Katie Lennon

TOPLINE:

Higher plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are associated with a lower incidence of cancer. However, omega-3 fatty acids are linked to an increased risk for prostate cancer, specifically.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers looked for associations of plasma omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with the incidence of cancer overall and 19 site-specific cancers in the large population-based prospective UK Biobank cohort.
• They included 253,138 participants aged 37-73 years who were followed for an average of 12.9 years, with 29,838 diagnosed with cancer.
• Plasma levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance and expressed as percentages of total fatty acids.
• Participants with cancer diagnoses at baseline, those who withdrew from the study, and those with missing data on plasma PUFAs were excluded.
• The study adjusted for multiple covariates, including age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, lifestyle behaviors, and family history of diseases.

TAKEAWAY:

• Higher plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids were associated with a 2% and 1% reduction in overall cancer risk per SD increase, respectively (P = .001 and P = .03).
• Omega-6 fatty acids were inversely associated with 14 site-specific cancers, whereas omega-3 fatty acids were inversely associated with five site-specific cancers.
• Prostate cancer was positively associated with omega-3 fatty acids, with a 3% increased risk per SD increase (P = .049).
• A higher omega-6/omega-3 ratio was associated with an increased risk for overall cancer, and three site-specific cancers showed positive associations with the ratio. “Each standard deviation increase, corresponding to a 13.13 increase in the omega ratio, was associated with a 2% increase in the risk of rectum cancer,” for example, the authors wrote.

IN PRACTICE:

“Overall, our findings provide support for possible small net protective roles of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in the development of new cancer incidence. Our study also suggests that the usage of circulating blood biomarkers captures different aspects of dietary intake, reduces measurement errors, and thus enhances statistical power. The differential effects of omega-6% and omega-3% in age and sex subgroups warrant future investigation,” wrote the authors of the study.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Yuchen Zhang of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. It was published online in the International Journal of Cancer.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s potential for selective bias persists due to the participant sample skewing heavily toward European ancestry and White ethnicity. The number of events was small for some specific cancer sites, which may have limited the statistical power. The study focused on total omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs, with only two individual fatty acids measured. Future studies are needed to examine the roles of other individual PUFAs and specific genetic variants. 

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health. No relevant conflicts of interest were disclosed by the authors.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Higher plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are associated with a lower incidence of cancer. However, omega-3 fatty acids are linked to an increased risk for prostate cancer, specifically.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers looked for associations of plasma omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with the incidence of cancer overall and 19 site-specific cancers in the large population-based prospective UK Biobank cohort.
• They included 253,138 participants aged 37-73 years who were followed for an average of 12.9 years, with 29,838 diagnosed with cancer.
• Plasma levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance and expressed as percentages of total fatty acids.
• Participants with cancer diagnoses at baseline, those who withdrew from the study, and those with missing data on plasma PUFAs were excluded.
• The study adjusted for multiple covariates, including age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, lifestyle behaviors, and family history of diseases.

TAKEAWAY:

• Higher plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids were associated with a 2% and 1% reduction in overall cancer risk per SD increase, respectively (P = .001 and P = .03).
• Omega-6 fatty acids were inversely associated with 14 site-specific cancers, whereas omega-3 fatty acids were inversely associated with five site-specific cancers.
• Prostate cancer was positively associated with omega-3 fatty acids, with a 3% increased risk per SD increase (P = .049).
• A higher omega-6/omega-3 ratio was associated with an increased risk for overall cancer, and three site-specific cancers showed positive associations with the ratio. “Each standard deviation increase, corresponding to a 13.13 increase in the omega ratio, was associated with a 2% increase in the risk of rectum cancer,” for example, the authors wrote.

IN PRACTICE:

“Overall, our findings provide support for possible small net protective roles of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in the development of new cancer incidence. Our study also suggests that the usage of circulating blood biomarkers captures different aspects of dietary intake, reduces measurement errors, and thus enhances statistical power. The differential effects of omega-6% and omega-3% in age and sex subgroups warrant future investigation,” wrote the authors of the study.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Yuchen Zhang of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. It was published online in the International Journal of Cancer.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s potential for selective bias persists due to the participant sample skewing heavily toward European ancestry and White ethnicity. The number of events was small for some specific cancer sites, which may have limited the statistical power. The study focused on total omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs, with only two individual fatty acids measured. Future studies are needed to examine the roles of other individual PUFAs and specific genetic variants. 

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health. No relevant conflicts of interest were disclosed by the authors.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Higher plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are associated with a lower incidence of cancer. However, omega-3 fatty acids are linked to an increased risk for prostate cancer, specifically.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers looked for associations of plasma omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with the incidence of cancer overall and 19 site-specific cancers in the large population-based prospective UK Biobank cohort.
• They included 253,138 participants aged 37-73 years who were followed for an average of 12.9 years, with 29,838 diagnosed with cancer.
• Plasma levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance and expressed as percentages of total fatty acids.
• Participants with cancer diagnoses at baseline, those who withdrew from the study, and those with missing data on plasma PUFAs were excluded.
• The study adjusted for multiple covariates, including age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, lifestyle behaviors, and family history of diseases.

TAKEAWAY:

• Higher plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids were associated with a 2% and 1% reduction in overall cancer risk per SD increase, respectively (P = .001 and P = .03).
• Omega-6 fatty acids were inversely associated with 14 site-specific cancers, whereas omega-3 fatty acids were inversely associated with five site-specific cancers.
• Prostate cancer was positively associated with omega-3 fatty acids, with a 3% increased risk per SD increase (P = .049).
• A higher omega-6/omega-3 ratio was associated with an increased risk for overall cancer, and three site-specific cancers showed positive associations with the ratio. “Each standard deviation increase, corresponding to a 13.13 increase in the omega ratio, was associated with a 2% increase in the risk of rectum cancer,” for example, the authors wrote.

IN PRACTICE:

“Overall, our findings provide support for possible small net protective roles of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in the development of new cancer incidence. Our study also suggests that the usage of circulating blood biomarkers captures different aspects of dietary intake, reduces measurement errors, and thus enhances statistical power. The differential effects of omega-6% and omega-3% in age and sex subgroups warrant future investigation,” wrote the authors of the study.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Yuchen Zhang of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. It was published online in the International Journal of Cancer.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s potential for selective bias persists due to the participant sample skewing heavily toward European ancestry and White ethnicity. The number of events was small for some specific cancer sites, which may have limited the statistical power. The study focused on total omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs, with only two individual fatty acids measured. Future studies are needed to examine the roles of other individual PUFAs and specific genetic variants. 

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health. No relevant conflicts of interest were disclosed by the authors.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Patients treated for prostate cancer had higher rates of complications, including urinary and sexual issues, than a control group of men. Radiotherapy increases the risk for bladder cancer and radiation-specific complications, according to the new cohort study.
 

