black box,” said Jon Donnelly, a PhD student in the department of computer science at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, and first author on a new paper in Radiology describing the model.

“With our approach, people know how the algorithm comes up with its output so they can fact-check it and trust it,” he said.

One in eight women will develop invasive breast cancer, and 1 in 39 will die from it. Mammograms miss about 20% of breast cancers. (The shortcomings of genetic screening and mammograms received extra attention recently when actress Olivia Munn disclosed that she’d been treated for an aggressive form of breast cancer despite a normal mammogram and a negative genetic test.)

The model could help doctors bring the often-abstract idea of AI to the bedside in a meaningful way, said radiologist Vivianne Freitas, MD, assistant professor of medical imaging at the University of Toronto.

“This marks a new chapter in the field of AI,” said Dr. Freitas, who authored an editorial lauding the new paper. “It makes AI more tangible and understandable, thereby improving its potential for acceptance.”
 

AI as a Second Set of Eyes

Mr. Donnelly described AsymMirai as a simpler, more transparent, and easier-to-use version of Mirai, a breakthrough AI model which made headlines in 2021 with its promise to determine with unprecedented accuracy whether a patient is likely to get breast cancer within the next 5 years.

Mirai identified up to twice as many future cancer diagnoses as the conventional risk calculator Tyrer-Cuzick. It also maintained accuracy across a diverse set of patients — a notable plus for two fields (AI and healthcare) notorious for delivering poorer results for minorities.

Tyrer-Cuzick and other lower-tech risk calculators use personal and family history to statistically calculate risk. Mirai, on the other hand, analyzes countless bits of raw data embedded in a mammogram to decipher patterns a radiologist’s eyes may not catch. Four images, including two angles from each breast, are fed into the model, which produces a score between 0 and 1 to indicate the person’s risk of getting breast cancer in 1, 3, or 5 years.

But even Mirai’s creators have conceded they didn’t know exactly how it arrives at that score — a fact that has fueled hesitancy among clinicians.

Study coauthor Fides Schwartz, MD, a radiologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, said researchers were able to crack the code on Mirai’s “black box,” finding that its scores were largely determined by assessing subtle differences between right breast tissue and left breast tissue.

Knowing this, the research team simplified the model to predict risk based solely on “local bilateral dissimilarity.” AsymMirai was born.

The team then used AsymMirai to look back at > 200,000 mammograms from nearly 82,000 patients. They found it worked nearly as well as its predecessor, assigning a higher risk to those who would go on to develop cancer 66% of the time (vs Mirai’s 71%). In patients where it noticed the same asymmetry multiple years in a row it worked even better, with an 88% chance of giving people who would develop cancer later a higher score than those who would not.

“We found that we can, with surprisingly high accuracy, predict whether a woman will develop cancer in the next 1-5 years based solely on localized differences between her left and right breast tissue,” said Mr. Donnelly.

Dr. Schwartz imagines a day when radiologists could use the model to help develop personalized screening strategies for patients. Doctors might advise those with higher scores to get screened more often than guidelines suggest, supplement mammograms with an MRI , and keep a close watch on trouble spots identified by AI.

“For people with really low risk, on the other hand, maybe we can save them an annual exam that’s not super pleasant and might not be necessary,” said Dr. Schwartz.
 

Cautious Optimism

Robert Smith, PhD, senior vice president of early cancer detection science at the American Cancer Society, noted that AI has been used for decades to try to reduce radiologists’ workload and improve diagnoses.

“But AI just never really lived up to its fullest potential,” Dr. Smith said, “quite often because it was being used as a crutch by inexperienced radiologists who, instead of interpreting the mammogram and then seeing what AI had to say ended up letting AI do most of the work which, frankly, just wasn’t that accurate.”

He’s hopeful that newer, more sophisticated iterations of AI medical imaging platforms (roughly 18-20 models are in development) can ultimately save women’s lives, particularly in areas where radiologists are in short supply.

But he believes it will be a long time before doctors, or their patients, are willing to risk postponing a mammogram based on an algorithm.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

A new way of using artificial intelligence (AI) can predict breast cancer 5 years in advance with impressive accuracy — and unlike previous AI models, we know how this one works.

The new AI system, called AsymMirai, simplifies previous models by solely comparing differences between right and left breasts to predict risk. It could potentially save lives, prevent unnecessary testing, and save the healthcare system money, its creators say.

“With traditional AI, you ask it a question and it spits out an answer, but no one really knows how it makes its decisions. It’s a black box,” said Jon Donnelly, a PhD student in the department of computer science at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, and first author on a new paper in Radiology describing the model.

“With our approach, people know how the algorithm comes up with its output so they can fact-check it and trust it,” he said.

One in eight women will develop invasive breast cancer, and 1 in 39 will die from it. Mammograms miss about 20% of breast cancers. (The shortcomings of genetic screening and mammograms received extra attention recently when actress Olivia Munn disclosed that she’d been treated for an aggressive form of breast cancer despite a normal mammogram and a negative genetic test.)

The model could help doctors bring the often-abstract idea of AI to the bedside in a meaningful way, said radiologist Vivianne Freitas, MD, assistant professor of medical imaging at the University of Toronto.

“This marks a new chapter in the field of AI,” said Dr. Freitas, who authored an editorial lauding the new paper. “It makes AI more tangible and understandable, thereby improving its potential for acceptance.”
 

AI as a Second Set of Eyes

Mr. Donnelly described AsymMirai as a simpler, more transparent, and easier-to-use version of Mirai, a breakthrough AI model which made headlines in 2021 with its promise to determine with unprecedented accuracy whether a patient is likely to get breast cancer within the next 5 years.

Mirai identified up to twice as many future cancer diagnoses as the conventional risk calculator Tyrer-Cuzick. It also maintained accuracy across a diverse set of patients — a notable plus for two fields (AI and healthcare) notorious for delivering poorer results for minorities.

Tyrer-Cuzick and other lower-tech risk calculators use personal and family history to statistically calculate risk. Mirai, on the other hand, analyzes countless bits of raw data embedded in a mammogram to decipher patterns a radiologist’s eyes may not catch. Four images, including two angles from each breast, are fed into the model, which produces a score between 0 and 1 to indicate the person’s risk of getting breast cancer in 1, 3, or 5 years.

But even Mirai’s creators have conceded they didn’t know exactly how it arrives at that score — a fact that has fueled hesitancy among clinicians.

Study coauthor Fides Schwartz, MD, a radiologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, said researchers were able to crack the code on Mirai’s “black box,” finding that its scores were largely determined by assessing subtle differences between right breast tissue and left breast tissue.

Knowing this, the research team simplified the model to predict risk based solely on “local bilateral dissimilarity.” AsymMirai was born.

The team then used AsymMirai to look back at > 200,000 mammograms from nearly 82,000 patients. They found it worked nearly as well as its predecessor, assigning a higher risk to those who would go on to develop cancer 66% of the time (vs Mirai’s 71%). In patients where it noticed the same asymmetry multiple years in a row it worked even better, with an 88% chance of giving people who would develop cancer later a higher score than those who would not.

“We found that we can, with surprisingly high accuracy, predict whether a woman will develop cancer in the next 1-5 years based solely on localized differences between her left and right breast tissue,” said Mr. Donnelly.

Dr. Schwartz imagines a day when radiologists could use the model to help develop personalized screening strategies for patients. Doctors might advise those with higher scores to get screened more often than guidelines suggest, supplement mammograms with an MRI , and keep a close watch on trouble spots identified by AI.

“For people with really low risk, on the other hand, maybe we can save them an annual exam that’s not super pleasant and might not be necessary,” said Dr. Schwartz.
 

Cautious Optimism

Robert Smith, PhD, senior vice president of early cancer detection science at the American Cancer Society, noted that AI has been used for decades to try to reduce radiologists’ workload and improve diagnoses.

“But AI just never really lived up to its fullest potential,” Dr. Smith said, “quite often because it was being used as a crutch by inexperienced radiologists who, instead of interpreting the mammogram and then seeing what AI had to say ended up letting AI do most of the work which, frankly, just wasn’t that accurate.”

He’s hopeful that newer, more sophisticated iterations of AI medical imaging platforms (roughly 18-20 models are in development) can ultimately save women’s lives, particularly in areas where radiologists are in short supply.

But he believes it will be a long time before doctors, or their patients, are willing to risk postponing a mammogram based on an algorithm.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

Despite the risk of worsening acne with progestin-only long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) in a study of adolescents and young adults, acne alone was not a common reason for discontinuation.

METHODOLOGY:

• Progestin-only LARC may increase the risk for acne, but this has not been well studied in adolescents and young adults.
• In the study, researchers evaluated the incidence of acne, acne as a reason for removal, and strategies used to manage acne after insertion of a progestin-only intrauterine device (IUD) or contraceptive implant in 1319 adolescents and young adults across four Adolescent Medicine LARC Collaborative study sites from January 2017 to June 2021.The mean age at insertion was 18.6 years.
• Overall, 24% of participants had acne at the time of LARC insertion.
• Worsening acne was defined as new patient reports of concern about acne, observations of acne, or addition of an acne medication after insertion; increased severity noted on an exam during follow-up or at the time of LARC removal; or acne reported as a side effect and/or reason for LARC removal.

TAKEAWAY: 

• During the study period, 376 participants (28.5%) experienced worsening acne after LARC insertion, and 17% reported acne as a new concern, with no differences between those who received an IUD or an implant.
• Only 44 of the 376 participants (11.7%) who reported worsening acne were being treated with an oral agent at follow-up.
• Of the 542 individuals (41% of the total) who had the LARC device removed, 40 (7.4%) cited concerns about acne for removing the device, although just 5 (0.92%) said that acne was the only reason for removal. Of the 40 with concerns about acne when the device was removed, 18 (45%) had documented acne at the time of insertion.

IN PRACTICE:

The authors recommend that clinicians prescribing progestin-only LARC should counsel patients that acne may be a side effect, reassuring them that if they develop acne, “it typically is not problematic enough to warrant discontinuation,” and concluded that “concerns about the development or worsening of acne should not be cause to avoid these forms of contraception.”

SOURCE:

The study, led by Markus D. Boos, MD, PhD, of the division of dermatology in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington in Seattle and Seattle Children’s Hospital, was published in Pediatric Dermatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Individuals without documented acne were assumed to be acne-free, creating potential bias. Acne evaluation and treatment were not standardized and were not performed by dermatologists; acne severity was not recorded for many participants, possibly underestimating severity, and excluding LARC insertions without follow-up or with removal within 8 weeks may have underestimated the percentage of participants who developed new or worsening acne.

DISCLOSURES: 

The study was supported by Investigator-Initiated Studies Program of Organon and by the Health Resources and Services Administration of the US Department of Health and Human Services. Many authors received grants for this work. The authors did not disclose any other competing interests.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

Despite the risk of worsening acne with progestin-only long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) in a study of adolescents and young adults, acne alone was not a common reason for discontinuation.

METHODOLOGY:

• Progestin-only LARC may increase the risk for acne, but this has not been well studied in adolescents and young adults.
• In the study, researchers evaluated the incidence of acne, acne as a reason for removal, and strategies used to manage acne after insertion of a progestin-only intrauterine device (IUD) or contraceptive implant in 1319 adolescents and young adults across four Adolescent Medicine LARC Collaborative study sites from January 2017 to June 2021.The mean age at insertion was 18.6 years.
• Overall, 24% of participants had acne at the time of LARC insertion.
• Worsening acne was defined as new patient reports of concern about acne, observations of acne, or addition of an acne medication after insertion; increased severity noted on an exam during follow-up or at the time of LARC removal; or acne reported as a side effect and/or reason for LARC removal.

TAKEAWAY: 

• During the study period, 376 participants (28.5%) experienced worsening acne after LARC insertion, and 17% reported acne as a new concern, with no differences between those who received an IUD or an implant.
• Only 44 of the 376 participants (11.7%) who reported worsening acne were being treated with an oral agent at follow-up.
• Of the 542 individuals (41% of the total) who had the LARC device removed, 40 (7.4%) cited concerns about acne for removing the device, although just 5 (0.92%) said that acne was the only reason for removal. Of the 40 with concerns about acne when the device was removed, 18 (45%) had documented acne at the time of insertion.

IN PRACTICE:

The authors recommend that clinicians prescribing progestin-only LARC should counsel patients that acne may be a side effect, reassuring them that if they develop acne, “it typically is not problematic enough to warrant discontinuation,” and concluded that “concerns about the development or worsening of acne should not be cause to avoid these forms of contraception.”

SOURCE:

The study, led by Markus D. Boos, MD, PhD, of the division of dermatology in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington in Seattle and Seattle Children’s Hospital, was published in Pediatric Dermatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Individuals without documented acne were assumed to be acne-free, creating potential bias. Acne evaluation and treatment were not standardized and were not performed by dermatologists; acne severity was not recorded for many participants, possibly underestimating severity, and excluding LARC insertions without follow-up or with removal within 8 weeks may have underestimated the percentage of participants who developed new or worsening acne.

DISCLOSURES: 

The study was supported by Investigator-Initiated Studies Program of Organon and by the Health Resources and Services Administration of the US Department of Health and Human Services. Many authors received grants for this work. The authors did not disclose any other competing interests.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

Despite the risk of worsening acne with progestin-only long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) in a study of adolescents and young adults, acne alone was not a common reason for discontinuation.

METHODOLOGY:

• Progestin-only LARC may increase the risk for acne, but this has not been well studied in adolescents and young adults.
• In the study, researchers evaluated the incidence of acne, acne as a reason for removal, and strategies used to manage acne after insertion of a progestin-only intrauterine device (IUD) or contraceptive implant in 1319 adolescents and young adults across four Adolescent Medicine LARC Collaborative study sites from January 2017 to June 2021.The mean age at insertion was 18.6 years.
• Overall, 24% of participants had acne at the time of LARC insertion.
• Worsening acne was defined as new patient reports of concern about acne, observations of acne, or addition of an acne medication after insertion; increased severity noted on an exam during follow-up or at the time of LARC removal; or acne reported as a side effect and/or reason for LARC removal.

TAKEAWAY: 

• During the study period, 376 participants (28.5%) experienced worsening acne after LARC insertion, and 17% reported acne as a new concern, with no differences between those who received an IUD or an implant.
• Only 44 of the 376 participants (11.7%) who reported worsening acne were being treated with an oral agent at follow-up.
• Of the 542 individuals (41% of the total) who had the LARC device removed, 40 (7.4%) cited concerns about acne for removing the device, although just 5 (0.92%) said that acne was the only reason for removal. Of the 40 with concerns about acne when the device was removed, 18 (45%) had documented acne at the time of insertion.

IN PRACTICE:

The authors recommend that clinicians prescribing progestin-only LARC should counsel patients that acne may be a side effect, reassuring them that if they develop acne, “it typically is not problematic enough to warrant discontinuation,” and concluded that “concerns about the development or worsening of acne should not be cause to avoid these forms of contraception.”

SOURCE:

The study, led by Markus D. Boos, MD, PhD, of the division of dermatology in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington in Seattle and Seattle Children’s Hospital, was published in Pediatric Dermatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Individuals without documented acne were assumed to be acne-free, creating potential bias. Acne evaluation and treatment were not standardized and were not performed by dermatologists; acne severity was not recorded for many participants, possibly underestimating severity, and excluding LARC insertions without follow-up or with removal within 8 weeks may have underestimated the percentage of participants who developed new or worsening acne.