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a cohort study to try to characterize long-term treatment-related adverse effects and complications in patients treated for prostate cancer, compared with a general population of older males.
• They used data from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial and the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial, linked with Medicare claims. A total of 29,196 participants were included in the study’s control group. Of 3946 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, 655 were treated with prostatectomy, and 1056 were treated with radiotherapy.
• Participants were followed for a median of 10.2 years, with specific follow-up durations being 10.5 years and 8.5 years for the prostatectomy and radiotherapy groups, respectively.
• The study analyzed ten potential treatment-related complications using Medicare claims data, including urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and secondary cancers. 
• Multivariable Cox regression was used to adjust for age, race, and year of time-at-risk initiation, with stratification by study and intervention arm. 

TAKEAWAY:

• At 12 years, there was a 7.23 increase in hazard risk for urinary or sexual complications for patients who had prostatectomy, compared with controls (P < .001).
• Radiotherapy-treated patients had a nearly three times greater hazard risk for bladder cancer and a 100-fold increased hazard risk for radiation-specific complications, such as radiation cystitis and radiation proctitis (P < .001).
• The incidence of any treatment-related complication per 1000 person-years was 124.26 for prostatectomy, 62.15 for radiotherapy, and 23.61 for untreated participants.
• The authors stated that these findings highlight the importance of patient counseling before prostate cancer screening and treatment.

IN PRACTICE:

“We found that, after accounting for baseline population rates, most patients with PCA undergoing treatment experience complications associated with worse quality of life and/or new health risks. The magnitude of these risks, compared with the relatively small benefit found by randomized clinical trials of PCA screening and treatment, should be explicitly reflected in national cancer screening and treatment guidelines and be integral to shared decision-making with patients before initiation of PSA screening, biopsy, or PCA treatment,” wrote the authors of the study.
 

SOURCE:

The study was led by Joseph M. Unger, PhD, SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, Washington. It was published online on November 7, 2024, in JAMA Oncology.
 

LIMITATIONS:

The study did not account for multiple comparisons, which may affect the statistical significance of some findings. Claims data are subject to misclassification and may underreport complications that are not reported to a physician. The study did not differentiate among strategies of prostatectomy or radiotherapy, which may result in different patterns of complications. The cohort comprised men enrolled in large, randomized prevention trials, which may limit the generalizability of the incidence estimates. Confounding by unknown factors cannot be ruled out, affecting the attribution of risks to prostate cancer treatment alone.
 

DISCLOSURES:

Unger disclosed consulting fees from AstraZeneca and Loxo/Lilly outside the submitted work. One coauthor reported grants from the US National Cancer Institute during the conduct of the study. Another coauthor reported employment with Flatiron Health at the time of manuscript submission and review. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Patients treated for prostate cancer had higher rates of complications, including urinary and sexual issues, than a control group of men. Radiotherapy increases the risk for bladder cancer and radiation-specific complications, according to the new cohort study.
 

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a cohort study to try to characterize long-term treatment-related adverse effects and complications in patients treated for prostate cancer, compared with a general population of older males.
• They used data from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial and the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial, linked with Medicare claims. A total of 29,196 participants were included in the study’s control group. Of 3946 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, 655 were treated with prostatectomy, and 1056 were treated with radiotherapy.
• Participants were followed for a median of 10.2 years, with specific follow-up durations being 10.5 years and 8.5 years for the prostatectomy and radiotherapy groups, respectively.
• The study analyzed ten potential treatment-related complications using Medicare claims data, including urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and secondary cancers. 
• Multivariable Cox regression was used to adjust for age, race, and year of time-at-risk initiation, with stratification by study and intervention arm. 

TAKEAWAY:

• At 12 years, there was a 7.23 increase in hazard risk for urinary or sexual complications for patients who had prostatectomy, compared with controls (P < .001).
• Radiotherapy-treated patients had a nearly three times greater hazard risk for bladder cancer and a 100-fold increased hazard risk for radiation-specific complications, such as radiation cystitis and radiation proctitis (P < .001).
• The incidence of any treatment-related complication per 1000 person-years was 124.26 for prostatectomy, 62.15 for radiotherapy, and 23.61 for untreated participants.
• The authors stated that these findings highlight the importance of patient counseling before prostate cancer screening and treatment.

IN PRACTICE:

“We found that, after accounting for baseline population rates, most patients with PCA undergoing treatment experience complications associated with worse quality of life and/or new health risks. The magnitude of these risks, compared with the relatively small benefit found by randomized clinical trials of PCA screening and treatment, should be explicitly reflected in national cancer screening and treatment guidelines and be integral to shared decision-making with patients before initiation of PSA screening, biopsy, or PCA treatment,” wrote the authors of the study.
 

SOURCE:

The study was led by Joseph M. Unger, PhD, SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, Washington. It was published online on November 7, 2024, in JAMA Oncology.
 

LIMITATIONS:

The study did not account for multiple comparisons, which may affect the statistical significance of some findings. Claims data are subject to misclassification and may underreport complications that are not reported to a physician. The study did not differentiate among strategies of prostatectomy or radiotherapy, which may result in different patterns of complications. The cohort comprised men enrolled in large, randomized prevention trials, which may limit the generalizability of the incidence estimates. Confounding by unknown factors cannot be ruled out, affecting the attribution of risks to prostate cancer treatment alone.
 

DISCLOSURES:

Unger disclosed consulting fees from AstraZeneca and Loxo/Lilly outside the submitted work. One coauthor reported grants from the US National Cancer Institute during the conduct of the study. Another coauthor reported employment with Flatiron Health at the time of manuscript submission and review. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Patients treated for prostate cancer had higher rates of complications, including urinary and sexual issues, than a control group of men. Radiotherapy increases the risk for bladder cancer and radiation-specific complications, according to the new cohort study.
 

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a cohort study to try to characterize long-term treatment-related adverse effects and complications in patients treated for prostate cancer, compared with a general population of older males.
• They used data from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial and the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial, linked with Medicare claims. A total of 29,196 participants were included in the study’s control group. Of 3946 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, 655 were treated with prostatectomy, and 1056 were treated with radiotherapy.
• Participants were followed for a median of 10.2 years, with specific follow-up durations being 10.5 years and 8.5 years for the prostatectomy and radiotherapy groups, respectively.
• The study analyzed ten potential treatment-related complications using Medicare claims data, including urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and secondary cancers. 
• Multivariable Cox regression was used to adjust for age, race, and year of time-at-risk initiation, with stratification by study and intervention arm. 

TAKEAWAY:

• At 12 years, there was a 7.23 increase in hazard risk for urinary or sexual complications for patients who had prostatectomy, compared with controls (P < .001).
• Radiotherapy-treated patients had a nearly three times greater hazard risk for bladder cancer and a 100-fold increased hazard risk for radiation-specific complications, such as radiation cystitis and radiation proctitis (P < .001).
• The incidence of any treatment-related complication per 1000 person-years was 124.26 for prostatectomy, 62.15 for radiotherapy, and 23.61 for untreated participants.
• The authors stated that these findings highlight the importance of patient counseling before prostate cancer screening and treatment.

IN PRACTICE:

“We found that, after accounting for baseline population rates, most patients with PCA undergoing treatment experience complications associated with worse quality of life and/or new health risks. The magnitude of these risks, compared with the relatively small benefit found by randomized clinical trials of PCA screening and treatment, should be explicitly reflected in national cancer screening and treatment guidelines and be integral to shared decision-making with patients before initiation of PSA screening, biopsy, or PCA treatment,” wrote the authors of the study.
 

SOURCE:

The study was led by Joseph M. Unger, PhD, SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, Washington. It was published online on November 7, 2024, in JAMA Oncology.
 

LIMITATIONS:

The study did not account for multiple comparisons, which may affect the statistical significance of some findings. Claims data are subject to misclassification and may underreport complications that are not reported to a physician. The study did not differentiate among strategies of prostatectomy or radiotherapy, which may result in different patterns of complications. The cohort comprised men enrolled in large, randomized prevention trials, which may limit the generalizability of the incidence estimates. Confounding by unknown factors cannot be ruled out, affecting the attribution of risks to prostate cancer treatment alone.
 

DISCLOSURES:

Unger disclosed consulting fees from AstraZeneca and Loxo/Lilly outside the submitted work. One coauthor reported grants from the US National Cancer Institute during the conduct of the study. Another coauthor reported employment with Flatiron Health at the time of manuscript submission and review. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and high immune infiltration showed improved disease-free survival (DFS) with adjuvant capecitabine. These “immune-hot” patients had a 5-year DFS rate of 96.9% compared with 79.4% in the control group.

METHODOLOGY:

• In some studies, adding extended capecitabine to standard adjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to improve DFS in patients with early-stage TNBC, and one subset analysis suggested improved outcomes were most strongly associated with high immune infiltration.
• Researchers conducted a retrospective analysis of CBCSG010, a randomized phase 3 clinical trial, to identify the specific population that benefited from adjuvant capecitabine by analyzing the immune infiltration status of the tumors.
• The CBCSGO10 study of 585 patients originally found adjuvant capecitabine improved 5-year survival in patients with TNBC by 5.9%.
• This analysis included 207 patients (capecitabine arm, n = 104; control arm, n = 103) with serial formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens, of which RNA sequencing data were available from 36 patients (capecitabine, n = 24; control, n = 12).
• Transcriptome data on the tumor microenvironment were validated with immunohistochemical staining of two markers, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CD8, as well as stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs); patients with high PD-L1, CD8, and sTIL expression levels were defined as “immune hot.”

TAKEAWAY:

• Patients with TNBC and high immune infiltration treated with capecitabine had a 5-year DFS rate of 96.9% compared with 79.4% in the control group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.13; 95% CI, 0.03-0.52; P = .049).
• In the capecitabine group, the immune-hot patients had a higher 5-year DFS rate (96.9%) compared with immune-cold patients (76.4%; HR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04-0.29; P = .028).
• Gene ontology analysis showed greater enrichment of immune-related pathways in patients without recurrence in the capecitabine group, as well as higher expression of TYMP, a key liver enzyme in the metabolism of capecitabine.
• High expression levels of immune biomarkers PD-L1, CD8, and sTILs were associated with significantly improved DFS in the capecitabine group.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our study suggested that immune-hot patients with TNBC are more likely to benefit from adjuvant capecitabine and that combining immunotherapy with chemotherapy may be expected to be more effective in immune-hot patients,” wrote the study authors.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Wenya Wu, MMed, and Yunsong Yang, MD, at the Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. It was published online October 2024 in JNCCN — Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

LIMITATIONS:

The retrospective nature of the sample collection limited the availability of RNA sequencing data. External verification was challenging due to limited accessibility of transcriptome data from patients treated with additional adjuvant capecitabine or standard chemotherapy alone. The criteria for identifying immune-hot tumors require further exploration and determination.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, and Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation. The authors disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and high immune infiltration showed improved disease-free survival (DFS) with adjuvant capecitabine. These “immune-hot” patients had a 5-year DFS rate of 96.9% compared with 79.4% in the control group.

METHODOLOGY:

• In some studies, adding extended capecitabine to standard adjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to improve DFS in patients with early-stage TNBC, and one subset analysis suggested improved outcomes were most strongly associated with high immune infiltration.
• Researchers conducted a retrospective analysis of CBCSG010, a randomized phase 3 clinical trial, to identify the specific population that benefited from adjuvant capecitabine by analyzing the immune infiltration status of the tumors.
• The CBCSGO10 study of 585 patients originally found adjuvant capecitabine improved 5-year survival in patients with TNBC by 5.9%.
• This analysis included 207 patients (capecitabine arm, n = 104; control arm, n = 103) with serial formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens, of which RNA sequencing data were available from 36 patients (capecitabine, n = 24; control, n = 12).
• Transcriptome data on the tumor microenvironment were validated with immunohistochemical staining of two markers, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CD8, as well as stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs); patients with high PD-L1, CD8, and sTIL expression levels were defined as “immune hot.”

TAKEAWAY:

• Patients with TNBC and high immune infiltration treated with capecitabine had a 5-year DFS rate of 96.9% compared with 79.4% in the control group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.13; 95% CI, 0.03-0.52; P = .049).
• In the capecitabine group, the immune-hot patients had a higher 5-year DFS rate (96.9%) compared with immune-cold patients (76.4%; HR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04-0.29; P = .028).
• Gene ontology analysis showed greater enrichment of immune-related pathways in patients without recurrence in the capecitabine group, as well as higher expression of TYMP, a key liver enzyme in the metabolism of capecitabine.
• High expression levels of immune biomarkers PD-L1, CD8, and sTILs were associated with significantly improved DFS in the capecitabine group.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our study suggested that immune-hot patients with TNBC are more likely to benefit from adjuvant capecitabine and that combining immunotherapy with chemotherapy may be expected to be more effective in immune-hot patients,” wrote the study authors.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Wenya Wu, MMed, and Yunsong Yang, MD, at the Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. It was published online October 2024 in JNCCN — Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

LIMITATIONS:

The retrospective nature of the sample collection limited the availability of RNA sequencing data. External verification was challenging due to limited accessibility of transcriptome data from patients treated with additional adjuvant capecitabine or standard chemotherapy alone. The criteria for identifying immune-hot tumors require further exploration and determination.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, and Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation. The authors disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and high immune infiltration showed improved disease-free survival (DFS) with adjuvant capecitabine. These “immune-hot” patients had a 5-year DFS rate of 96.9% compared with 79.4% in the control group.