DISCLOSURES: 

The study was supported by Investigator-Initiated Studies Program of Organon and by the Health Resources and Services Administration of the US Department of Health and Human Services. Many authors received grants for this work. The authors did not disclose any other competing interests.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity.

Rachel S. Rubin, MD: We are here at the Harvard Continuing Medical Education Course in Orlando, Florida. It’s all about testosterone therapy and sexual medicine. I have with me today the wonderful Dr. Marianne Brandon, who is an amazing sex therapist. Could you introduce yourself?

Marianne Brandon, PhD: I am a clinical psychologist and sex therapist. I’ve been in practice for more than 25 years. I’m currently located in Sarasota. I have a Psychology Today blog called The Future of Intimacy, which I have a lot of fun with.

Dr. Rubin: It’s very important, when taking care of patients, that we work in a biopsychosocial model. Yes, we can fix erectile dysfunction. We can help with menopause symptoms and that helps sexual function. But what I find makes my patients able to live their best lives is when they have a team, including a mental health professional — often a sex therapist or a couples’ therapist — where they can learn communication skills. Why is it important for primary care doctors to talk to their patients about sex? My primary care doctor has never asked me about sex.  

Dr. Brandon: For most people, sexual intimacy is critical for their experience of life. It correlates with their relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction. It’s much bigger than what’s happening in the bedroom. People have more struggles than you realize. Sexual dysfunction correlates with emotional issues such as depression and anxiety, with medical problems, and with medication use. Chances are that your patients have some kind of sexual concern, even if that’s not to the degree that it would be classified as a sexual dysfunction.

But sexual concerns wreak havoc. Believing they have a sexual problem, they stop touching, they stop relating to their partner. It becomes a really big deal in their lives. If you can open the door for a conversation about sex with your patients, it could do them a great deal of good. It’s also good for the practitioner, because if your patients think they can talk with you about anything, that’s going to establish your relationship with them. Practitioners avoid these conversations because they don’t have the time or the training to offer help.

Dr. Rubin: You don’t have to know all the answers. You just have to show empathy and compassion and say, “I hear you.” That’s the magic in the doctor-patient relationship. We refer patients to specialists when we don’t know what to do. What happens when I send a patient to a sex therapist? Do they watch them have sex? Of course not, but everyone thinks that is what sex therapists do.

Dr. Brandon: Sex therapy is just like any other type of therapy, but we discuss sexual issues. And because just about anything that’s happening in your patient’s life can trickle down into the bedroom, we end up talking about a lot of stuff that’s not directly related to sex but ultimately impacts the patient’s sex life.

Dr. Rubin: It’s true. Most medical conditions that we treat — from diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and obesity to depression and anxiety — are strongly correlated with sexual health. We treat the underlying condition, but our patients don’t care about their A1c levels. They care about the fact that they cannot get aroused; their genitals don’t feel the same way they used to.

Dr. Brandon: I love that point because people make meaning out of their sexual concerns and dysfunction. Suddenly their body isn’t responding the way it used to. They think something’s wrong with them, or maybe they are with the wrong partner. This meaning becomes very powerful in their mind and perpetuates the sexual problem.

Dr. Rubin: First and foremost, we are educators. We can say, “You have pretty out-of-control diabetes,” or, “You’re a smoker, which can affect the health of your genitals. Have you noticed any issues going on there?” If you don’t ask, patients will not bring up their concerns with their doctors.

So how do people find a sex therapist?

Dr. Brandon: There are a few fabulous organizations that provide on their websites ways to find a therapist: the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) and Sex Therapy and Research (STAR). Giving patients this information is a huge intervention.

Other places to find a therapist include the International Society for Sexual Medicine, and the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health.

Since COVID, many therapists have gone virtual. Encourage your patients to look within their states to find options for therapists and psychologists. Recent legislation allows psychologists who have signed up for PSYPACT to practice almost throughout the entire United States. We used to think if we didn’t have a therapist in the community, we couldn’t make a referral. That›s not the case anymore.

Dr. Rubin: All doctors are really sexual medicine doctors. We can change the whole world by giving our patients a better quality of life.
 

Dr. Rubin, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Urology, Georgetown University, Washington, disclosed ties to Sprout, Maternal Medical, Absorption Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, and Endo.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity.

Rachel S. Rubin, MD: We are here at the Harvard Continuing Medical Education Course in Orlando, Florida. It’s all about testosterone therapy and sexual medicine. I have with me today the wonderful Dr. Marianne Brandon, who is an amazing sex therapist. Could you introduce yourself?

Marianne Brandon, PhD: I am a clinical psychologist and sex therapist. I’ve been in practice for more than 25 years. I’m currently located in Sarasota. I have a Psychology Today blog called The Future of Intimacy, which I have a lot of fun with.

Dr. Rubin: It’s very important, when taking care of patients, that we work in a biopsychosocial model. Yes, we can fix erectile dysfunction. We can help with menopause symptoms and that helps sexual function. But what I find makes my patients able to live their best lives is when they have a team, including a mental health professional — often a sex therapist or a couples’ therapist — where they can learn communication skills. Why is it important for primary care doctors to talk to their patients about sex? My primary care doctor has never asked me about sex.  

Dr. Brandon: For most people, sexual intimacy is critical for their experience of life. It correlates with their relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction. It’s much bigger than what’s happening in the bedroom. People have more struggles than you realize. Sexual dysfunction correlates with emotional issues such as depression and anxiety, with medical problems, and with medication use. Chances are that your patients have some kind of sexual concern, even if that’s not to the degree that it would be classified as a sexual dysfunction.

But sexual concerns wreak havoc. Believing they have a sexual problem, they stop touching, they stop relating to their partner. It becomes a really big deal in their lives. If you can open the door for a conversation about sex with your patients, it could do them a great deal of good. It’s also good for the practitioner, because if your patients think they can talk with you about anything, that’s going to establish your relationship with them. Practitioners avoid these conversations because they don’t have the time or the training to offer help.

Dr. Rubin: You don’t have to know all the answers. You just have to show empathy and compassion and say, “I hear you.” That’s the magic in the doctor-patient relationship. We refer patients to specialists when we don’t know what to do. What happens when I send a patient to a sex therapist? Do they watch them have sex? Of course not, but everyone thinks that is what sex therapists do.

Dr. Brandon: Sex therapy is just like any other type of therapy, but we discuss sexual issues. And because just about anything that’s happening in your patient’s life can trickle down into the bedroom, we end up talking about a lot of stuff that’s not directly related to sex but ultimately impacts the patient’s sex life.

Dr. Rubin: It’s true. Most medical conditions that we treat — from diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and obesity to depression and anxiety — are strongly correlated with sexual health. We treat the underlying condition, but our patients don’t care about their A1c levels. They care about the fact that they cannot get aroused; their genitals don’t feel the same way they used to.

Dr. Brandon: I love that point because people make meaning out of their sexual concerns and dysfunction. Suddenly their body isn’t responding the way it used to. They think something’s wrong with them, or maybe they are with the wrong partner. This meaning becomes very powerful in their mind and perpetuates the sexual problem.

Dr. Rubin: First and foremost, we are educators. We can say, “You have pretty out-of-control diabetes,” or, “You’re a smoker, which can affect the health of your genitals. Have you noticed any issues going on there?” If you don’t ask, patients will not bring up their concerns with their doctors.

So how do people find a sex therapist?

Dr. Brandon: There are a few fabulous organizations that provide on their websites ways to find a therapist: the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) and Sex Therapy and Research (STAR). Giving patients this information is a huge intervention.

Other places to find a therapist include the International Society for Sexual Medicine, and the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health.

Since COVID, many therapists have gone virtual. Encourage your patients to look within their states to find options for therapists and psychologists. Recent legislation allows psychologists who have signed up for PSYPACT to practice almost throughout the entire United States. We used to think if we didn’t have a therapist in the community, we couldn’t make a referral. That›s not the case anymore.

Dr. Rubin: All doctors are really sexual medicine doctors. We can change the whole world by giving our patients a better quality of life.
 

Dr. Rubin, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Urology, Georgetown University, Washington, disclosed ties to Sprout, Maternal Medical, Absorption Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, and Endo.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity.

Rachel S. Rubin, MD: We are here at the Harvard Continuing Medical Education Course in Orlando, Florida. It’s all about testosterone therapy and sexual medicine. I have with me today the wonderful Dr. Marianne Brandon, who is an amazing sex therapist. Could you introduce yourself?

Marianne Brandon, PhD: I am a clinical psychologist and sex therapist. I’ve been in practice for more than 25 years. I’m currently located in Sarasota. I have a Psychology Today blog called The Future of Intimacy, which I have a lot of fun with.

Dr. Rubin: It’s very important, when taking care of patients, that we work in a biopsychosocial model. Yes, we can fix erectile dysfunction. We can help with menopause symptoms and that helps sexual function. But what I find makes my patients able to live their best lives is when they have a team, including a mental health professional — often a sex therapist or a couples’ therapist — where they can learn communication skills. Why is it important for primary care doctors to talk to their patients about sex? My primary care doctor has never asked me about sex.  

Dr. Brandon: For most people, sexual intimacy is critical for their experience of life. It correlates with their relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction. It’s much bigger than what’s happening in the bedroom. People have more struggles than you realize. Sexual dysfunction correlates with emotional issues such as depression and anxiety, with medical problems, and with medication use. Chances are that your patients have some kind of sexual concern, even if that’s not to the degree that it would be classified as a sexual dysfunction.

But sexual concerns wreak havoc. Believing they have a sexual problem, they stop touching, they stop relating to their partner. It becomes a really big deal in their lives. If you can open the door for a conversation about sex with your patients, it could do them a great deal of good. It’s also good for the practitioner, because if your patients think they can talk with you about anything, that’s going to establish your relationship with them. Practitioners avoid these conversations because they don’t have the time or the training to offer help.

Dr. Rubin: You don’t have to know all the answers. You just have to show empathy and compassion and say, “I hear you.” That’s the magic in the doctor-patient relationship. We refer patients to specialists when we don’t know what to do. What happens when I send a patient to a sex therapist? Do they watch them have sex? Of course not, but everyone thinks that is what sex therapists do.

Dr. Brandon: Sex therapy is just like any other type of therapy, but we discuss sexual issues. And because just about anything that’s happening in your patient’s life can trickle down into the bedroom, we end up talking about a lot of stuff that’s not directly related to sex but ultimately impacts the patient’s sex life.

Dr. Rubin: It’s true. Most medical conditions that we treat — from diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and obesity to depression and anxiety — are strongly correlated with sexual health. We treat the underlying condition, but our patients don’t care about their A1c levels. They care about the fact that they cannot get aroused; their genitals don’t feel the same way they used to.

Dr. Brandon: I love that point because people make meaning out of their sexual concerns and dysfunction. Suddenly their body isn’t responding the way it used to. They think something’s wrong with them, or maybe they are with the wrong partner. This meaning becomes very powerful in their mind and perpetuates the sexual problem.

Dr. Rubin: First and foremost, we are educators. We can say, “You have pretty out-of-control diabetes,” or, “You’re a smoker, which can affect the health of your genitals. Have you noticed any issues going on there?” If you don’t ask, patients will not bring up their concerns with their doctors.

So how do people find a sex therapist?

Dr. Brandon: There are a few fabulous organizations that provide on their websites ways to find a therapist: the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) and Sex Therapy and Research (STAR). Giving patients this information is a huge intervention.

Other places to find a therapist include the International Society for Sexual Medicine, and the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health.

Since COVID, many therapists have gone virtual. Encourage your patients to look within their states to find options for therapists and psychologists. Recent legislation allows psychologists who have signed up for PSYPACT to practice almost throughout the entire United States. We used to think if we didn’t have a therapist in the community, we couldn’t make a referral. That›s not the case anymore.

Dr. Rubin: All doctors are really sexual medicine doctors. We can change the whole world by giving our patients a better quality of life.
 

Dr. Rubin, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Urology, Georgetown University, Washington, disclosed ties to Sprout, Maternal Medical, Absorption Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, and Endo.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The transplantation of ovarian tissue is often performed to extend fertility among women and adolescents with cancer. But some reproductive specialists believe the procedure may have another role to play with much wider application: delaying, or even preventing, menopause in healthy women.

Kutluk Oktay, MD, director of the Laboratory of Molecular Reproduction and Fertility Preservation at the Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut, has used ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) in his own practice — Innovation Fertility Preservation & IVF — for several years. He said the approach can reduce health risks associated with menopause, such as the loss of bone density and cardiovascular disease.

“We have started offering [ovarian tissue transplantation] in carefully selected candidates, but the pace will accelerate now that we have a way to better inform the candidates on the potential of the procedure,” Dr. Oktay said. To date, he said he has performed the procedure on approximately 20 patients.

But Dr. Oktay’s vision of the future for OTT remains on the fringe of reproductive medicine.

“I think there are ethical considerations to take into account here,” said Stephanie Faubion, MD, Medical Director for the North American Menopause Society. “You’re taking a perfectly healthy 25- to 30-year-old woman and putting her through surgery to take out a healthy organ. Let’s just think about that.”
 

The Promise and Risks of OTT

OTT involves removing part of the ovarian tissue, cryopreservation, and then transplanting it back into the body. The procedure has reversed early menopause in women who underwent cancer treatment and resulted in over 140 live births worldwide.

Dr. Oktay recently published a nonclinical study in the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology using a mathematical model based on decades of clinical research on cancer patients and ovarian follicle counts in cadaver to forecast how OTT can delay the onset of menopause through restored ovarian function and hormonal shifts.

The model forecasts a delay in menopause of up to 47 years, depending on factors such as the age of tissue removal, a woman’s ovarian reserve, and an estimated number of primordial follicles — where tens to hundreds of thousands of undeveloped eggs can live — that survive the process of removal, freezing, and reimplantation.

OTT is currently associated with a survival rate of 40% for follicles, Dr. Oktay said. But technological advancements, including revascularization drugs and robotic surgery, are likely to extend the survival rate to 80% by the time reimplantation occurs, potentially 15-20 years after tissue removal, he said.

Prospective patients at Dr. Oktay’s practice can use an interactive tool to receive an estimate of their potential menopausal delay. Patients receive a clinical assessment, including tests for ovarian reserve markers, to determine their potential for the procedure.

The model predicted that harvesting tissue before age 30 could delay menopause significantly. A 25-year-old woman with an average ovarian reserve who preserved a quarter of one ovary would have a delay in menopause of 11.8 years if 40% of the follicles survived. Women around age 40, and especially those with a low ovarian reserve, would need a follicle survival rate of close to 100% to result in a delay significant enough to justify the procedure.

The procedure also comes with risks. Removing ovarian tissue can bring on early menopause, Dr. Oktay said. Removing part or all of the ovarian cortex — the outer part of the ovary that contains the follicles — can start menopause about 1.5 years earlier. But as long as the tissue is transplanted, a woman would gain many more years of fertility before menopause.

While potentially promising, some obstetrics and gynecology experts question the procedure, with no proven benefits.

“While theoretically possible, my biggest question is, how is this better than egg freezing in your 20s or 30s combined with hormone replacement for the aging benefits, given the risks associated with potentially multiple surgeries?” said Paula Amato, MD, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon.

Any risks associated with receiving hormone therapy through OTT rather than traditional hormone replacement therapy are also unknown, Dr. Amato said.

A UK clinic, ProFam, based in Birmingham, also offered the procedure but faced criticism in 2020 for being unnecessary and experimental. This news organization could not confirm if the clinic is still in operation.
 

Why Delay Menopause?

While the procedure may extend fertility, the goal of the procedure is not to enable patients to become pregnant at ages that are not safe, Dr. Oktay said. Rather, he said postponing menopause is medically beneficial.

Some research shows that women who have late menopause have a lower risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease but a higher risk for breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers.

Dr. Oktay said that delaying menopause could improve the quality of life for women by reducing menopausal symptoms like anxiety and depression. Clinicians could also use the procedure as preventive care for those who are at high risk for conditions associated with menopause, such as osteoporosis and dementia.

But Dr. Faubion is unconvinced that delaying menopause through OTT carries health benefits.

“Just because we can do this, should we?” she said. “And will it do the things that we think it will? Does preventing or delaying menopause delay the aging process? I think that’s what they’re trying to imply, and we don’t have evidence that that’s true.”

The study was funded by the National Science Foundation, U-Anschutz Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Funds, SF Faculty Early Career Development Program, and the National Institutes of Health awards. The authors reported no disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The transplantation of ovarian tissue is often performed to extend fertility among women and adolescents with cancer. But some reproductive specialists believe the procedure may have another role to play with much wider application: delaying, or even preventing, menopause in healthy women.

Kutluk Oktay, MD, director of the Laboratory of Molecular Reproduction and Fertility Preservation at the Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut, has used ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) in his own practice — Innovation Fertility Preservation & IVF — for several years. He said the approach can reduce health risks associated with menopause, such as the loss of bone density and cardiovascular disease.

“We have started offering [ovarian tissue transplantation] in carefully selected candidates, but the pace will accelerate now that we have a way to better inform the candidates on the potential of the procedure,” Dr. Oktay said. To date, he said he has performed the procedure on approximately 20 patients.

But Dr. Oktay’s vision of the future for OTT remains on the fringe of reproductive medicine.

“I think there are ethical considerations to take into account here,” said Stephanie Faubion, MD, Medical Director for the North American Menopause Society. “You’re taking a perfectly healthy 25- to 30-year-old woman and putting her through surgery to take out a healthy organ. Let’s just think about that.”
 

The Promise and Risks of OTT

OTT involves removing part of the ovarian tissue, cryopreservation, and then transplanting it back into the body. The procedure has reversed early menopause in women who underwent cancer treatment and resulted in over 140 live births worldwide.

Dr. Oktay recently published a nonclinical study in the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology using a mathematical model based on decades of clinical research on cancer patients and ovarian follicle counts in cadaver to forecast how OTT can delay the onset of menopause through restored ovarian function and hormonal shifts.

The model forecasts a delay in menopause of up to 47 years, depending on factors such as the age of tissue removal, a woman’s ovarian reserve, and an estimated number of primordial follicles — where tens to hundreds of thousands of undeveloped eggs can live — that survive the process of removal, freezing, and reimplantation.

OTT is currently associated with a survival rate of 40% for follicles, Dr. Oktay said. But technological advancements, including revascularization drugs and robotic surgery, are likely to extend the survival rate to 80% by the time reimplantation occurs, potentially 15-20 years after tissue removal, he said.

Prospective patients at Dr. Oktay’s practice can use an interactive tool to receive an estimate of their potential menopausal delay. Patients receive a clinical assessment, including tests for ovarian reserve markers, to determine their potential for the procedure.

The model predicted that harvesting tissue before age 30 could delay menopause significantly. A 25-year-old woman with an average ovarian reserve who preserved a quarter of one ovary would have a delay in menopause of 11.8 years if 40% of the follicles survived. Women around age 40, and especially those with a low ovarian reserve, would need a follicle survival rate of close to 100% to result in a delay significant enough to justify the procedure.

The procedure also comes with risks. Removing ovarian tissue can bring on early menopause, Dr. Oktay said. Removing part or all of the ovarian cortex — the outer part of the ovary that contains the follicles — can start menopause about 1.5 years earlier. But as long as the tissue is transplanted, a woman would gain many more years of fertility before menopause.

While potentially promising, some obstetrics and gynecology experts question the procedure, with no proven benefits.

“While theoretically possible, my biggest question is, how is this better than egg freezing in your 20s or 30s combined with hormone replacement for the aging benefits, given the risks associated with potentially multiple surgeries?” said Paula Amato, MD, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon.

Any risks associated with receiving hormone therapy through OTT rather than traditional hormone replacement therapy are also unknown, Dr. Amato said.

A UK clinic, ProFam, based in Birmingham, also offered the procedure but faced criticism in 2020 for being unnecessary and experimental. This news organization could not confirm if the clinic is still in operation.
 

Why Delay Menopause?

While the procedure may extend fertility, the goal of the procedure is not to enable patients to become pregnant at ages that are not safe, Dr. Oktay said. Rather, he said postponing menopause is medically beneficial.

Some research shows that women who have late menopause have a lower risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease but a higher risk for breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers.

Dr. Oktay said that delaying menopause could improve the quality of life for women by reducing menopausal symptoms like anxiety and depression. Clinicians could also use the procedure as preventive care for those who are at high risk for conditions associated with menopause, such as osteoporosis and dementia.

But Dr. Faubion is unconvinced that delaying menopause through OTT carries health benefits.

“Just because we can do this, should we?” she said. “And will it do the things that we think it will? Does preventing or delaying menopause delay the aging process? I think that’s what they’re trying to imply, and we don’t have evidence that that’s true.”

The study was funded by the National Science Foundation, U-Anschutz Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Funds, SF Faculty Early Career Development Program, and the National Institutes of Health awards. The authors reported no disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The transplantation of ovarian tissue is often performed to extend fertility among women and adolescents with cancer. But some reproductive specialists believe the procedure may have another role to play with much wider application: delaying, or even preventing, menopause in healthy women.

Kutluk Oktay, MD, director of the Laboratory of Molecular Reproduction and Fertility Preservation at the Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut, has used ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) in his own practice — Innovation Fertility Preservation & IVF — for several years. He said the approach can reduce health risks associated with menopause, such as the loss of bone density and cardiovascular disease.

“We have started offering [ovarian tissue transplantation] in carefully selected candidates, but the pace will accelerate now that we have a way to better inform the candidates on the potential of the procedure,” Dr. Oktay said. To date, he said he has performed the procedure on approximately 20 patients.

But Dr. Oktay’s vision of the future for OTT remains on the fringe of reproductive medicine.

“I think there are ethical considerations to take into account here,” said Stephanie Faubion, MD, Medical Director for the North American Menopause Society. “You’re taking a perfectly healthy 25- to 30-year-old woman and putting her through surgery to take out a healthy organ. Let’s just think about that.”
 

The Promise and Risks of OTT

OTT involves removing part of the ovarian tissue, cryopreservation, and then transplanting it back into the body. The procedure has reversed early menopause in women who underwent cancer treatment and resulted in over 140 live births worldwide.

Dr. Oktay recently published a nonclinical study in the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology using a mathematical model based on decades of clinical research on cancer patients and ovarian follicle counts in cadaver to forecast how OTT can delay the onset of menopause through restored ovarian function and hormonal shifts.

The model forecasts a delay in menopause of up to 47 years, depending on factors such as the age of tissue removal, a woman’s ovarian reserve, and an estimated number of primordial follicles — where tens to hundreds of thousands of undeveloped eggs can live — that survive the process of removal, freezing, and reimplantation.

OTT is currently associated with a survival rate of 40% for follicles, Dr. Oktay said. But technological advancements, including revascularization drugs and robotic surgery, are likely to extend the survival rate to 80% by the time reimplantation occurs, potentially 15-20 years after tissue removal, he said.

Prospective patients at Dr. Oktay’s practice can use an interactive tool to receive an estimate of their potential menopausal delay. Patients receive a clinical assessment, including tests for ovarian reserve markers, to determine their potential for the procedure.

The model predicted that harvesting tissue before age 30 could delay menopause significantly. A 25-year-old woman with an average ovarian reserve who preserved a quarter of one ovary would have a delay in menopause of 11.8 years if 40% of the follicles survived. Women around age 40, and especially those with a low ovarian reserve, would need a follicle survival rate of close to 100% to result in a delay significant enough to justify the procedure.

The procedure also comes with risks. Removing ovarian tissue can bring on early menopause, Dr. Oktay said. Removing part or all of the ovarian cortex — the outer part of the ovary that contains the follicles — can start menopause about 1.5 years earlier. But as long as the tissue is transplanted, a woman would gain many more years of fertility before menopause.

While potentially promising, some obstetrics and gynecology experts question the procedure, with no proven benefits.

“While theoretically possible, my biggest question is, how is this better than egg freezing in your 20s or 30s combined with hormone replacement for the aging benefits, given the risks associated with potentially multiple surgeries?” said Paula Amato, MD, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon.

Any risks associated with receiving hormone therapy through OTT rather than traditional hormone replacement therapy are also unknown, Dr. Amato said.

A UK clinic, ProFam, based in Birmingham, also offered the procedure but faced criticism in 2020 for being unnecessary and experimental. This news organization could not confirm if the clinic is still in operation.
 

Why Delay Menopause?

While the procedure may extend fertility, the goal of the procedure is not to enable patients to become pregnant at ages that are not safe, Dr. Oktay said. Rather, he said postponing menopause is medically beneficial.

Some research shows that women who have late menopause have a lower risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease but a higher risk for breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers.

Dr. Oktay said that delaying menopause could improve the quality of life for women by reducing menopausal symptoms like anxiety and depression. Clinicians could also use the procedure as preventive care for those who are at high risk for conditions associated with menopause, such as osteoporosis and dementia.

But Dr. Faubion is unconvinced that delaying menopause through OTT carries health benefits.

“Just because we can do this, should we?” she said. “And will it do the things that we think it will? Does preventing or delaying menopause delay the aging process? I think that’s what they’re trying to imply, and we don’t have evidence that that’s true.”

The study was funded by the National Science Foundation, U-Anschutz Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Funds, SF Faculty Early Career Development Program, and the National Institutes of Health awards. The authors reported no disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

“No greater opportunity, responsibility, or obligation can fall to the lot of a human being than to become a physician. In the care of the suffering, [the physician] needs technical skill, scientific knowledge, and human understanding.”¹ Internal medicine physicians have risen to this challenge for centuries. Today, it is time for us to use these skills to care for patients who need access to reproductive care — particularly medication abortion. Nationally accredited internal medicine training programs have not been required to provide abortion education, and this may evolve in the future.

However, considering the difficulty in people receiving contraception, the failure rate of contraception, the known risks from pregnancy, the increasing difficulty in accessing abortion, and the recent advocating to protect access to reproductive care by leadership of internal medicine and internal medicine subspecialty societies, we advocate that abortion must become a part of our education and practice.²

Most abortions are performed during the first trimester and can be managed with medications that are very safe.³ In fact, legal medication abortion is so safe that pregnancy in the United States has fourteen times the mortality risk as does legal medication abortion.⁴ Inability to access an abortion has widely documented negative health effects for women and their children.^5,6

Within this context, it is important for internal medicine physicians to understand that the ability to access an abortion is the ability to access a life-saving procedure and there is no medical justification for restricting such a prescription any more than restricting any other standard medical therapy. Furthermore, the recent widespread criminalization of abortion gives new urgency to expanding the pool of physicians who understand this and are trained, able, and willing to prescribe medication abortion.

We understand that reproductive health care may not now be a component of clinical practice for some, but given the heterogeneity of internal medicine, we believe that some knowledge about medical abortion is an essential competency of foundational medical knowledge.⁷ The heterogeneity of practice in internal medicine lends itself to different levels of knowledge that should be embraced. Because of poor access to abortion, both ambulatory and hospital-based physicians will increasingly be required to care for patients who need abortion for medical or other reasons.

We advocate that all physicians — including those with internal medicine training — should understand counseling about choices and options (including an unbiased discussion of the options to continue or terminate the pregnancy), the safety of medication abortion in contrast to the risks from pregnancy, and where to refer someone seeking an abortion. In addition to this information, primary care physicians with a special interest in women’s health must have basic knowledge about mifepristone and misoprostol and how they work, the benefits and risks of these, and what the pregnant person seeking an abortion will experience.⁸

Lastly, physicians who wish to provide medication abortion — including in primary care, hospital medicine, and subspecialty care — should receive training and ongoing professional development. Such professional development should include counseling, indications, contraindications, medication regimens, navigating required documentation and reporting, and anticipating possible side effects and complications.

A major challenge to internal medicine and other primary care physicians, subspecialists, and hospitalists addressing abortion is the inadequate training in and knowledge about providing this care. However, the entire spectrum of medical education (undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education) should evolve to address this lack.

Integrating this education into medical conferences and journals is a meaningful start, possibly in partnership with medical societies that have been teaching these skills for decades. Partnering with other specialties can also help us stay current on the local legal landscape and engage in collaborative advocacy.

Specifically, some resources for training can be found at:

• www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/11/abortion-training-and-education
• https://prochoice.org/providers/continuing-medical-education/
• www.reproductiveaccess.org/medicationabortion/

Some may have concerns that managing the possible complications of medication abortion is a reason for internal medicine to not be involved in abortion care. However, medication abortions are safe and effective for pregnancy termination and internal medicine physicians can refer patients with complications to peers in gynecology, family medicine, and emergency medicine should complications arise.^{8 We have} managed countless other conditions this way, including most recently during the pandemic.

We live in a country with increasing barriers to care – now with laws in many states that prevent basic health care for women. Internal medicine doctors increasingly may see patients who need care urgently, particularly those who practice in states that neighbor those that prevent this access. We are calling for all who practice internal medicine to educate themselves, optimizing their skills within the full scope of medical practice to provide possibly lifesaving care and thereby address increased needs for medical services.

We must continue to advocate for our patients. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the fact that internal medicine–trained physicians are able to care for conditions that are new and, as a profession, we are capable of rapidly switching practices and learning new modalities of care. It is time for us to extend this competency to care for patients who constitute half the population and are at risk: women.

Dr. Barrett is an internal medicine hospitalist based in Albuquerque, New Mexico; she completed a medical justice in advocacy fellowship in 2022. Dr. Radhakrishnan is an internal medicine physician educator who completed an equity matters fellowship in 2022 and is based in Scottsdale, Arizona. Neither reports conflicts of interest.

References

1. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e. Jameson J et al., eds. McGraw Hill; 2018. Accessed Sept. 27, 2023.

2. Serchen J et al. Reproductive Health Policy in the United States: An American College of Physicians Policy Brief. Ann Intern Med.2023;176:364-6. epub 28 Feb. 2023.

3. Jatlaoui TC et al. Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ 2019;68(No. SS-11):1-41.

4. Raymond EG and Grimes DA. The comparative safety of legal induced abortion and childbirth in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(2 Pt 1):215-9.

5. Ralph LJ et al. Self-reported Physical Health of Women Who Did and Did Not Terminate Pregnancy After Seeking Abortion Services: A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med.2019;171:238-47. epub 11 June 2019.

6. Gerdts C et al. Side effects, physical health consequences, and mortality associated with abortion and birth after an unwanted pregnancy. Women’s Health Issues 2016;26:55-59.

7. Nobel K et al. Patient-reported experience with discussion of all options during pregnancy options counseling in the US south. Contraception. 2022;106:68-74.

8. Liu N and Ray JG. Short-Term Adverse Outcomes After Mifepristone–Misoprostol Versus Procedural Induced Abortion: A Population-Based Propensity-Weighted Study. Ann Intern Med.2023;176:145-53. epub 3 January 2023.