METHODOLOGY:

• In some studies, adding extended capecitabine to standard adjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to improve DFS in patients with early-stage TNBC, and one subset analysis suggested improved outcomes were most strongly associated with high immune infiltration.
• Researchers conducted a retrospective analysis of CBCSG010, a randomized phase 3 clinical trial, to identify the specific population that benefited from adjuvant capecitabine by analyzing the immune infiltration status of the tumors.
• The CBCSGO10 study of 585 patients originally found adjuvant capecitabine improved 5-year survival in patients with TNBC by 5.9%.
• This analysis included 207 patients (capecitabine arm, n = 104; control arm, n = 103) with serial formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens, of which RNA sequencing data were available from 36 patients (capecitabine, n = 24; control, n = 12).
• Transcriptome data on the tumor microenvironment were validated with immunohistochemical staining of two markers, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CD8, as well as stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs); patients with high PD-L1, CD8, and sTIL expression levels were defined as “immune hot.”

TAKEAWAY:

• Patients with TNBC and high immune infiltration treated with capecitabine had a 5-year DFS rate of 96.9% compared with 79.4% in the control group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.13; 95% CI, 0.03-0.52; P = .049).
• In the capecitabine group, the immune-hot patients had a higher 5-year DFS rate (96.9%) compared with immune-cold patients (76.4%; HR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04-0.29; P = .028).
• Gene ontology analysis showed greater enrichment of immune-related pathways in patients without recurrence in the capecitabine group, as well as higher expression of TYMP, a key liver enzyme in the metabolism of capecitabine.
• High expression levels of immune biomarkers PD-L1, CD8, and sTILs were associated with significantly improved DFS in the capecitabine group.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our study suggested that immune-hot patients with TNBC are more likely to benefit from adjuvant capecitabine and that combining immunotherapy with chemotherapy may be expected to be more effective in immune-hot patients,” wrote the study authors.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Wenya Wu, MMed, and Yunsong Yang, MD, at the Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. It was published online October 2024 in JNCCN — Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

LIMITATIONS:

The retrospective nature of the sample collection limited the availability of RNA sequencing data. External verification was challenging due to limited accessibility of transcriptome data from patients treated with additional adjuvant capecitabine or standard chemotherapy alone. The criteria for identifying immune-hot tumors require further exploration and determination.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, and Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation. The authors disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Survival rates for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have improved, but overall survival remains low. Early detection and treatment significantly enhanced survival outcomes between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2019.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a retrospective cohort study including 3441 adult patients diagnosed with HCC. The study aimed to evaluate survival trends among patients with HCC, the most common cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality globally. The incidence of HCC has more than doubled in the United States over the past 2 decades and is expected to continue increasing.
• The study was conducted within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health system, with patients categorized into the eras of 2006-2012 and 2013-2019, and follow-up data collected on December 31, 2020.
• Data collection included patient demographics, disease factors, treatment types, and survival outcomes, with statistical analysis performed from January 2021 to June 2024.
• Treatment modalities were extracted from electronic health records using specific medical codes, and survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

TAKEAWAY:

• Researchers found that survival rates for patients with HCC improved significantly between 2006-2012 and 2013-2019, particularly for those receiving curative treatments.
• Patients with early-stage disease (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer [BCLC] stage O or A) had higher survival probabilities than those with intermediate or advanced stages.
• Multivariable analysis showed that factors such as age ≥ 70 years, male sex, advanced BCLC stage, and higher alpha-fetoprotein levels were associated with higher all-cause mortality.
• Asian or Other Pacific Islander race and ethnicity were associated with lower all-cause mortality than non-Hispanic White patients.

IN PRACTICE:

“The trends observed ... clearly demonstrate the benefits of early detection, as patients with early-stage disease who received curative treatments had the best survival; this effect became more pronounced in recent years. This study also highlights important demographic factors associated with favorable survival, which may inform treatment allocation, particularly with respect to liver transplant,” wrote the authors of the study.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Mignote Yilma, MD, of Kaiser Permanente in Oakland, California. It was published online on September 24 in JAMA Network Open.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s retrospective nature may introduce bias. Mortality data for 2020 were only captured if documented within the electronic health records, potentially missing some deaths. The study period did not fully capture the effects of newer treatments such as transarterial radioembolization or newer systemic immunotherapies.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by grants from Kaiser Permanente Community Health. No conflicts of interest disclosures were reported.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Survival rates for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have improved, but overall survival remains low. Early detection and treatment significantly enhanced survival outcomes between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2019.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a retrospective cohort study including 3441 adult patients diagnosed with HCC. The study aimed to evaluate survival trends among patients with HCC, the most common cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality globally. The incidence of HCC has more than doubled in the United States over the past 2 decades and is expected to continue increasing.
• The study was conducted within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health system, with patients categorized into the eras of 2006-2012 and 2013-2019, and follow-up data collected on December 31, 2020.
• Data collection included patient demographics, disease factors, treatment types, and survival outcomes, with statistical analysis performed from January 2021 to June 2024.
• Treatment modalities were extracted from electronic health records using specific medical codes, and survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

TAKEAWAY:

• Researchers found that survival rates for patients with HCC improved significantly between 2006-2012 and 2013-2019, particularly for those receiving curative treatments.
• Patients with early-stage disease (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer [BCLC] stage O or A) had higher survival probabilities than those with intermediate or advanced stages.
• Multivariable analysis showed that factors such as age ≥ 70 years, male sex, advanced BCLC stage, and higher alpha-fetoprotein levels were associated with higher all-cause mortality.
• Asian or Other Pacific Islander race and ethnicity were associated with lower all-cause mortality than non-Hispanic White patients.

IN PRACTICE:

“The trends observed ... clearly demonstrate the benefits of early detection, as patients with early-stage disease who received curative treatments had the best survival; this effect became more pronounced in recent years. This study also highlights important demographic factors associated with favorable survival, which may inform treatment allocation, particularly with respect to liver transplant,” wrote the authors of the study.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Mignote Yilma, MD, of Kaiser Permanente in Oakland, California. It was published online on September 24 in JAMA Network Open.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s retrospective nature may introduce bias. Mortality data for 2020 were only captured if documented within the electronic health records, potentially missing some deaths. The study period did not fully capture the effects of newer treatments such as transarterial radioembolization or newer systemic immunotherapies.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by grants from Kaiser Permanente Community Health. No conflicts of interest disclosures were reported.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Survival rates for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have improved, but overall survival remains low. Early detection and treatment significantly enhanced survival outcomes between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2019.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a retrospective cohort study including 3441 adult patients diagnosed with HCC. The study aimed to evaluate survival trends among patients with HCC, the most common cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality globally. The incidence of HCC has more than doubled in the United States over the past 2 decades and is expected to continue increasing.
• The study was conducted within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health system, with patients categorized into the eras of 2006-2012 and 2013-2019, and follow-up data collected on December 31, 2020.
• Data collection included patient demographics, disease factors, treatment types, and survival outcomes, with statistical analysis performed from January 2021 to June 2024.
• Treatment modalities were extracted from electronic health records using specific medical codes, and survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

TAKEAWAY:

• Researchers found that survival rates for patients with HCC improved significantly between 2006-2012 and 2013-2019, particularly for those receiving curative treatments.
• Patients with early-stage disease (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer [BCLC] stage O or A) had higher survival probabilities than those with intermediate or advanced stages.
• Multivariable analysis showed that factors such as age ≥ 70 years, male sex, advanced BCLC stage, and higher alpha-fetoprotein levels were associated with higher all-cause mortality.
• Asian or Other Pacific Islander race and ethnicity were associated with lower all-cause mortality than non-Hispanic White patients.