“No greater opportunity, responsibility, or obligation can fall to the lot of a human being than to become a physician. In the care of the suffering, [the physician] needs technical skill, scientific knowledge, and human understanding.”¹ Internal medicine physicians have risen to this challenge for centuries. Today, it is time for us to use these skills to care for patients who need access to reproductive care — particularly medication abortion. Nationally accredited internal medicine training programs have not been required to provide abortion education, and this may evolve in the future.

However, considering the difficulty in people receiving contraception, the failure rate of contraception, the known risks from pregnancy, the increasing difficulty in accessing abortion, and the recent advocating to protect access to reproductive care by leadership of internal medicine and internal medicine subspecialty societies, we advocate that abortion must become a part of our education and practice.²

Most abortions are performed during the first trimester and can be managed with medications that are very safe.³ In fact, legal medication abortion is so safe that pregnancy in the United States has fourteen times the mortality risk as does legal medication abortion.⁴ Inability to access an abortion has widely documented negative health effects for women and their children.^5,6

Within this context, it is important for internal medicine physicians to understand that the ability to access an abortion is the ability to access a life-saving procedure and there is no medical justification for restricting such a prescription any more than restricting any other standard medical therapy. Furthermore, the recent widespread criminalization of abortion gives new urgency to expanding the pool of physicians who understand this and are trained, able, and willing to prescribe medication abortion.

We understand that reproductive health care may not now be a component of clinical practice for some, but given the heterogeneity of internal medicine, we believe that some knowledge about medical abortion is an essential competency of foundational medical knowledge.⁷ The heterogeneity of practice in internal medicine lends itself to different levels of knowledge that should be embraced. Because of poor access to abortion, both ambulatory and hospital-based physicians will increasingly be required to care for patients who need abortion for medical or other reasons.

We advocate that all physicians — including those with internal medicine training — should understand counseling about choices and options (including an unbiased discussion of the options to continue or terminate the pregnancy), the safety of medication abortion in contrast to the risks from pregnancy, and where to refer someone seeking an abortion. In addition to this information, primary care physicians with a special interest in women’s health must have basic knowledge about mifepristone and misoprostol and how they work, the benefits and risks of these, and what the pregnant person seeking an abortion will experience.⁸

Lastly, physicians who wish to provide medication abortion — including in primary care, hospital medicine, and subspecialty care — should receive training and ongoing professional development. Such professional development should include counseling, indications, contraindications, medication regimens, navigating required documentation and reporting, and anticipating possible side effects and complications.

A major challenge to internal medicine and other primary care physicians, subspecialists, and hospitalists addressing abortion is the inadequate training in and knowledge about providing this care. However, the entire spectrum of medical education (undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education) should evolve to address this lack.

Integrating this education into medical conferences and journals is a meaningful start, possibly in partnership with medical societies that have been teaching these skills for decades. Partnering with other specialties can also help us stay current on the local legal landscape and engage in collaborative advocacy.

Specifically, some resources for training can be found at:

• www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/11/abortion-training-and-education
• https://prochoice.org/providers/continuing-medical-education/
• www.reproductiveaccess.org/medicationabortion/

Some may have concerns that managing the possible complications of medication abortion is a reason for internal medicine to not be involved in abortion care. However, medication abortions are safe and effective for pregnancy termination and internal medicine physicians can refer patients with complications to peers in gynecology, family medicine, and emergency medicine should complications arise.^{8 We have} managed countless other conditions this way, including most recently during the pandemic.

We live in a country with increasing barriers to care – now with laws in many states that prevent basic health care for women. Internal medicine doctors increasingly may see patients who need care urgently, particularly those who practice in states that neighbor those that prevent this access. We are calling for all who practice internal medicine to educate themselves, optimizing their skills within the full scope of medical practice to provide possibly lifesaving care and thereby address increased needs for medical services.

We must continue to advocate for our patients. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the fact that internal medicine–trained physicians are able to care for conditions that are new and, as a profession, we are capable of rapidly switching practices and learning new modalities of care. It is time for us to extend this competency to care for patients who constitute half the population and are at risk: women.

Dr. Barrett is an internal medicine hospitalist based in Albuquerque, New Mexico; she completed a medical justice in advocacy fellowship in 2022. Dr. Radhakrishnan is an internal medicine physician educator who completed an equity matters fellowship in 2022 and is based in Scottsdale, Arizona. Neither reports conflicts of interest.

References

1. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e. Jameson J et al., eds. McGraw Hill; 2018. Accessed Sept. 27, 2023.

2. Serchen J et al. Reproductive Health Policy in the United States: An American College of Physicians Policy Brief. Ann Intern Med.2023;176:364-6. epub 28 Feb. 2023.

3. Jatlaoui TC et al. Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ 2019;68(No. SS-11):1-41.

4. Raymond EG and Grimes DA. The comparative safety of legal induced abortion and childbirth in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(2 Pt 1):215-9.

5. Ralph LJ et al. Self-reported Physical Health of Women Who Did and Did Not Terminate Pregnancy After Seeking Abortion Services: A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med.2019;171:238-47. epub 11 June 2019.

6. Gerdts C et al. Side effects, physical health consequences, and mortality associated with abortion and birth after an unwanted pregnancy. Women’s Health Issues 2016;26:55-59.

7. Nobel K et al. Patient-reported experience with discussion of all options during pregnancy options counseling in the US south. Contraception. 2022;106:68-74.

8. Liu N and Ray JG. Short-Term Adverse Outcomes After Mifepristone–Misoprostol Versus Procedural Induced Abortion: A Population-Based Propensity-Weighted Study. Ann Intern Med.2023;176:145-53. epub 3 January 2023.

“No greater opportunity, responsibility, or obligation can fall to the lot of a human being than to become a physician. In the care of the suffering, [the physician] needs technical skill, scientific knowledge, and human understanding.”¹ Internal medicine physicians have risen to this challenge for centuries. Today, it is time for us to use these skills to care for patients who need access to reproductive care — particularly medication abortion. Nationally accredited internal medicine training programs have not been required to provide abortion education, and this may evolve in the future.

However, considering the difficulty in people receiving contraception, the failure rate of contraception, the known risks from pregnancy, the increasing difficulty in accessing abortion, and the recent advocating to protect access to reproductive care by leadership of internal medicine and internal medicine subspecialty societies, we advocate that abortion must become a part of our education and practice.²

Most abortions are performed during the first trimester and can be managed with medications that are very safe.³ In fact, legal medication abortion is so safe that pregnancy in the United States has fourteen times the mortality risk as does legal medication abortion.⁴ Inability to access an abortion has widely documented negative health effects for women and their children.^5,6

Within this context, it is important for internal medicine physicians to understand that the ability to access an abortion is the ability to access a life-saving procedure and there is no medical justification for restricting such a prescription any more than restricting any other standard medical therapy. Furthermore, the recent widespread criminalization of abortion gives new urgency to expanding the pool of physicians who understand this and are trained, able, and willing to prescribe medication abortion.

We understand that reproductive health care may not now be a component of clinical practice for some, but given the heterogeneity of internal medicine, we believe that some knowledge about medical abortion is an essential competency of foundational medical knowledge.⁷ The heterogeneity of practice in internal medicine lends itself to different levels of knowledge that should be embraced. Because of poor access to abortion, both ambulatory and hospital-based physicians will increasingly be required to care for patients who need abortion for medical or other reasons.

We advocate that all physicians — including those with internal medicine training — should understand counseling about choices and options (including an unbiased discussion of the options to continue or terminate the pregnancy), the safety of medication abortion in contrast to the risks from pregnancy, and where to refer someone seeking an abortion. In addition to this information, primary care physicians with a special interest in women’s health must have basic knowledge about mifepristone and misoprostol and how they work, the benefits and risks of these, and what the pregnant person seeking an abortion will experience.⁸

Lastly, physicians who wish to provide medication abortion — including in primary care, hospital medicine, and subspecialty care — should receive training and ongoing professional development. Such professional development should include counseling, indications, contraindications, medication regimens, navigating required documentation and reporting, and anticipating possible side effects and complications.

A major challenge to internal medicine and other primary care physicians, subspecialists, and hospitalists addressing abortion is the inadequate training in and knowledge about providing this care. However, the entire spectrum of medical education (undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education) should evolve to address this lack.

Integrating this education into medical conferences and journals is a meaningful start, possibly in partnership with medical societies that have been teaching these skills for decades. Partnering with other specialties can also help us stay current on the local legal landscape and engage in collaborative advocacy.

Specifically, some resources for training can be found at:

• www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/11/abortion-training-and-education
• https://prochoice.org/providers/continuing-medical-education/
• www.reproductiveaccess.org/medicationabortion/

Some may have concerns that managing the possible complications of medication abortion is a reason for internal medicine to not be involved in abortion care. However, medication abortions are safe and effective for pregnancy termination and internal medicine physicians can refer patients with complications to peers in gynecology, family medicine, and emergency medicine should complications arise.^{8 We have} managed countless other conditions this way, including most recently during the pandemic.

We live in a country with increasing barriers to care – now with laws in many states that prevent basic health care for women. Internal medicine doctors increasingly may see patients who need care urgently, particularly those who practice in states that neighbor those that prevent this access. We are calling for all who practice internal medicine to educate themselves, optimizing their skills within the full scope of medical practice to provide possibly lifesaving care and thereby address increased needs for medical services.

We must continue to advocate for our patients. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the fact that internal medicine–trained physicians are able to care for conditions that are new and, as a profession, we are capable of rapidly switching practices and learning new modalities of care. It is time for us to extend this competency to care for patients who constitute half the population and are at risk: women.

Dr. Barrett is an internal medicine hospitalist based in Albuquerque, New Mexico; she completed a medical justice in advocacy fellowship in 2022. Dr. Radhakrishnan is an internal medicine physician educator who completed an equity matters fellowship in 2022 and is based in Scottsdale, Arizona. Neither reports conflicts of interest.

References

1. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e. Jameson J et al., eds. McGraw Hill; 2018. Accessed Sept. 27, 2023.

2. Serchen J et al. Reproductive Health Policy in the United States: An American College of Physicians Policy Brief. Ann Intern Med.2023;176:364-6. epub 28 Feb. 2023.

3. Jatlaoui TC et al. Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ 2019;68(No. SS-11):1-41.

4. Raymond EG and Grimes DA. The comparative safety of legal induced abortion and childbirth in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(2 Pt 1):215-9.

5. Ralph LJ et al. Self-reported Physical Health of Women Who Did and Did Not Terminate Pregnancy After Seeking Abortion Services: A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med.2019;171:238-47. epub 11 June 2019.

6. Gerdts C et al. Side effects, physical health consequences, and mortality associated with abortion and birth after an unwanted pregnancy. Women’s Health Issues 2016;26:55-59.

7. Nobel K et al. Patient-reported experience with discussion of all options during pregnancy options counseling in the US south. Contraception. 2022;106:68-74.

8. Liu N and Ray JG. Short-Term Adverse Outcomes After Mifepristone–Misoprostol Versus Procedural Induced Abortion: A Population-Based Propensity-Weighted Study. Ann Intern Med.2023;176:145-53. epub 3 January 2023.

Maternal mental health has a profound impact on the health and wellbeing of the child. Since the onset of the pandemic, rates of postpartum depression have increased, affecting an estimated 1 in 5 women.¹ Numerous studies show the impact of postpartum depression on the newborn child across multiple domains, from bonding to healthy weight gain to meeting developmental milestones.

While new medications are being studied and approved to specifically target postpartum depression, these treatments are inaccessible to many because of high costs and long wait lists. Beyond medication, structural changes such as paid parental leave have been shown to have a substantial impact on maternal mental health, thus impacting the health of children as well. As physicians, it is imperative that we advocate for systems-level policy changes that have been shown to improve the health of both parent and child.

Implications for Mothers and Children

Psychiatric diagnoses such as postpartum depression are on the rise.^1,2 This is likely attributable to a combination of factors, including increased isolation since the start of the pandemic, worsening health inequities across race and socioeconomic status, and difficulty accessing mental health care.^3-5 The effect that postpartum depression has on the family is significant for the newborn as well as other children in the home.

Data suggest that postpartum depression impacts both the physical and mental health of the child. Infants of mothers with postpartum depression may experience challenges with weight gain, decreased breastfeeding, sleep disruptions, and delays in achieving developmental milestones.^6-9 They may also show decreased maternal infant bonding, challenges with cognitive development including language and IQ, and increased risk of behavioral disturbances.^10,11 These effects are likely attributable to a combination of factors, including decreased maternal responsiveness to infant cues.^7,12 Many of these effects are mediated by the chronicity and severity of depressive symptoms, suggesting the importance of screening and treatment of postpartum depression.^10,11 However, treatment for postpartum depression can be difficult to access, particularly given the increased level of need.

It is therefore critical to consider what structural interventions and policy changes can decrease the risk of developing postpartum depression. Data consistently show that access to paid parental leave improves maternal mental health outcomes. Among patients with access to parental leave, research shows that paid leave of longer duration, at least 2-3 months, is the most protective.¹³ Studies have identified decreased depressive symptoms, decreased stress, decreased use of mental health services, and decreased hospital admissions among women with longer parental leave.¹³ The positive effects of paid parental leave on maternal mental health can extend beyond the postpartum period, solidifying its impact on the long-term health outcomes of both mother and child.¹³
 

Advocacy Is Imperative

In 2024, the United States is the only high-income country, and one of only seven countries in the world, that does not guarantee access to paid parental leave. The Family Medical Leave Act is a 31-year-old federal law that requires some employers to provide unpaid leave to eligible employees. It is narrow in scope, and it excludes many low-wage workers and LGBTQ+ families. Thirteen states — California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington — as well as the District of Columbia, have enacted their own paid leave policies. However, there are no federal laws requiring access to paid parental leave. As of 2023, fewer than 30% of workers in the United States have access to paid parental leave, and only 16% of employees in the service industry have access to paid parental leave.¹⁴ This disproportionately affects families from lower income backgrounds, and further exacerbates socioeconomic, racial, and gender inequities. From a health systems lens, this increases risk of adverse maternal mental health outcomes among those who already have decreased access to mental health services, worsening health disparities.

Paid parental leave has strong public support across party lines, with polls showing the majority of Americans support comprehensive paid family and medical leave.¹⁵ Despite this, the United States has failed to enact legislation on this issue since 1993. Multiple attempts at expanding leave have not come to fruition. In the past year, both the house and the senate have announced bipartisan efforts to expand access to paid parental leave. However, legislative frameworks are still in early stages.

As physicians, it is crucial that we advocate for expanded access to paid parental leave. We must use our expertise to speak to the impact that paid parental leave can have on the mental and physical health of parents, children, and families. By advocating for paid parental leave, we can help create a more just and equitable healthcare system.
 

Dr. Shannon is a second-year psychiatry resident at University of California, Los Angeles. She attended Stanford University for her undergraduate degree and Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine for medical school. Her interests include perinatal psychiatry, health systems research, and mental health policy advocacy. Dr. Richards is assistant clinical professor in the department of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences; program director of the child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship; and associate medical director of the perinatal program at the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles.

References

1. Wang Z et al. Mapping Global Prevalence of Depression Among Postpartum Women. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Oct 20. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01663-6.

2. Iyengar U et al. One Year Into the Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Mental Health Outcomes During COVID-19. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Jun 24. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.674194.

3. World Health Organization. Mental Health and COVID-19: Early Evidence of the Pandemic’s Impact: Scientific Brief. 2022 Mar 2. www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci_Brief-Mental_health-2022.1.

4. Masters GA et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health, Access to Care, and Health Disparities in the Perinatal Period. J Psychiatr Res. 2021 May. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.056.

5. Shuffrey LC et al. Improving Perinatal Maternal Mental Health Starts With Addressing Structural Inequities. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022 May 1. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0097.

6. Lubotzky-Gete S et al. Postpartum Depression and Infant Development Up to 24 months: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. J Affect Disord. 2021 Apr 15. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.042.

7. Saharoy R et al. Postpartum Depression and Maternal Care: Exploring the Complex Effects on Mothers and Infants. Cureus. 2023 Jul 4. doi: 10.7759/cureus.41381..

8. Gress-Smith JL et al. Postpartum Depression Prevalence and Impact on Infant Health, Weight, and Sleep in Low-Income and Ethnic Minority Women and Infants. Matern Child Health J. 2012 May. doi: 10.1007/s10995-011-0812-y.

9. Kim S et al. The Impact of Antepartum Depression and Postpartum Depression on Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Nurs Res. 2022 Jun. doi: 10.1177/10547738211053507.

10. Mirhosseini H et al. Cognitive Behavioral Development in Children Following Maternal Postpartum Depression: A Review Article. Electron Physician. 2015 Dec 20. doi: 10.19082/1673.

11. Grace SL et al. The Effect of Postpartum Depression on Child Cognitive Development and Behavior: A Review and Critical Analysis of the Literature. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2003 Nov. doi: 10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6.

12. Milgrom J et al. The Mediating Role of Maternal Responsiveness in Some Longer Term Effects of Postnatal Depression on Infant Development. Infant Behavior and Development. 2004 Sep 11. doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2004.03.003.

13. Heshmati A et al. The Effect of Parental Leave on Parents’ Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Lancet Public Health. 2023 Jan. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00311-5.

14. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, What Data Does the BLS Publish on Family Leave? 2023 Sept 21. www.bls.gov/ebs/factsheets/family-leave-benefits-fact-sheet.htm.

15. Horowitz JM et al. Americans Widely Support Paid Family and Medical Leave, But Differ Over Specific Policies. Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project, Pew Research Center. 2017 Mar 23. www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2017/03/23/americans-widely-support-paid-family-and-medical-leave-but-differ-over-specific-policies/.

Maternal mental health has a profound impact on the health and wellbeing of the child. Since the onset of the pandemic, rates of postpartum depression have increased, affecting an estimated 1 in 5 women.¹ Numerous studies show the impact of postpartum depression on the newborn child across multiple domains, from bonding to healthy weight gain to meeting developmental milestones.

While new medications are being studied and approved to specifically target postpartum depression, these treatments are inaccessible to many because of high costs and long wait lists. Beyond medication, structural changes such as paid parental leave have been shown to have a substantial impact on maternal mental health, thus impacting the health of children as well. As physicians, it is imperative that we advocate for systems-level policy changes that have been shown to improve the health of both parent and child.

Implications for Mothers and Children

Psychiatric diagnoses such as postpartum depression are on the rise.^1,2 This is likely attributable to a combination of factors, including increased isolation since the start of the pandemic, worsening health inequities across race and socioeconomic status, and difficulty accessing mental health care.^3-5 The effect that postpartum depression has on the family is significant for the newborn as well as other children in the home.

Data suggest that postpartum depression impacts both the physical and mental health of the child. Infants of mothers with postpartum depression may experience challenges with weight gain, decreased breastfeeding, sleep disruptions, and delays in achieving developmental milestones.^6-9 They may also show decreased maternal infant bonding, challenges with cognitive development including language and IQ, and increased risk of behavioral disturbances.^10,11 These effects are likely attributable to a combination of factors, including decreased maternal responsiveness to infant cues.^7,12 Many of these effects are mediated by the chronicity and severity of depressive symptoms, suggesting the importance of screening and treatment of postpartum depression.^10,11 However, treatment for postpartum depression can be difficult to access, particularly given the increased level of need.

It is therefore critical to consider what structural interventions and policy changes can decrease the risk of developing postpartum depression. Data consistently show that access to paid parental leave improves maternal mental health outcomes. Among patients with access to parental leave, research shows that paid leave of longer duration, at least 2-3 months, is the most protective.¹³ Studies have identified decreased depressive symptoms, decreased stress, decreased use of mental health services, and decreased hospital admissions among women with longer parental leave.¹³ The positive effects of paid parental leave on maternal mental health can extend beyond the postpartum period, solidifying its impact on the long-term health outcomes of both mother and child.¹³
 

Advocacy Is Imperative

In 2024, the United States is the only high-income country, and one of only seven countries in the world, that does not guarantee access to paid parental leave. The Family Medical Leave Act is a 31-year-old federal law that requires some employers to provide unpaid leave to eligible employees. It is narrow in scope, and it excludes many low-wage workers and LGBTQ+ families. Thirteen states — California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington — as well as the District of Columbia, have enacted their own paid leave policies. However, there are no federal laws requiring access to paid parental leave. As of 2023, fewer than 30% of workers in the United States have access to paid parental leave, and only 16% of employees in the service industry have access to paid parental leave.¹⁴ This disproportionately affects families from lower income backgrounds, and further exacerbates socioeconomic, racial, and gender inequities. From a health systems lens, this increases risk of adverse maternal mental health outcomes among those who already have decreased access to mental health services, worsening health disparities.

Paid parental leave has strong public support across party lines, with polls showing the majority of Americans support comprehensive paid family and medical leave.¹⁵ Despite this, the United States has failed to enact legislation on this issue since 1993. Multiple attempts at expanding leave have not come to fruition. In the past year, both the house and the senate have announced bipartisan efforts to expand access to paid parental leave. However, legislative frameworks are still in early stages.

As physicians, it is crucial that we advocate for expanded access to paid parental leave. We must use our expertise to speak to the impact that paid parental leave can have on the mental and physical health of parents, children, and families. By advocating for paid parental leave, we can help create a more just and equitable healthcare system.
 

Dr. Shannon is a second-year psychiatry resident at University of California, Los Angeles. She attended Stanford University for her undergraduate degree and Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine for medical school. Her interests include perinatal psychiatry, health systems research, and mental health policy advocacy. Dr. Richards is assistant clinical professor in the department of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences; program director of the child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship; and associate medical director of the perinatal program at the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles.

References

1. Wang Z et al. Mapping Global Prevalence of Depression Among Postpartum Women. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Oct 20. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01663-6.

2. Iyengar U et al. One Year Into the Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Mental Health Outcomes During COVID-19. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Jun 24. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.674194.

3. World Health Organization. Mental Health and COVID-19: Early Evidence of the Pandemic’s Impact: Scientific Brief. 2022 Mar 2. www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci_Brief-Mental_health-2022.1.

4. Masters GA et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health, Access to Care, and Health Disparities in the Perinatal Period. J Psychiatr Res. 2021 May. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.056.

5. Shuffrey LC et al. Improving Perinatal Maternal Mental Health Starts With Addressing Structural Inequities. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022 May 1. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0097.

6. Lubotzky-Gete S et al. Postpartum Depression and Infant Development Up to 24 months: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. J Affect Disord. 2021 Apr 15. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.042.

7. Saharoy R et al. Postpartum Depression and Maternal Care: Exploring the Complex Effects on Mothers and Infants. Cureus. 2023 Jul 4. doi: 10.7759/cureus.41381..

8. Gress-Smith JL et al. Postpartum Depression Prevalence and Impact on Infant Health, Weight, and Sleep in Low-Income and Ethnic Minority Women and Infants. Matern Child Health J. 2012 May. doi: 10.1007/s10995-011-0812-y.

9. Kim S et al. The Impact of Antepartum Depression and Postpartum Depression on Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Nurs Res. 2022 Jun. doi: 10.1177/10547738211053507.

10. Mirhosseini H et al. Cognitive Behavioral Development in Children Following Maternal Postpartum Depression: A Review Article. Electron Physician. 2015 Dec 20. doi: 10.19082/1673.

11. Grace SL et al. The Effect of Postpartum Depression on Child Cognitive Development and Behavior: A Review and Critical Analysis of the Literature. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2003 Nov. doi: 10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6.

12. Milgrom J et al. The Mediating Role of Maternal Responsiveness in Some Longer Term Effects of Postnatal Depression on Infant Development. Infant Behavior and Development. 2004 Sep 11. doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2004.03.003.

13. Heshmati A et al. The Effect of Parental Leave on Parents’ Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Lancet Public Health. 2023 Jan. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00311-5.

14. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, What Data Does the BLS Publish on Family Leave? 2023 Sept 21. www.bls.gov/ebs/factsheets/family-leave-benefits-fact-sheet.htm.

15. Horowitz JM et al. Americans Widely Support Paid Family and Medical Leave, But Differ Over Specific Policies. Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project, Pew Research Center. 2017 Mar 23. www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2017/03/23/americans-widely-support-paid-family-and-medical-leave-but-differ-over-specific-policies/.

Maternal mental health has a profound impact on the health and wellbeing of the child. Since the onset of the pandemic, rates of postpartum depression have increased, affecting an estimated 1 in 5 women.¹ Numerous studies show the impact of postpartum depression on the newborn child across multiple domains, from bonding to healthy weight gain to meeting developmental milestones.

While new medications are being studied and approved to specifically target postpartum depression, these treatments are inaccessible to many because of high costs and long wait lists. Beyond medication, structural changes such as paid parental leave have been shown to have a substantial impact on maternal mental health, thus impacting the health of children as well. As physicians, it is imperative that we advocate for systems-level policy changes that have been shown to improve the health of both parent and child.

Implications for Mothers and Children

Psychiatric diagnoses such as postpartum depression are on the rise.^1,2 This is likely attributable to a combination of factors, including increased isolation since the start of the pandemic, worsening health inequities across race and socioeconomic status, and difficulty accessing mental health care.^3-5 The effect that postpartum depression has on the family is significant for the newborn as well as other children in the home.

Data suggest that postpartum depression impacts both the physical and mental health of the child. Infants of mothers with postpartum depression may experience challenges with weight gain, decreased breastfeeding, sleep disruptions, and delays in achieving developmental milestones.^6-9 They may also show decreased maternal infant bonding, challenges with cognitive development including language and IQ, and increased risk of behavioral disturbances.^10,11 These effects are likely attributable to a combination of factors, including decreased maternal responsiveness to infant cues.^7,12 Many of these effects are mediated by the chronicity and severity of depressive symptoms, suggesting the importance of screening and treatment of postpartum depression.^10,11 However, treatment for postpartum depression can be difficult to access, particularly given the increased level of need.

It is therefore critical to consider what structural interventions and policy changes can decrease the risk of developing postpartum depression. Data consistently show that access to paid parental leave improves maternal mental health outcomes. Among patients with access to parental leave, research shows that paid leave of longer duration, at least 2-3 months, is the most protective.¹³ Studies have identified decreased depressive symptoms, decreased stress, decreased use of mental health services, and decreased hospital admissions among women with longer parental leave.¹³ The positive effects of paid parental leave on maternal mental health can extend beyond the postpartum period, solidifying its impact on the long-term health outcomes of both mother and child.¹³
 

Advocacy Is Imperative

In 2024, the United States is the only high-income country, and one of only seven countries in the world, that does not guarantee access to paid parental leave. The Family Medical Leave Act is a 31-year-old federal law that requires some employers to provide unpaid leave to eligible employees. It is narrow in scope, and it excludes many low-wage workers and LGBTQ+ families. Thirteen states — California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington — as well as the District of Columbia, have enacted their own paid leave policies. However, there are no federal laws requiring access to paid parental leave. As of 2023, fewer than 30% of workers in the United States have access to paid parental leave, and only 16% of employees in the service industry have access to paid parental leave.¹⁴ This disproportionately affects families from lower income backgrounds, and further exacerbates socioeconomic, racial, and gender inequities. From a health systems lens, this increases risk of adverse maternal mental health outcomes among those who already have decreased access to mental health services, worsening health disparities.

Paid parental leave has strong public support across party lines, with polls showing the majority of Americans support comprehensive paid family and medical leave.¹⁵ Despite this, the United States has failed to enact legislation on this issue since 1993. Multiple attempts at expanding leave have not come to fruition. In the past year, both the house and the senate have announced bipartisan efforts to expand access to paid parental leave. However, legislative frameworks are still in early stages.

As physicians, it is crucial that we advocate for expanded access to paid parental leave. We must use our expertise to speak to the impact that paid parental leave can have on the mental and physical health of parents, children, and families. By advocating for paid parental leave, we can help create a more just and equitable healthcare system.
 

Dr. Shannon is a second-year psychiatry resident at University of California, Los Angeles. She attended Stanford University for her undergraduate degree and Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine for medical school. Her interests include perinatal psychiatry, health systems research, and mental health policy advocacy. Dr. Richards is assistant clinical professor in the department of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences; program director of the child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship; and associate medical director of the perinatal program at the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles.

References

1. Wang Z et al. Mapping Global Prevalence of Depression Among Postpartum Women. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Oct 20. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01663-6.

2. Iyengar U et al. One Year Into the Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Mental Health Outcomes During COVID-19. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Jun 24. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.674194.

3. World Health Organization. Mental Health and COVID-19: Early Evidence of the Pandemic’s Impact: Scientific Brief. 2022 Mar 2. www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci_Brief-Mental_health-2022.1.

4. Masters GA et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health, Access to Care, and Health Disparities in the Perinatal Period. J Psychiatr Res. 2021 May. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.056.

5. Shuffrey LC et al. Improving Perinatal Maternal Mental Health Starts With Addressing Structural Inequities. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022 May 1. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0097.

6. Lubotzky-Gete S et al. Postpartum Depression and Infant Development Up to 24 months: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. J Affect Disord. 2021 Apr 15. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.042.

7. Saharoy R et al. Postpartum Depression and Maternal Care: Exploring the Complex Effects on Mothers and Infants. Cureus. 2023 Jul 4. doi: 10.7759/cureus.41381..

8. Gress-Smith JL et al. Postpartum Depression Prevalence and Impact on Infant Health, Weight, and Sleep in Low-Income and Ethnic Minority Women and Infants. Matern Child Health J. 2012 May. doi: 10.1007/s10995-011-0812-y.

9. Kim S et al. The Impact of Antepartum Depression and Postpartum Depression on Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Nurs Res. 2022 Jun. doi: 10.1177/10547738211053507.

10. Mirhosseini H et al. Cognitive Behavioral Development in Children Following Maternal Postpartum Depression: A Review Article. Electron Physician. 2015 Dec 20. doi: 10.19082/1673.

11. Grace SL et al. The Effect of Postpartum Depression on Child Cognitive Development and Behavior: A Review and Critical Analysis of the Literature. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2003 Nov. doi: 10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6.

12. Milgrom J et al. The Mediating Role of Maternal Responsiveness in Some Longer Term Effects of Postnatal Depression on Infant Development. Infant Behavior and Development. 2004 Sep 11. doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2004.03.003.

13. Heshmati A et al. The Effect of Parental Leave on Parents’ Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Lancet Public Health. 2023 Jan. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00311-5.

14. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, What Data Does the BLS Publish on Family Leave? 2023 Sept 21. www.bls.gov/ebs/factsheets/family-leave-benefits-fact-sheet.htm.