IN PRACTICE:

“The trends observed ... clearly demonstrate the benefits of early detection, as patients with early-stage disease who received curative treatments had the best survival; this effect became more pronounced in recent years. This study also highlights important demographic factors associated with favorable survival, which may inform treatment allocation, particularly with respect to liver transplant,” wrote the authors of the study.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Mignote Yilma, MD, of Kaiser Permanente in Oakland, California. It was published online on September 24 in JAMA Network Open.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s retrospective nature may introduce bias. Mortality data for 2020 were only captured if documented within the electronic health records, potentially missing some deaths. The study period did not fully capture the effects of newer treatments such as transarterial radioembolization or newer systemic immunotherapies.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by grants from Kaiser Permanente Community Health. No conflicts of interest disclosures were reported.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Medicare Advantage plans had lower adjusted total resource use than traditional Medicare for patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, with no difference in 18-month survival between the two groups.

METHODOLOGY:

• Private Medicare Advantage plans enroll more than half of the Medicare population, but it is unknown if or how the cost restrictions they impose affect chemotherapy, which accounts for a large portion of cancer care costs.
• Researchers conducted a cohort study using national Medicare data from January 2015 to December 2019 to look at Medicare Advantage enrollment and treatment patterns for patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy.
• The study included 96,501 Medicare Advantage enrollees and 206,274 traditional Medicare beneficiaries who initiated chemotherapy between January 2016 and December 2019 (mean age, ~73 years; ~56% women; Hispanic individuals, 15% and 8%; Black individuals, 15% and 8%; and White individuals, 75% and 86%, respectively).
• Resource use and care quality were measured during a 6-month period following chemotherapy initiation, and survival days were measured 18 months after beginning chemotherapy.
• Resource use measures included hospital inpatient services, outpatient care, prescription drugs, hospice services, and chemotherapy services. Quality measures included chemotherapy-related emergency visits and hospital admissions, as well as avoidable emergency visits and preventable hospitalizations.

TAKEAWAY:

• Medicare Advantage plans had lower resource use than traditional Medicare per enrollee with cancer undergoing chemotherapy ($8718 lower; 95% CI, $8343-$9094).
• The lower resource use was largely caused by fewer chemotherapy visits and less expensive chemotherapy per visit in Medicare Advantage plans ($5032 lower; 95% CI, $4772-$5293).
• Medicare Advantage enrollees had 2.5 percentage points fewer chemotherapy-related emergency department visits and 0.7 percentage points fewer chemotherapy-related hospitalizations than traditional Medicare beneficiaries.
• There was no clinically meaningful difference in survival between Medicare Advantage and traditional Medicare beneficiaries during the 18 months following chemotherapy initiation.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our new finding is that MA [Medicare Advantage] plans had lower resource use than TM [traditional Medicare] among enrollees with cancer undergoing chemotherapy — a serious condition managed by specialists and requiring expensive treatments. This suggests that MA’s cost advantages over TM are not limited to conditions for which low-cost primary care management can avoid costly services,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Yamini Kalidindi, PhD, McDermott+ Consulting, Washington, DC. It was published online on September 20, 2024, in JAMA Network Open (doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34707), with a commentary.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s findings may be affected by unobserved patient characteristics despite the use of inverse-probability weighting. The exclusion of Medicare Advantage enrollees in contracts with incomplete encounter data limits the generalizability of the results. The study does not apply to beneficiaries without Part D drug coverage. Quality measures were limited to those available from claims and encounter data, lacking information on patients’ cancer stage. The 18-month measure of survival might not adequately capture survival differences associated with early-stage cancers. The study did not measure whether patient care followed recommended guidelines.

DISCLOSURES:

Various authors reported grants from the National Institute on Aging, the National Institutes of Health, The Commonwealth Fund, Arnold Ventures, the National Cancer Institute, the Department of Defense, and the National Institute of Health Care Management. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Medicare Advantage plans had lower adjusted total resource use than traditional Medicare for patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, with no difference in 18-month survival between the two groups.

METHODOLOGY:

• Private Medicare Advantage plans enroll more than half of the Medicare population, but it is unknown if or how the cost restrictions they impose affect chemotherapy, which accounts for a large portion of cancer care costs.
• Researchers conducted a cohort study using national Medicare data from January 2015 to December 2019 to look at Medicare Advantage enrollment and treatment patterns for patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy.
• The study included 96,501 Medicare Advantage enrollees and 206,274 traditional Medicare beneficiaries who initiated chemotherapy between January 2016 and December 2019 (mean age, ~73 years; ~56% women; Hispanic individuals, 15% and 8%; Black individuals, 15% and 8%; and White individuals, 75% and 86%, respectively).
• Resource use and care quality were measured during a 6-month period following chemotherapy initiation, and survival days were measured 18 months after beginning chemotherapy.
• Resource use measures included hospital inpatient services, outpatient care, prescription drugs, hospice services, and chemotherapy services. Quality measures included chemotherapy-related emergency visits and hospital admissions, as well as avoidable emergency visits and preventable hospitalizations.

TAKEAWAY:

• Medicare Advantage plans had lower resource use than traditional Medicare per enrollee with cancer undergoing chemotherapy ($8718 lower; 95% CI, $8343-$9094).
• The lower resource use was largely caused by fewer chemotherapy visits and less expensive chemotherapy per visit in Medicare Advantage plans ($5032 lower; 95% CI, $4772-$5293).
• Medicare Advantage enrollees had 2.5 percentage points fewer chemotherapy-related emergency department visits and 0.7 percentage points fewer chemotherapy-related hospitalizations than traditional Medicare beneficiaries.
• There was no clinically meaningful difference in survival between Medicare Advantage and traditional Medicare beneficiaries during the 18 months following chemotherapy initiation.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our new finding is that MA [Medicare Advantage] plans had lower resource use than TM [traditional Medicare] among enrollees with cancer undergoing chemotherapy — a serious condition managed by specialists and requiring expensive treatments. This suggests that MA’s cost advantages over TM are not limited to conditions for which low-cost primary care management can avoid costly services,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Yamini Kalidindi, PhD, McDermott+ Consulting, Washington, DC. It was published online on September 20, 2024, in JAMA Network Open (doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34707), with a commentary.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s findings may be affected by unobserved patient characteristics despite the use of inverse-probability weighting. The exclusion of Medicare Advantage enrollees in contracts with incomplete encounter data limits the generalizability of the results. The study does not apply to beneficiaries without Part D drug coverage. Quality measures were limited to those available from claims and encounter data, lacking information on patients’ cancer stage. The 18-month measure of survival might not adequately capture survival differences associated with early-stage cancers. The study did not measure whether patient care followed recommended guidelines.