15. Horowitz JM et al. Americans Widely Support Paid Family and Medical Leave, But Differ Over Specific Policies. Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project, Pew Research Center. 2017 Mar 23. www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2017/03/23/americans-widely-support-paid-family-and-medical-leave-but-differ-over-specific-policies/.

Although tubal sterilization is common, especially among those with lower income and education levels, misunderstandings persist about the reversibility of the procedure, and previous studies suggest that many pregnant individuals are not making well-informed decisions, wrote Sonya Borrero, MD, of the University of Pittsburgh, and colleagues.

In a study published in JAMA Network Open, the researchers randomized 350 pregnant individuals with Medicaid insurance to usual care or usual care plus a web-based decision aid in English or Spanish called MyDecision/MiDecisión that included written, audio, and video information about tubal sterilization. The tool also included an interactive table comparing tubal sterilization to other contraceptive options, exercises to clarify patients’ values, knowledge checks, and a final summary report.

The two primary outcomes were knowledge of tubal sterilization based on a 10-question true/false test and decisional conflict about contraceptive choices using the low-literacy Decision Conflict Scale. The participants ranged in age from 21 to 45 years, with a mean age of 29.7 years. Participants were randomized prior to 24 weeks’ gestation, and those in the intervention group completed the intervention immediately using a personal device or a university device in the clinical setting. Further assessments occurred by phone during the third trimester and at 3 months postpartum.

Participants in the decision aid group showed significantly greater knowledge of tubal sterilization compared with controls, with a mean of 76.5% correct responses to the knowledge questions, vs. 55.6% in the control group (P < .001). Decisional conflict scores also were significantly lower in the intervention group compared with controls (mean 12.7 vs. 18.7, P = .002).

The most dramatic knowledge gap related to permanence of tubal sterilization; 90.1% of participants in the intervention group answered correctly that the procedure is not easily reversible, compared to 39.3% of the controls. Similarly, 86.6% of the intervention group responded correctly that the tubes do not “come untied” spontaneously, vs. 33.7% of controls (P < .001 for both).

The findings were limited by several factors including the focus only on pregnant Medicaid patients, the presentation of the decision tool only at a point early in pregnancy, which may have been too soon for some participants to consider tubal sterilization, and a lack of data on long-term satisfaction or regret about tubal sterilization decisions, the researchers noted.

However, the knowledge differences between the intervention and control groups remained significant at the third trimester assessment, they said.

More research is needed in other populations and using other time points, but the current study results suggest that use of the MyDecision/MiDecisión tool in a real-world clinical setting at the actual time of decision-making could improve knowledge and inform patients’ choices, the researchers concluded. Improved patient education also could inform policy decisions about the potential elimination of the 30-day waiting period for sterilization procedures, they said.

The study was supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.

Although tubal sterilization is common, especially among those with lower income and education levels, misunderstandings persist about the reversibility of the procedure, and previous studies suggest that many pregnant individuals are not making well-informed decisions, wrote Sonya Borrero, MD, of the University of Pittsburgh, and colleagues.

In a study published in JAMA Network Open, the researchers randomized 350 pregnant individuals with Medicaid insurance to usual care or usual care plus a web-based decision aid in English or Spanish called MyDecision/MiDecisión that included written, audio, and video information about tubal sterilization. The tool also included an interactive table comparing tubal sterilization to other contraceptive options, exercises to clarify patients’ values, knowledge checks, and a final summary report.

The two primary outcomes were knowledge of tubal sterilization based on a 10-question true/false test and decisional conflict about contraceptive choices using the low-literacy Decision Conflict Scale. The participants ranged in age from 21 to 45 years, with a mean age of 29.7 years. Participants were randomized prior to 24 weeks’ gestation, and those in the intervention group completed the intervention immediately using a personal device or a university device in the clinical setting. Further assessments occurred by phone during the third trimester and at 3 months postpartum.

Participants in the decision aid group showed significantly greater knowledge of tubal sterilization compared with controls, with a mean of 76.5% correct responses to the knowledge questions, vs. 55.6% in the control group (P < .001). Decisional conflict scores also were significantly lower in the intervention group compared with controls (mean 12.7 vs. 18.7, P = .002).

The most dramatic knowledge gap related to permanence of tubal sterilization; 90.1% of participants in the intervention group answered correctly that the procedure is not easily reversible, compared to 39.3% of the controls. Similarly, 86.6% of the intervention group responded correctly that the tubes do not “come untied” spontaneously, vs. 33.7% of controls (P < .001 for both).

The findings were limited by several factors including the focus only on pregnant Medicaid patients, the presentation of the decision tool only at a point early in pregnancy, which may have been too soon for some participants to consider tubal sterilization, and a lack of data on long-term satisfaction or regret about tubal sterilization decisions, the researchers noted.

However, the knowledge differences between the intervention and control groups remained significant at the third trimester assessment, they said.

More research is needed in other populations and using other time points, but the current study results suggest that use of the MyDecision/MiDecisión tool in a real-world clinical setting at the actual time of decision-making could improve knowledge and inform patients’ choices, the researchers concluded. Improved patient education also could inform policy decisions about the potential elimination of the 30-day waiting period for sterilization procedures, they said.

The study was supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.

Although tubal sterilization is common, especially among those with lower income and education levels, misunderstandings persist about the reversibility of the procedure, and previous studies suggest that many pregnant individuals are not making well-informed decisions, wrote Sonya Borrero, MD, of the University of Pittsburgh, and colleagues.

In a study published in JAMA Network Open, the researchers randomized 350 pregnant individuals with Medicaid insurance to usual care or usual care plus a web-based decision aid in English or Spanish called MyDecision/MiDecisión that included written, audio, and video information about tubal sterilization. The tool also included an interactive table comparing tubal sterilization to other contraceptive options, exercises to clarify patients’ values, knowledge checks, and a final summary report.

The two primary outcomes were knowledge of tubal sterilization based on a 10-question true/false test and decisional conflict about contraceptive choices using the low-literacy Decision Conflict Scale. The participants ranged in age from 21 to 45 years, with a mean age of 29.7 years. Participants were randomized prior to 24 weeks’ gestation, and those in the intervention group completed the intervention immediately using a personal device or a university device in the clinical setting. Further assessments occurred by phone during the third trimester and at 3 months postpartum.

Participants in the decision aid group showed significantly greater knowledge of tubal sterilization compared with controls, with a mean of 76.5% correct responses to the knowledge questions, vs. 55.6% in the control group (P < .001). Decisional conflict scores also were significantly lower in the intervention group compared with controls (mean 12.7 vs. 18.7, P = .002).

The most dramatic knowledge gap related to permanence of tubal sterilization; 90.1% of participants in the intervention group answered correctly that the procedure is not easily reversible, compared to 39.3% of the controls. Similarly, 86.6% of the intervention group responded correctly that the tubes do not “come untied” spontaneously, vs. 33.7% of controls (P < .001 for both).

The findings were limited by several factors including the focus only on pregnant Medicaid patients, the presentation of the decision tool only at a point early in pregnancy, which may have been too soon for some participants to consider tubal sterilization, and a lack of data on long-term satisfaction or regret about tubal sterilization decisions, the researchers noted.

However, the knowledge differences between the intervention and control groups remained significant at the third trimester assessment, they said.

More research is needed in other populations and using other time points, but the current study results suggest that use of the MyDecision/MiDecisión tool in a real-world clinical setting at the actual time of decision-making could improve knowledge and inform patients’ choices, the researchers concluded. Improved patient education also could inform policy decisions about the potential elimination of the 30-day waiting period for sterilization procedures, they said.

The study was supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.

In 2019, we interviewed Andrea Prince, MD, who was completing her internship in the Inuit village of Puvirnituq, a town of 2000 inhabitants located in Nunavik, in the Canadian Far North. Five years later, still in her position, what perspective does she have on her practice? Have the challenges of practicing medicine in a remote region within the Inuit community affected her vocation? Would she recommend this experience to young doctors?

Question: What position do you currently hold?

Dr. Prince: I am a full-time general practitioner at Puvirnituq Hospital. My responsibilities range from following up on hospitalized patients to those seen in outpatient clinics for chronic illnesses. Within our medical team, I receive patients in the emergency department (day and night shifts), and I travel to smaller dispensaries nearby, especially to the village of Akulivik. So, it’s quite a varied practice.

More recently, I have been involved in remote continuing medical education projects in collaboration with specialists based in Montreal. In this context, we are increasingly trying to collaborate with doctors from other indigenous communities, such as the Grand Council of the Cree, because our practices are quite similar.



Q: What is the patient volume you see?

Dr. Prince: We see approximately 20-30 patients per day in the clinic, plus about 10 by appointment, and dozens of calls from dispensaries, in addition to patients transferred from other villages. There are four daytime doctors (one at night) and about 15 nurses stationed full-time at Puvirnituq Hospital.

Our practice relies heavily on collaboration with the nursing team, which has an expanded role — they can manage certain patients according to the treatment plan established by the doctor and prescribe treatments (eg, antibiotics for uncomplicated otitis).



Q: Access to care in these isolated regions is considered difficult. Have you observed any improvement in the situation over the past 5 years? What about new material and human resources?

Dr. Prince: For the past year, we have had a Starlink internet connection at the hospital, which facilitates telemedicine exchanges with specialists; we can now send data and medical images to Montreal to obtain expertise much more easily. Previously, everything was done by phone or with significant delays. We do not yet have a cellular network, and all records are currently in paper format.

But the challenges remain numerous. Progress is very slow. Like everywhere in the country, we are experiencing a shortage of staff, particularly an insufficient number of nurses. But the impact is even more dramatic in these isolated territories. We have had to close dispensaries on the coast due to a lack of personnel and only offer emergency services. However, patients have no other options; they cannot drive to another hospital. In Nunavik, the road network is practically nonexistent, and travel to other regions is by plane (about a 2.5-hour medical evacuation trip).

So, sometimes, patients do not seek care in time, and when we finally see them, unfortunately, the issue can be quite advanced.



Q: What are the most pressing logistical needs?

Dr. Prince: We still do not have a scanner in the Far North. This has a significant impact on mortality, especially in the case of accidents and trauma, which are very common in these regions. “Residents of Nunavik are four times more likely to suffer trauma than the rest of Quebec’s population and 40 times more likely to die from it,” as recently reported in La Presse.

There has also been much discussion about cancer mortality, with a risk for death about 70% higher following a lung cancer diagnosis (reported by Medscape Medical News). We do not have a mammogram machine to diagnose breast cancer. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, equipped diagnostic teams sometimes traveled to the region, but this is no longer the case. Today, a patient needing a mammogram will have to travel to Montreal. The same goes for colonoscopies, but visits are becoming less frequent. Therefore, campaigns to screen for certain common types of cancer are practically nonexistent.

As for urgent surgeries (appendicitis, cesarean sections, trauma, etc.), patients must be transferred to Montreal by medical evacuation. We have a visiting surgeon twice a year.



Q: What improvement strategies do you foresee despite the lack of resources?

Dr. Prince: The saying “prevention is better than cure” makes perfect sense in such remote regions under extreme conditions (it is impossible to fly a medevac when it is too windy or during a snowstorm!). That’s why my colleagues and I believe that prevention should be the top priority in terms of healthcare intervention. It may seem obvious, but nothing is simple in the Far North.



Q: In which areas should prevention campaigns be prioritized in your opinion?

Dr. Prince: An example is wearing helmets. Practically no one wears this type of protection in the Far North. They use all-terrain vehicles that are dangerous and for which helmet use is crucial. But they are simply not available in stores. So, communication is difficult: We tell people, “you need a helmet for the ATV, another for the bike, for the snowmobile, for playing hockey, etc.” when it is difficult to obtain one. With traumatologists in Montreal, we had a project to create multifunctional helmets for children — to protect them but also to develop a culture of helmet use, which is not common practice in the community — but these are projects that take a lot of time and are more complex than they seem.

Villages still do not have running water. Therefore, it is difficult to give recommendations to patients as they live in sanitary conditions that are unseen elsewhere in Canada. Without clean water, we cannot ensure that wound care is done properly. Not to mention the occurrence of hepatitis A epidemics, like the one we had to face.

Residents also grapple with significant alcohol and smoking problems, but there is no detox center or dedicated psychological help on site. To follow a detox program, patients would have to leave, move away from their families, and that can be psychologically very destabilizing. I try, in my practice, to talk to my patients about this, especially pregnant women — because many continue to smoke or drink during their pregnancy — but we need more resources.



Q: What about women’s health in this region?

Dr. Prince: We are fortunate to have a team of midwives, several of whom are Inuit, who are of great help in accessing contraception, performing cervical cancer screening tests, etc. But some patients with high-risk pregnancies who should be transferred to Montreal refuse to give birth away from their families. Again, if we had the means to allow high-risk women — or those for whom continuous monitoring or a cesarean section may be necessary — to give birth here safely, it would be a big step. As for abortion, it is feasible but remains a very taboo subject in the community.

Regarding violence against women, I have not observed any particularly encouraging developments in the past 5 years, but recently, we met with the mayor about this, hoping that concrete actions will be taken to help victims of violence.
 

Q: What is the predominant feeling in your daily life in a situation that is slow to evolve?

Dr. Prince: I remain hopeful for my patients. We must continue to fight! Initiatives must also come from the communities themselves; they must be involved in developing solutions. Because patients, too, need to have hope. They have the right to be cared for like other inhabitants of Canada.

On my part, I try to find a balance between feeling good about my caregiving profession and not burning out professionally. But burnout is a subject that concerns many doctors around the world and is increasingly being discussed. We should all have psychological support when entering medicine!



Q: Would you recommend colleagues to come and work in the Far North? What would you tell them?

Dr. Prince: I would tell them they will have no regrets! Yes, it’s difficult, but it’s a unique type of practice and very rewarding on a human level.

Professionally, it is a general practice that is no longer seen in the city today. The spectrum is very broad, ranging from neonatology to geriatrics, from the simplest to the most complex. It’s very stimulating. Diagnostically, practice is also very different from what is done in the metropolis. Without a scanner, you really have to question and investigate to evaluate whether a patient should be evacuated by plane to Montreal or not. It’s not trivial. Decisions must be made judiciously and quickly.

The human experience is also unique. Inuit communities are little known, and the aspects relayed in the media are often negative due to their increased risk for addiction. However, they are cheerful and very warm people, with an extraordinary culture. I have learned a lot from them, including reconsidering the notion of time, reviewing my priorities, and approaching life one day at a time.

I am very grateful to them for accepting me. I am sometimes even greeted with a “Welcome home!” when I return from vacation...Being told that in Nunavik, I am also “at home,” touches me immensely. I have seen children grow up, adolescents become adults. A bond of trust has developed.

Of course, all of this comes with sacrifices like being away from family and loved ones. We miss birthdays, weddings, etc. But without hesitation, it’s worth it!



Q: What are the next steps in your career in Nunavik? Will you stay for a long time?

Dr. Prince: I take it one day at a time, especially since I am about to take maternity leave very soon. But if a full-time return to Nunavik is difficult with a newborn, I know that the Nunavummiuts [inhabitants of Nunavik] will always be part of my life and my practice.

I want to remain involved with these communities, whether on-site (by practicing there a few months a year) or in Montreal where many patients are transferred. Coming to be treated in a big city (Montreal, 1.7M inhabitants), in very large hospitals, can be very stressful for them. They express themselves much less verbally than Westerners, so we must know how to listen to them, dedicate the necessary time to them, consider their culture and beliefs. I would like to be the familiar face they will encounter when they are cared for away from home. It’s a bond I want to preserve.

This story was translated from Medscape France using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

In 2019, we interviewed Andrea Prince, MD, who was completing her internship in the Inuit village of Puvirnituq, a town of 2000 inhabitants located in Nunavik, in the Canadian Far North. Five years later, still in her position, what perspective does she have on her practice? Have the challenges of practicing medicine in a remote region within the Inuit community affected her vocation? Would she recommend this experience to young doctors?

Question: What position do you currently hold?

Dr. Prince: I am a full-time general practitioner at Puvirnituq Hospital. My responsibilities range from following up on hospitalized patients to those seen in outpatient clinics for chronic illnesses. Within our medical team, I receive patients in the emergency department (day and night shifts), and I travel to smaller dispensaries nearby, especially to the village of Akulivik. So, it’s quite a varied practice.

More recently, I have been involved in remote continuing medical education projects in collaboration with specialists based in Montreal. In this context, we are increasingly trying to collaborate with doctors from other indigenous communities, such as the Grand Council of the Cree, because our practices are quite similar.



Q: What is the patient volume you see?

Dr. Prince: We see approximately 20-30 patients per day in the clinic, plus about 10 by appointment, and dozens of calls from dispensaries, in addition to patients transferred from other villages. There are four daytime doctors (one at night) and about 15 nurses stationed full-time at Puvirnituq Hospital.

Our practice relies heavily on collaboration with the nursing team, which has an expanded role — they can manage certain patients according to the treatment plan established by the doctor and prescribe treatments (eg, antibiotics for uncomplicated otitis).



Q: Access to care in these isolated regions is considered difficult. Have you observed any improvement in the situation over the past 5 years? What about new material and human resources?

Dr. Prince: For the past year, we have had a Starlink internet connection at the hospital, which facilitates telemedicine exchanges with specialists; we can now send data and medical images to Montreal to obtain expertise much more easily. Previously, everything was done by phone or with significant delays. We do not yet have a cellular network, and all records are currently in paper format.

But the challenges remain numerous. Progress is very slow. Like everywhere in the country, we are experiencing a shortage of staff, particularly an insufficient number of nurses. But the impact is even more dramatic in these isolated territories. We have had to close dispensaries on the coast due to a lack of personnel and only offer emergency services. However, patients have no other options; they cannot drive to another hospital. In Nunavik, the road network is practically nonexistent, and travel to other regions is by plane (about a 2.5-hour medical evacuation trip).

So, sometimes, patients do not seek care in time, and when we finally see them, unfortunately, the issue can be quite advanced.



Q: What are the most pressing logistical needs?

Dr. Prince: We still do not have a scanner in the Far North. This has a significant impact on mortality, especially in the case of accidents and trauma, which are very common in these regions. “Residents of Nunavik are four times more likely to suffer trauma than the rest of Quebec’s population and 40 times more likely to die from it,” as recently reported in La Presse.

There has also been much discussion about cancer mortality, with a risk for death about 70% higher following a lung cancer diagnosis (reported by Medscape Medical News). We do not have a mammogram machine to diagnose breast cancer. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, equipped diagnostic teams sometimes traveled to the region, but this is no longer the case. Today, a patient needing a mammogram will have to travel to Montreal. The same goes for colonoscopies, but visits are becoming less frequent. Therefore, campaigns to screen for certain common types of cancer are practically nonexistent.

As for urgent surgeries (appendicitis, cesarean sections, trauma, etc.), patients must be transferred to Montreal by medical evacuation. We have a visiting surgeon twice a year.



Q: What improvement strategies do you foresee despite the lack of resources?

Dr. Prince: The saying “prevention is better than cure” makes perfect sense in such remote regions under extreme conditions (it is impossible to fly a medevac when it is too windy or during a snowstorm!). That’s why my colleagues and I believe that prevention should be the top priority in terms of healthcare intervention. It may seem obvious, but nothing is simple in the Far North.



Q: In which areas should prevention campaigns be prioritized in your opinion?

Dr. Prince: An example is wearing helmets. Practically no one wears this type of protection in the Far North. They use all-terrain vehicles that are dangerous and for which helmet use is crucial. But they are simply not available in stores. So, communication is difficult: We tell people, “you need a helmet for the ATV, another for the bike, for the snowmobile, for playing hockey, etc.” when it is difficult to obtain one. With traumatologists in Montreal, we had a project to create multifunctional helmets for children — to protect them but also to develop a culture of helmet use, which is not common practice in the community — but these are projects that take a lot of time and are more complex than they seem.

Villages still do not have running water. Therefore, it is difficult to give recommendations to patients as they live in sanitary conditions that are unseen elsewhere in Canada. Without clean water, we cannot ensure that wound care is done properly. Not to mention the occurrence of hepatitis A epidemics, like the one we had to face.

Residents also grapple with significant alcohol and smoking problems, but there is no detox center or dedicated psychological help on site. To follow a detox program, patients would have to leave, move away from their families, and that can be psychologically very destabilizing. I try, in my practice, to talk to my patients about this, especially pregnant women — because many continue to smoke or drink during their pregnancy — but we need more resources.



Q: What about women’s health in this region?

Dr. Prince: We are fortunate to have a team of midwives, several of whom are Inuit, who are of great help in accessing contraception, performing cervical cancer screening tests, etc. But some patients with high-risk pregnancies who should be transferred to Montreal refuse to give birth away from their families. Again, if we had the means to allow high-risk women — or those for whom continuous monitoring or a cesarean section may be necessary — to give birth here safely, it would be a big step. As for abortion, it is feasible but remains a very taboo subject in the community.

Regarding violence against women, I have not observed any particularly encouraging developments in the past 5 years, but recently, we met with the mayor about this, hoping that concrete actions will be taken to help victims of violence.
 

Q: What is the predominant feeling in your daily life in a situation that is slow to evolve?

Dr. Prince: I remain hopeful for my patients. We must continue to fight! Initiatives must also come from the communities themselves; they must be involved in developing solutions. Because patients, too, need to have hope. They have the right to be cared for like other inhabitants of Canada.

On my part, I try to find a balance between feeling good about my caregiving profession and not burning out professionally. But burnout is a subject that concerns many doctors around the world and is increasingly being discussed. We should all have psychological support when entering medicine!



Q: Would you recommend colleagues to come and work in the Far North? What would you tell them?

Dr. Prince: I would tell them they will have no regrets! Yes, it’s difficult, but it’s a unique type of practice and very rewarding on a human level.

Professionally, it is a general practice that is no longer seen in the city today. The spectrum is very broad, ranging from neonatology to geriatrics, from the simplest to the most complex. It’s very stimulating. Diagnostically, practice is also very different from what is done in the metropolis. Without a scanner, you really have to question and investigate to evaluate whether a patient should be evacuated by plane to Montreal or not. It’s not trivial. Decisions must be made judiciously and quickly.

The human experience is also unique. Inuit communities are little known, and the aspects relayed in the media are often negative due to their increased risk for addiction. However, they are cheerful and very warm people, with an extraordinary culture. I have learned a lot from them, including reconsidering the notion of time, reviewing my priorities, and approaching life one day at a time.

I am very grateful to them for accepting me. I am sometimes even greeted with a “Welcome home!” when I return from vacation...Being told that in Nunavik, I am also “at home,” touches me immensely. I have seen children grow up, adolescents become adults. A bond of trust has developed.

Of course, all of this comes with sacrifices like being away from family and loved ones. We miss birthdays, weddings, etc. But without hesitation, it’s worth it!



Q: What are the next steps in your career in Nunavik? Will you stay for a long time?

Dr. Prince: I take it one day at a time, especially since I am about to take maternity leave very soon. But if a full-time return to Nunavik is difficult with a newborn, I know that the Nunavummiuts [inhabitants of Nunavik] will always be part of my life and my practice.

I want to remain involved with these communities, whether on-site (by practicing there a few months a year) or in Montreal where many patients are transferred. Coming to be treated in a big city (Montreal, 1.7M inhabitants), in very large hospitals, can be very stressful for them. They express themselves much less verbally than Westerners, so we must know how to listen to them, dedicate the necessary time to them, consider their culture and beliefs. I would like to be the familiar face they will encounter when they are cared for away from home. It’s a bond I want to preserve.

This story was translated from Medscape France using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

In 2019, we interviewed Andrea Prince, MD, who was completing her internship in the Inuit village of Puvirnituq, a town of 2000 inhabitants located in Nunavik, in the Canadian Far North. Five years later, still in her position, what perspective does she have on her practice? Have the challenges of practicing medicine in a remote region within the Inuit community affected her vocation? Would she recommend this experience to young doctors?

Question: What position do you currently hold?

Dr. Prince: I am a full-time general practitioner at Puvirnituq Hospital. My responsibilities range from following up on hospitalized patients to those seen in outpatient clinics for chronic illnesses. Within our medical team, I receive patients in the emergency department (day and night shifts), and I travel to smaller dispensaries nearby, especially to the village of Akulivik. So, it’s quite a varied practice.

More recently, I have been involved in remote continuing medical education projects in collaboration with specialists based in Montreal. In this context, we are increasingly trying to collaborate with doctors from other indigenous communities, such as the Grand Council of the Cree, because our practices are quite similar.



Q: What is the patient volume you see?

Dr. Prince: We see approximately 20-30 patients per day in the clinic, plus about 10 by appointment, and dozens of calls from dispensaries, in addition to patients transferred from other villages. There are four daytime doctors (one at night) and about 15 nurses stationed full-time at Puvirnituq Hospital.

Our practice relies heavily on collaboration with the nursing team, which has an expanded role — they can manage certain patients according to the treatment plan established by the doctor and prescribe treatments (eg, antibiotics for uncomplicated otitis).



Q: Access to care in these isolated regions is considered difficult. Have you observed any improvement in the situation over the past 5 years? What about new material and human resources?

Dr. Prince: For the past year, we have had a Starlink internet connection at the hospital, which facilitates telemedicine exchanges with specialists; we can now send data and medical images to Montreal to obtain expertise much more easily. Previously, everything was done by phone or with significant delays. We do not yet have a cellular network, and all records are currently in paper format.

But the challenges remain numerous. Progress is very slow. Like everywhere in the country, we are experiencing a shortage of staff, particularly an insufficient number of nurses. But the impact is even more dramatic in these isolated territories. We have had to close dispensaries on the coast due to a lack of personnel and only offer emergency services. However, patients have no other options; they cannot drive to another hospital. In Nunavik, the road network is practically nonexistent, and travel to other regions is by plane (about a 2.5-hour medical evacuation trip).

So, sometimes, patients do not seek care in time, and when we finally see them, unfortunately, the issue can be quite advanced.



Q: What are the most pressing logistical needs?

Dr. Prince: We still do not have a scanner in the Far North. This has a significant impact on mortality, especially in the case of accidents and trauma, which are very common in these regions. “Residents of Nunavik are four times more likely to suffer trauma than the rest of Quebec’s population and 40 times more likely to die from it,” as recently reported in La Presse.

There has also been much discussion about cancer mortality, with a risk for death about 70% higher following a lung cancer diagnosis (reported by Medscape Medical News). We do not have a mammogram machine to diagnose breast cancer. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, equipped diagnostic teams sometimes traveled to the region, but this is no longer the case. Today, a patient needing a mammogram will have to travel to Montreal. The same goes for colonoscopies, but visits are becoming less frequent. Therefore, campaigns to screen for certain common types of cancer are practically nonexistent.

As for urgent surgeries (appendicitis, cesarean sections, trauma, etc.), patients must be transferred to Montreal by medical evacuation. We have a visiting surgeon twice a year.



Q: What improvement strategies do you foresee despite the lack of resources?

Dr. Prince: The saying “prevention is better than cure” makes perfect sense in such remote regions under extreme conditions (it is impossible to fly a medevac when it is too windy or during a snowstorm!). That’s why my colleagues and I believe that prevention should be the top priority in terms of healthcare intervention. It may seem obvious, but nothing is simple in the Far North.



Q: In which areas should prevention campaigns be prioritized in your opinion?

Dr. Prince: An example is wearing helmets. Practically no one wears this type of protection in the Far North. They use all-terrain vehicles that are dangerous and for which helmet use is crucial. But they are simply not available in stores. So, communication is difficult: We tell people, “you need a helmet for the ATV, another for the bike, for the snowmobile, for playing hockey, etc.” when it is difficult to obtain one. With traumatologists in Montreal, we had a project to create multifunctional helmets for children — to protect them but also to develop a culture of helmet use, which is not common practice in the community — but these are projects that take a lot of time and are more complex than they seem.

Villages still do not have running water. Therefore, it is difficult to give recommendations to patients as they live in sanitary conditions that are unseen elsewhere in Canada. Without clean water, we cannot ensure that wound care is done properly. Not to mention the occurrence of hepatitis A epidemics, like the one we had to face.

Residents also grapple with significant alcohol and smoking problems, but there is no detox center or dedicated psychological help on site. To follow a detox program, patients would have to leave, move away from their families, and that can be psychologically very destabilizing. I try, in my practice, to talk to my patients about this, especially pregnant women — because many continue to smoke or drink during their pregnancy — but we need more resources.



Q: What about women’s health in this region?

Dr. Prince: We are fortunate to have a team of midwives, several of whom are Inuit, who are of great help in accessing contraception, performing cervical cancer screening tests, etc. But some patients with high-risk pregnancies who should be transferred to Montreal refuse to give birth away from their families. Again, if we had the means to allow high-risk women — or those for whom continuous monitoring or a cesarean section may be necessary — to give birth here safely, it would be a big step. As for abortion, it is feasible but remains a very taboo subject in the community.

Regarding violence against women, I have not observed any particularly encouraging developments in the past 5 years, but recently, we met with the mayor about this, hoping that concrete actions will be taken to help victims of violence.
 

Q: What is the predominant feeling in your daily life in a situation that is slow to evolve?

Dr. Prince: I remain hopeful for my patients. We must continue to fight! Initiatives must also come from the communities themselves; they must be involved in developing solutions. Because patients, too, need to have hope. They have the right to be cared for like other inhabitants of Canada.

On my part, I try to find a balance between feeling good about my caregiving profession and not burning out professionally. But burnout is a subject that concerns many doctors around the world and is increasingly being discussed. We should all have psychological support when entering medicine!



Q: Would you recommend colleagues to come and work in the Far North? What would you tell them?

Dr. Prince: I would tell them they will have no regrets! Yes, it’s difficult, but it’s a unique type of practice and very rewarding on a human level.

Professionally, it is a general practice that is no longer seen in the city today. The spectrum is very broad, ranging from neonatology to geriatrics, from the simplest to the most complex. It’s very stimulating. Diagnostically, practice is also very different from what is done in the metropolis. Without a scanner, you really have to question and investigate to evaluate whether a patient should be evacuated by plane to Montreal or not. It’s not trivial. Decisions must be made judiciously and quickly.

The human experience is also unique. Inuit communities are little known, and the aspects relayed in the media are often negative due to their increased risk for addiction. However, they are cheerful and very warm people, with an extraordinary culture. I have learned a lot from them, including reconsidering the notion of time, reviewing my priorities, and approaching life one day at a time.

I am very grateful to them for accepting me. I am sometimes even greeted with a “Welcome home!” when I return from vacation...Being told that in Nunavik, I am also “at home,” touches me immensely. I have seen children grow up, adolescents become adults. A bond of trust has developed.

Of course, all of this comes with sacrifices like being away from family and loved ones. We miss birthdays, weddings, etc. But without hesitation, it’s worth it!