DISCLOSURES:

Various authors reported grants from the National Institute on Aging, the National Institutes of Health, The Commonwealth Fund, Arnold Ventures, the National Cancer Institute, the Department of Defense, and the National Institute of Health Care Management. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Medicare Advantage plans had lower adjusted total resource use than traditional Medicare for patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, with no difference in 18-month survival between the two groups.

METHODOLOGY:

• Private Medicare Advantage plans enroll more than half of the Medicare population, but it is unknown if or how the cost restrictions they impose affect chemotherapy, which accounts for a large portion of cancer care costs.
• Researchers conducted a cohort study using national Medicare data from January 2015 to December 2019 to look at Medicare Advantage enrollment and treatment patterns for patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy.
• The study included 96,501 Medicare Advantage enrollees and 206,274 traditional Medicare beneficiaries who initiated chemotherapy between January 2016 and December 2019 (mean age, ~73 years; ~56% women; Hispanic individuals, 15% and 8%; Black individuals, 15% and 8%; and White individuals, 75% and 86%, respectively).
• Resource use and care quality were measured during a 6-month period following chemotherapy initiation, and survival days were measured 18 months after beginning chemotherapy.
• Resource use measures included hospital inpatient services, outpatient care, prescription drugs, hospice services, and chemotherapy services. Quality measures included chemotherapy-related emergency visits and hospital admissions, as well as avoidable emergency visits and preventable hospitalizations.

TAKEAWAY:

• Medicare Advantage plans had lower resource use than traditional Medicare per enrollee with cancer undergoing chemotherapy ($8718 lower; 95% CI, $8343-$9094).
• The lower resource use was largely caused by fewer chemotherapy visits and less expensive chemotherapy per visit in Medicare Advantage plans ($5032 lower; 95% CI, $4772-$5293).
• Medicare Advantage enrollees had 2.5 percentage points fewer chemotherapy-related emergency department visits and 0.7 percentage points fewer chemotherapy-related hospitalizations than traditional Medicare beneficiaries.
• There was no clinically meaningful difference in survival between Medicare Advantage and traditional Medicare beneficiaries during the 18 months following chemotherapy initiation.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our new finding is that MA [Medicare Advantage] plans had lower resource use than TM [traditional Medicare] among enrollees with cancer undergoing chemotherapy — a serious condition managed by specialists and requiring expensive treatments. This suggests that MA’s cost advantages over TM are not limited to conditions for which low-cost primary care management can avoid costly services,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Yamini Kalidindi, PhD, McDermott+ Consulting, Washington, DC. It was published online on September 20, 2024, in JAMA Network Open (doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34707), with a commentary.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s findings may be affected by unobserved patient characteristics despite the use of inverse-probability weighting. The exclusion of Medicare Advantage enrollees in contracts with incomplete encounter data limits the generalizability of the results. The study does not apply to beneficiaries without Part D drug coverage. Quality measures were limited to those available from claims and encounter data, lacking information on patients’ cancer stage. The 18-month measure of survival might not adequately capture survival differences associated with early-stage cancers. The study did not measure whether patient care followed recommended guidelines.

DISCLOSURES:

Various authors reported grants from the National Institute on Aging, the National Institutes of Health, The Commonwealth Fund, Arnold Ventures, the National Cancer Institute, the Department of Defense, and the National Institute of Health Care Management. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Electronic health record (EHR)–derived family history identified 29,913 patients with familial risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, but 82% had no evidence of genetic testing. Seven-question family history screening (FHS7)–positive status was associated with a threefold increase in BRCA1/2 positivity and a 44% increase in cancer risk among women.

METHODOLOGY:

• A cross-sectional and retrospective cohort analysis used EHR data from Renown Health in northern Nevada. The study period spanned from January 1, 2018, to February 1, 2024, with data on demographic variables, healthcare utilization, and cancer diagnoses.
• The study aimed to use the FHS7 to identify patients meeting family history criteria for genetic testing (familial risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer) in their EHRs; patients meeting the FHS7 criteria were deemed to be FHS7-positive.
• A total of 835,727 patients aged 18-79 years were included, with genotype data available for 38,003 participants from the Healthy Nevada Project, which notified 330 individuals with BRCA1/2 variants of their genetic risk.
• The primary outcomes were the presence of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in specific genes and the diagnosis of cancer.

TAKEAWAY:

• FHS7-positive status was associated with a 3.34-fold increase in BRCA1/2 positivity among female participants and a 3.35-fold increase among male participants (95% CI, 2.48-4.47 and 1.93-5.56, respectively).
• Female FHS7-positive participants had a 1.62-fold increase in CHEK2 positivity and a 2.84-fold increase in PALB2 positivity (95% CI, 1.05-2.43 and 1.23-6.16, respectively).
• Age-adjusted cancer incidence rates were higher for FHS7-positive patients, with 367.2 cases per 100,000 per year for women and 309.9 cases per 100,000 per year for men.
• The number needed to test to detect one BRCA1/2-positive patient decreased from 128 to 53 for women and from 119 to 42 for men when prescreening with FHS7.

IN PRACTICE:

“EHR-derived FHS7 identified thousands of patients with familial risk for breast cancer, indicating a substantial gap in genetic testing,” the study authors wrote. “Survey results suggest that most patients who are FHS7-positive in their EHR truly meet family history criteria, but that EHR-derived FHS7 may miss many patients who would be FHS7-positive if approached with a direct questionnaire,” the author wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Daniel Kiser, MS, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine. It was published online in JAMA Network Open.

LIMITATIONS: 

The study’s observational design may introduce self-selection biases, particularly among Healthy Nevada Project participants. The 21.8% response rate to the survey suggests potential self-selection among respondents. The tendency of less healthy patients to have more data available in their EHRs could influence the authors’ analysis of cancer incidence rates, despite adjustments for healthcare utilization levels.

DISCLOSURES:

Daniel Kiser and Joseph J. Grzymski, PhD, reported holding patents outside the submitted work. Dr. Grzymski also disclosed receiving grants from Gilead Sciences. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Electronic health record (EHR)–derived family history identified 29,913 patients with familial risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, but 82% had no evidence of genetic testing. Seven-question family history screening (FHS7)–positive status was associated with a threefold increase in BRCA1/2 positivity and a 44% increase in cancer risk among women.

METHODOLOGY:

• A cross-sectional and retrospective cohort analysis used EHR data from Renown Health in northern Nevada. The study period spanned from January 1, 2018, to February 1, 2024, with data on demographic variables, healthcare utilization, and cancer diagnoses.
• The study aimed to use the FHS7 to identify patients meeting family history criteria for genetic testing (familial risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer) in their EHRs; patients meeting the FHS7 criteria were deemed to be FHS7-positive.
• A total of 835,727 patients aged 18-79 years were included, with genotype data available for 38,003 participants from the Healthy Nevada Project, which notified 330 individuals with BRCA1/2 variants of their genetic risk.
• The primary outcomes were the presence of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in specific genes and the diagnosis of cancer.