Q: What are the next steps in your career in Nunavik? Will you stay for a long time?

Dr. Prince: I take it one day at a time, especially since I am about to take maternity leave very soon. But if a full-time return to Nunavik is difficult with a newborn, I know that the Nunavummiuts [inhabitants of Nunavik] will always be part of my life and my practice.

I want to remain involved with these communities, whether on-site (by practicing there a few months a year) or in Montreal where many patients are transferred. Coming to be treated in a big city (Montreal, 1.7M inhabitants), in very large hospitals, can be very stressful for them. They express themselves much less verbally than Westerners, so we must know how to listen to them, dedicate the necessary time to them, consider their culture and beliefs. I would like to be the familiar face they will encounter when they are cared for away from home. It’s a bond I want to preserve.

This story was translated from Medscape France using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Primary care clinicians have largely welcomed the arrival of Opill, the first over-the-counter (OTC) birth control pill from Perrigo, which will reach US pharmacy shelves this month. Although the medicine has a long-track record of safe use, physicians and nurse practitioners may want to ready themselves to answer questions from patients about shifting to the option.

The switch to OTC status for the norgestrel-only contraceptive has the support of many physician groups, including the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).

The end of the prescription-requirement removes a barrier to access for many women, especially those who lack insurance. But it also will take away a chief reason many women in their childbearing years make appointments with doctors, as they will no longer need prescriptions for birth control pills.

Anne-Marie Amies Oelschlager, MD, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at University of Washington School of Medicine, in Seattle, Washington, said she is also worried that the availability of an OTC pill will lead to missed opportunities to help patients avoid sexually transmitted diseases. For example, patients can get counseling about the need for testing for sexually transmitted diseases at the start of new relationships during a visit made to obtain a prescription for the pill.

“My hope is that they still follow our recommendations, which is to get tested with every partner,” said Dr. Oelschlager, who cares for many patients in their teens. “Adolescents are at a particularly high risk of infection compared to older ones.”

When clinicians do see patients, they may want to raise the issue of the OTC option and proper use. Patients will need to closely read materials provided for Opill, a step they might skip due to the ready access, according to Diana Zuckerman, PhD, president of the nonprofit National Center for Health Research, which scrutinizes the safety of medical products.

“When something is sold over the counter, it’s perceived by individuals as being safe,” Dr. Zuckerman told this news organization. “There’s less concern and a little less interest in reading the instructions and reading the warnings.”
 

Considerations for Safety

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July approved the sales of a daily 0.075 mg norgestrel tablet without prescription. Perrigo told this news organization that it spent the intervening months ensuring retailers and consumers will receive education on the drug.

One of the biggest challenges for people using Opill may be sticking with the dosing schedule, according to Dr. Oelschlager.

“There are going to be people that have a harder time remembering to take a pill every day,” at the same time, said Dr. Oelschlager, who is chair of ACOG’s Clinical Consensus Gynecology Committee. “We need to watch and see what happens as it becomes more widely available, and people start using it.”

Unexpected vaginal bleeding is the most common adverse event linked to this form of birth control, with over one fifth of participants from one study of the OTC drug reporting this side effect, according to an FDA memo.

“It is more likely to be a tolerability issue rather than a safety issue,” the FDA wrote.

Many prescription of birth control options contain estrogen, which is associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). But Opill contains only norgestrel, a form of progestin, which is not associated with thrombosis. Patients may be more likely to overestimate their potential risks for VTE than to underestimate them, according to Kwuan Paruchabutr, DNP, president of National Association of Nurse Practitioners in Women’s Health and an assistant professor at Georgetown University in Washington, DC.

“This is a progesterone-only pill: The risk is relatively low” of VTE, Dr. Paruchabutr said.

Clinicians should also take special care with patients who are prescribed drugs for seizures, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and pulmonary hypertension or who are taking supplements containing St John’s wort.

Patients in their childbearing years who take isotretinoin are already expected to use some form of birth control.

“All patients on isotretinoin must be registered in the iPLEDGE program, which mandates monthly contraception counseling and monthly pregnancy tests for persons of childbearing potential,” Terrence A. Cronin, Jr, MD, president of the American Academy of Dermatology, told news organization through email.

Dr. Oelschlager noted that many patients who take isotretinoin may benefit from taking a birth control pill containing estrogen, for which they will need a prescription. At least three pills have an FDA-approved indication for treating moderate acne, including Ortho Tri-Cyclen, Estrostep, and Yaz.

The FDA has posted consumer-friendly information about the OTC pill that clinicians can refer their patients to. For clinicians who want more information, ACOG released a practice advisory about the switch in status for this progestin-only pill.
 

The Cost

While federal laws mandate employer-based and Medicaid plans cover prescription birth control pills for free, the OTC version will carry a cost, according to A. Mark Fendrick, MD, director of the University of Michigan Center for Value-Based Insurance Design in Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Seven states, including New Mexico and New York, already have laws in effect that require health plans to cover certain OTC contraceptives without a prescription, according to a tally kept by the nonprofit research organization KFF.

Dr. Fendrick said it would be helpful for health plans to offer coverage for the OTC pill without copays even if they are not required to do so.

Priced at about $20 a month, Opill “is likely out of reach for many of the individuals who would most benefit from an OTC option,” Dr. Fendrick told this news organization in an email.

The new pill may be utilized most by those who do not have health insurance or have low incomes and cannot afford to see a doctor for a prescription, according to Sally Rafie, PharmD, a pharmacist specialist at University of California San Diego Health and founder of the Birth Control Pharmacist.

The manufacturer’s suggested retail prices will be $19.99 for a 1-month supply and $49.99 for a 3-month supply. Dublin-based Perrigo said it plans to offer a cost-assistance program for the drug in the coming weeks for people who have low incomes and lack insurance.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Primary care clinicians have largely welcomed the arrival of Opill, the first over-the-counter (OTC) birth control pill from Perrigo, which will reach US pharmacy shelves this month. Although the medicine has a long-track record of safe use, physicians and nurse practitioners may want to ready themselves to answer questions from patients about shifting to the option.

The switch to OTC status for the norgestrel-only contraceptive has the support of many physician groups, including the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).

The end of the prescription-requirement removes a barrier to access for many women, especially those who lack insurance. But it also will take away a chief reason many women in their childbearing years make appointments with doctors, as they will no longer need prescriptions for birth control pills.

Anne-Marie Amies Oelschlager, MD, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at University of Washington School of Medicine, in Seattle, Washington, said she is also worried that the availability of an OTC pill will lead to missed opportunities to help patients avoid sexually transmitted diseases. For example, patients can get counseling about the need for testing for sexually transmitted diseases at the start of new relationships during a visit made to obtain a prescription for the pill.

“My hope is that they still follow our recommendations, which is to get tested with every partner,” said Dr. Oelschlager, who cares for many patients in their teens. “Adolescents are at a particularly high risk of infection compared to older ones.”

When clinicians do see patients, they may want to raise the issue of the OTC option and proper use. Patients will need to closely read materials provided for Opill, a step they might skip due to the ready access, according to Diana Zuckerman, PhD, president of the nonprofit National Center for Health Research, which scrutinizes the safety of medical products.

“When something is sold over the counter, it’s perceived by individuals as being safe,” Dr. Zuckerman told this news organization. “There’s less concern and a little less interest in reading the instructions and reading the warnings.”
 

Considerations for Safety

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July approved the sales of a daily 0.075 mg norgestrel tablet without prescription. Perrigo told this news organization that it spent the intervening months ensuring retailers and consumers will receive education on the drug.

One of the biggest challenges for people using Opill may be sticking with the dosing schedule, according to Dr. Oelschlager.

“There are going to be people that have a harder time remembering to take a pill every day,” at the same time, said Dr. Oelschlager, who is chair of ACOG’s Clinical Consensus Gynecology Committee. “We need to watch and see what happens as it becomes more widely available, and people start using it.”

Unexpected vaginal bleeding is the most common adverse event linked to this form of birth control, with over one fifth of participants from one study of the OTC drug reporting this side effect, according to an FDA memo.

“It is more likely to be a tolerability issue rather than a safety issue,” the FDA wrote.

Many prescription of birth control options contain estrogen, which is associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). But Opill contains only norgestrel, a form of progestin, which is not associated with thrombosis. Patients may be more likely to overestimate their potential risks for VTE than to underestimate them, according to Kwuan Paruchabutr, DNP, president of National Association of Nurse Practitioners in Women’s Health and an assistant professor at Georgetown University in Washington, DC.

“This is a progesterone-only pill: The risk is relatively low” of VTE, Dr. Paruchabutr said.

Clinicians should also take special care with patients who are prescribed drugs for seizures, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and pulmonary hypertension or who are taking supplements containing St John’s wort.

Patients in their childbearing years who take isotretinoin are already expected to use some form of birth control.

“All patients on isotretinoin must be registered in the iPLEDGE program, which mandates monthly contraception counseling and monthly pregnancy tests for persons of childbearing potential,” Terrence A. Cronin, Jr, MD, president of the American Academy of Dermatology, told news organization through email.

Dr. Oelschlager noted that many patients who take isotretinoin may benefit from taking a birth control pill containing estrogen, for which they will need a prescription. At least three pills have an FDA-approved indication for treating moderate acne, including Ortho Tri-Cyclen, Estrostep, and Yaz.

The FDA has posted consumer-friendly information about the OTC pill that clinicians can refer their patients to. For clinicians who want more information, ACOG released a practice advisory about the switch in status for this progestin-only pill.
 

The Cost

While federal laws mandate employer-based and Medicaid plans cover prescription birth control pills for free, the OTC version will carry a cost, according to A. Mark Fendrick, MD, director of the University of Michigan Center for Value-Based Insurance Design in Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Seven states, including New Mexico and New York, already have laws in effect that require health plans to cover certain OTC contraceptives without a prescription, according to a tally kept by the nonprofit research organization KFF.

Dr. Fendrick said it would be helpful for health plans to offer coverage for the OTC pill without copays even if they are not required to do so.

Priced at about $20 a month, Opill “is likely out of reach for many of the individuals who would most benefit from an OTC option,” Dr. Fendrick told this news organization in an email.

The new pill may be utilized most by those who do not have health insurance or have low incomes and cannot afford to see a doctor for a prescription, according to Sally Rafie, PharmD, a pharmacist specialist at University of California San Diego Health and founder of the Birth Control Pharmacist.

The manufacturer’s suggested retail prices will be $19.99 for a 1-month supply and $49.99 for a 3-month supply. Dublin-based Perrigo said it plans to offer a cost-assistance program for the drug in the coming weeks for people who have low incomes and lack insurance.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Primary care clinicians have largely welcomed the arrival of Opill, the first over-the-counter (OTC) birth control pill from Perrigo, which will reach US pharmacy shelves this month. Although the medicine has a long-track record of safe use, physicians and nurse practitioners may want to ready themselves to answer questions from patients about shifting to the option.

The switch to OTC status for the norgestrel-only contraceptive has the support of many physician groups, including the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).

The end of the prescription-requirement removes a barrier to access for many women, especially those who lack insurance. But it also will take away a chief reason many women in their childbearing years make appointments with doctors, as they will no longer need prescriptions for birth control pills.

Anne-Marie Amies Oelschlager, MD, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at University of Washington School of Medicine, in Seattle, Washington, said she is also worried that the availability of an OTC pill will lead to missed opportunities to help patients avoid sexually transmitted diseases. For example, patients can get counseling about the need for testing for sexually transmitted diseases at the start of new relationships during a visit made to obtain a prescription for the pill.

“My hope is that they still follow our recommendations, which is to get tested with every partner,” said Dr. Oelschlager, who cares for many patients in their teens. “Adolescents are at a particularly high risk of infection compared to older ones.”

When clinicians do see patients, they may want to raise the issue of the OTC option and proper use. Patients will need to closely read materials provided for Opill, a step they might skip due to the ready access, according to Diana Zuckerman, PhD, president of the nonprofit National Center for Health Research, which scrutinizes the safety of medical products.

“When something is sold over the counter, it’s perceived by individuals as being safe,” Dr. Zuckerman told this news organization. “There’s less concern and a little less interest in reading the instructions and reading the warnings.”
 

Considerations for Safety

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July approved the sales of a daily 0.075 mg norgestrel tablet without prescription. Perrigo told this news organization that it spent the intervening months ensuring retailers and consumers will receive education on the drug.

One of the biggest challenges for people using Opill may be sticking with the dosing schedule, according to Dr. Oelschlager.

“There are going to be people that have a harder time remembering to take a pill every day,” at the same time, said Dr. Oelschlager, who is chair of ACOG’s Clinical Consensus Gynecology Committee. “We need to watch and see what happens as it becomes more widely available, and people start using it.”

Unexpected vaginal bleeding is the most common adverse event linked to this form of birth control, with over one fifth of participants from one study of the OTC drug reporting this side effect, according to an FDA memo.

“It is more likely to be a tolerability issue rather than a safety issue,” the FDA wrote.

Many prescription of birth control options contain estrogen, which is associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). But Opill contains only norgestrel, a form of progestin, which is not associated with thrombosis. Patients may be more likely to overestimate their potential risks for VTE than to underestimate them, according to Kwuan Paruchabutr, DNP, president of National Association of Nurse Practitioners in Women’s Health and an assistant professor at Georgetown University in Washington, DC.

“This is a progesterone-only pill: The risk is relatively low” of VTE, Dr. Paruchabutr said.

Clinicians should also take special care with patients who are prescribed drugs for seizures, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and pulmonary hypertension or who are taking supplements containing St John’s wort.

Patients in their childbearing years who take isotretinoin are already expected to use some form of birth control.

“All patients on isotretinoin must be registered in the iPLEDGE program, which mandates monthly contraception counseling and monthly pregnancy tests for persons of childbearing potential,” Terrence A. Cronin, Jr, MD, president of the American Academy of Dermatology, told news organization through email.

Dr. Oelschlager noted that many patients who take isotretinoin may benefit from taking a birth control pill containing estrogen, for which they will need a prescription. At least three pills have an FDA-approved indication for treating moderate acne, including Ortho Tri-Cyclen, Estrostep, and Yaz.

The FDA has posted consumer-friendly information about the OTC pill that clinicians can refer their patients to. For clinicians who want more information, ACOG released a practice advisory about the switch in status for this progestin-only pill.
 

The Cost

While federal laws mandate employer-based and Medicaid plans cover prescription birth control pills for free, the OTC version will carry a cost, according to A. Mark Fendrick, MD, director of the University of Michigan Center for Value-Based Insurance Design in Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Seven states, including New Mexico and New York, already have laws in effect that require health plans to cover certain OTC contraceptives without a prescription, according to a tally kept by the nonprofit research organization KFF.

Dr. Fendrick said it would be helpful for health plans to offer coverage for the OTC pill without copays even if they are not required to do so.

Priced at about $20 a month, Opill “is likely out of reach for many of the individuals who would most benefit from an OTC option,” Dr. Fendrick told this news organization in an email.

The new pill may be utilized most by those who do not have health insurance or have low incomes and cannot afford to see a doctor for a prescription, according to Sally Rafie, PharmD, a pharmacist specialist at University of California San Diego Health and founder of the Birth Control Pharmacist.

The manufacturer’s suggested retail prices will be $19.99 for a 1-month supply and $49.99 for a 3-month supply. Dublin-based Perrigo said it plans to offer a cost-assistance program for the drug in the coming weeks for people who have low incomes and lack insurance.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.