TAKEAWAY:

• FHS7-positive status was associated with a 3.34-fold increase in BRCA1/2 positivity among female participants and a 3.35-fold increase among male participants (95% CI, 2.48-4.47 and 1.93-5.56, respectively).
• Female FHS7-positive participants had a 1.62-fold increase in CHEK2 positivity and a 2.84-fold increase in PALB2 positivity (95% CI, 1.05-2.43 and 1.23-6.16, respectively).
• Age-adjusted cancer incidence rates were higher for FHS7-positive patients, with 367.2 cases per 100,000 per year for women and 309.9 cases per 100,000 per year for men.
• The number needed to test to detect one BRCA1/2-positive patient decreased from 128 to 53 for women and from 119 to 42 for men when prescreening with FHS7.

IN PRACTICE:

“EHR-derived FHS7 identified thousands of patients with familial risk for breast cancer, indicating a substantial gap in genetic testing,” the study authors wrote. “Survey results suggest that most patients who are FHS7-positive in their EHR truly meet family history criteria, but that EHR-derived FHS7 may miss many patients who would be FHS7-positive if approached with a direct questionnaire,” the author wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Daniel Kiser, MS, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine. It was published online in JAMA Network Open.

LIMITATIONS: 

The study’s observational design may introduce self-selection biases, particularly among Healthy Nevada Project participants. The 21.8% response rate to the survey suggests potential self-selection among respondents. The tendency of less healthy patients to have more data available in their EHRs could influence the authors’ analysis of cancer incidence rates, despite adjustments for healthcare utilization levels.

DISCLOSURES:

Daniel Kiser and Joseph J. Grzymski, PhD, reported holding patents outside the submitted work. Dr. Grzymski also disclosed receiving grants from Gilead Sciences. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Electronic health record (EHR)–derived family history identified 29,913 patients with familial risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, but 82% had no evidence of genetic testing. Seven-question family history screening (FHS7)–positive status was associated with a threefold increase in BRCA1/2 positivity and a 44% increase in cancer risk among women.

METHODOLOGY:

• A cross-sectional and retrospective cohort analysis used EHR data from Renown Health in northern Nevada. The study period spanned from January 1, 2018, to February 1, 2024, with data on demographic variables, healthcare utilization, and cancer diagnoses.
• The study aimed to use the FHS7 to identify patients meeting family history criteria for genetic testing (familial risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer) in their EHRs; patients meeting the FHS7 criteria were deemed to be FHS7-positive.
• A total of 835,727 patients aged 18-79 years were included, with genotype data available for 38,003 participants from the Healthy Nevada Project, which notified 330 individuals with BRCA1/2 variants of their genetic risk.
• The primary outcomes were the presence of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in specific genes and the diagnosis of cancer.

TAKEAWAY:

• FHS7-positive status was associated with a 3.34-fold increase in BRCA1/2 positivity among female participants and a 3.35-fold increase among male participants (95% CI, 2.48-4.47 and 1.93-5.56, respectively).
• Female FHS7-positive participants had a 1.62-fold increase in CHEK2 positivity and a 2.84-fold increase in PALB2 positivity (95% CI, 1.05-2.43 and 1.23-6.16, respectively).
• Age-adjusted cancer incidence rates were higher for FHS7-positive patients, with 367.2 cases per 100,000 per year for women and 309.9 cases per 100,000 per year for men.
• The number needed to test to detect one BRCA1/2-positive patient decreased from 128 to 53 for women and from 119 to 42 for men when prescreening with FHS7.

IN PRACTICE:

“EHR-derived FHS7 identified thousands of patients with familial risk for breast cancer, indicating a substantial gap in genetic testing,” the study authors wrote. “Survey results suggest that most patients who are FHS7-positive in their EHR truly meet family history criteria, but that EHR-derived FHS7 may miss many patients who would be FHS7-positive if approached with a direct questionnaire,” the author wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Daniel Kiser, MS, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine. It was published online in JAMA Network Open.

LIMITATIONS: 

The study’s observational design may introduce self-selection biases, particularly among Healthy Nevada Project participants. The 21.8% response rate to the survey suggests potential self-selection among respondents. The tendency of less healthy patients to have more data available in their EHRs could influence the authors’ analysis of cancer incidence rates, despite adjustments for healthcare utilization levels.

DISCLOSURES:

Daniel Kiser and Joseph J. Grzymski, PhD, reported holding patents outside the submitted work. Dr. Grzymski also disclosed receiving grants from Gilead Sciences. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Black women in the United States have higher breast cancer (BC) mortality rates than White women across tumor subtypes. The greatest disparity in BC-specific survival was observed in those with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor 2–negative (HER2−) tumors, with Black women having a 50% higher risk for death.

METHODOLOGY:

• US Black women have a 40% higher risk for death from BC than White women, and many cancer specialists believe that disparities are worse among more treatable subtypes, such as HR+ tumors.
• Researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 US studies published during 2009-2022 that included 228,885 women (34,262 Black women; 182,466 White women) and examined racial differences in BC survival by subtype.
• The analysis included hormone receptor and HER2/neu status to define subtypes: HR+ HER2+, HR+ HER2−, HR− HER2+, and HR− HER2−.
• Random-effects models were used to generate pooled relative risks and 95% CI for BC-specific survival and overall survival.
• The primary outcome was BC-specific survival, with overall survival as a secondary analysis.

TAKEAWAY:

• Black women had a higher risk for BC death across all tumor subtypes than White women, with the greatest disparity observed in HR+ HER2− tumors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% CI, 1.30-1.72).
• The risk for BC death was also higher for Black women with HR+ HER2+ tumors (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.10-1.64); HR− HER2+ tumors (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.00-1.43); and HR− HER2− tumors (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10-1.25).
• Overall survival was poorer for Black women across all subtypes, although estimates for HR− HER2+ tumors did not reach statistical significance.
• In analysis of two subtypes with significant heterogeneity among studies, adjustments for socioeconomic status and number of Black participants explained about half and all the variance for HR+ HER2− and HR− HER2+ tumors, respectively.

IN PRACTICE:

“These results suggest there are both subtype-specific and subtype-independent mechanisms that contribute to disparities in breast cancer survival between Black and White women, which require multilevel interventions to address and achieve health equity,” wrote the authors.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Juliana M. Torres, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, CURE Program, Boston. It was published online in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s limitations included potential heterogeneity between studies as indicated by significant heterogeneity in some analyses. The use of different subtype definitions and potential overlap in data sets may have also affected the results. Many included studies did not capture the extent to which treatments were completed or detection and treatment of recurrences. Additionally, the study’s findings may not fully capture socioeconomic inequality and other unmeasured factors contributing to disparities. The racial and ethnic disparities analysis focused only on Black and White women.

DISCLOSURES:

Individual authors disclosed financial relationships with Pfizer, Healthix, Merck, AstraZeneca, LabCorp, and Takeda. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Black women in the United States have higher breast cancer (BC) mortality rates than White women across tumor subtypes. The greatest disparity in BC-specific survival was observed in those with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor 2–negative (HER2−) tumors, with Black women having a 50% higher risk for death.

METHODOLOGY:

• US Black women have a 40% higher risk for death from BC than White women, and many cancer specialists believe that disparities are worse among more treatable subtypes, such as HR+ tumors.
• Researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 US studies published during 2009-2022 that included 228,885 women (34,262 Black women; 182,466 White women) and examined racial differences in BC survival by subtype.
• The analysis included hormone receptor and HER2/neu status to define subtypes: HR+ HER2+, HR+ HER2−, HR− HER2+, and HR− HER2−.
• Random-effects models were used to generate pooled relative risks and 95% CI for BC-specific survival and overall survival.
• The primary outcome was BC-specific survival, with overall survival as a secondary analysis.

TAKEAWAY:

• Black women had a higher risk for BC death across all tumor subtypes than White women, with the greatest disparity observed in HR+ HER2− tumors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% CI, 1.30-1.72).
• The risk for BC death was also higher for Black women with HR+ HER2+ tumors (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.10-1.64); HR− HER2+ tumors (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.00-1.43); and HR− HER2− tumors (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10-1.25).
• Overall survival was poorer for Black women across all subtypes, although estimates for HR− HER2+ tumors did not reach statistical significance.
• In analysis of two subtypes with significant heterogeneity among studies, adjustments for socioeconomic status and number of Black participants explained about half and all the variance for HR+ HER2− and HR− HER2+ tumors, respectively.

IN PRACTICE:

“These results suggest there are both subtype-specific and subtype-independent mechanisms that contribute to disparities in breast cancer survival between Black and White women, which require multilevel interventions to address and achieve health equity,” wrote the authors.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Juliana M. Torres, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, CURE Program, Boston. It was published online in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s limitations included potential heterogeneity between studies as indicated by significant heterogeneity in some analyses. The use of different subtype definitions and potential overlap in data sets may have also affected the results. Many included studies did not capture the extent to which treatments were completed or detection and treatment of recurrences. Additionally, the study’s findings may not fully capture socioeconomic inequality and other unmeasured factors contributing to disparities. The racial and ethnic disparities analysis focused only on Black and White women.

DISCLOSURES:

Individual authors disclosed financial relationships with Pfizer, Healthix, Merck, AstraZeneca, LabCorp, and Takeda. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Black women in the United States have higher breast cancer (BC) mortality rates than White women across tumor subtypes. The greatest disparity in BC-specific survival was observed in those with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor 2–negative (HER2−) tumors, with Black women having a 50% higher risk for death.

METHODOLOGY:

• US Black women have a 40% higher risk for death from BC than White women, and many cancer specialists believe that disparities are worse among more treatable subtypes, such as HR+ tumors.
• Researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 US studies published during 2009-2022 that included 228,885 women (34,262 Black women; 182,466 White women) and examined racial differences in BC survival by subtype.
• The analysis included hormone receptor and HER2/neu status to define subtypes: HR+ HER2+, HR+ HER2−, HR− HER2+, and HR− HER2−.
• Random-effects models were used to generate pooled relative risks and 95% CI for BC-specific survival and overall survival.
• The primary outcome was BC-specific survival, with overall survival as a secondary analysis.

TAKEAWAY:

• Black women had a higher risk for BC death across all tumor subtypes than White women, with the greatest disparity observed in HR+ HER2− tumors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% CI, 1.30-1.72).
• The risk for BC death was also higher for Black women with HR+ HER2+ tumors (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.10-1.64); HR− HER2+ tumors (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.00-1.43); and HR− HER2− tumors (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10-1.25).
• Overall survival was poorer for Black women across all subtypes, although estimates for HR− HER2+ tumors did not reach statistical significance.
• In analysis of two subtypes with significant heterogeneity among studies, adjustments for socioeconomic status and number of Black participants explained about half and all the variance for HR+ HER2− and HR− HER2+ tumors, respectively.

IN PRACTICE:

“These results suggest there are both subtype-specific and subtype-independent mechanisms that contribute to disparities in breast cancer survival between Black and White women, which require multilevel interventions to address and achieve health equity,” wrote the authors.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Juliana M. Torres, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, CURE Program, Boston. It was published online in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study’s limitations included potential heterogeneity between studies as indicated by significant heterogeneity in some analyses. The use of different subtype definitions and potential overlap in data sets may have also affected the results. Many included studies did not capture the extent to which treatments were completed or detection and treatment of recurrences. Additionally, the study’s findings may not fully capture socioeconomic inequality and other unmeasured factors contributing to disparities. The racial and ethnic disparities analysis focused only on Black and White women.

DISCLOSURES:

Individual authors disclosed financial relationships with Pfizer, Healthix, Merck, AstraZeneca, LabCorp, and Takeda. Additional disclosures are noted in the original article.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Clarissa Ghazi gets lye relaxers, which contain the chemical sodium hydroxide, applied to her hair two to three times a year.

A recent study that made headlines over a potential link between hair straighteners and uterine cancer is not going to make her stop.

“This study is not enough to cause me to say I’ll stay away from this because [the researchers] don’t prove that using relaxers causes cancer,” Ms. Ghazi said.

Indeed, primary care doctors are unlikely to address the increased risk of uterine cancer in women who frequently use hair straighteners that the study reported.

Among frequent users of hair straighteners – meaning those who used them more than four times a year – the researchers found that women were 2.55 times more likely to be diagnosed with uterine cancer than those who never used these products.

In the recently published paper on this research, the authors said that they found an 80% higher adjusted risk of uterine cancer among women who had ever “straightened,” “relaxed,” or used “hair pressing products” in the 12 months before enrolling in their study.

This finding is “real, but small,” says internist Douglas S. Paauw, MD, professor of medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle.

Dr. Paauw is among several primary care doctors interviewed for this story who expressed little concern about the implications of this research for their patients.

“Since we have hundreds of things we are supposed to discuss at our 20-minute clinic visits, this would not make the cut,” Dr. Paauw said.

While it’s good to be able to answer questions a patient might ask about this new research, the study does not prove anything, he said.

Alan Nelson, MD, an internist-endocrinologist and former special adviser to the CEO of the American College of Physicians, said while the study is well done, the number of actual cases of uterine cancer found was small.

One of the reasons he would not recommend discussing the study with patients is that the brands of hair products used to straighten hair in the study were not identified.

Alexandra White, PhD, lead author of the study, said participants were simply asked, “In the past 12 months, how frequently have you or someone else straightened or relaxed your hair, or used hair pressing products?”

The terms “straightened,” “relaxed,” and “hair pressing products” were not defined, and “some women may have interpreted the term ‘pressing products’ to mean nonchemical products” such as flat irons, Dr. White, head of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences’ Environment and Cancer Epidemiology group, said in an email.

Dermatologist Crystal Aguh, MD, associate professor of dermatology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, tweeted the following advice in light of the new findings: “The overall risk of uterine cancer is quite low so it’s important to remember that. For now, if you want to change your routine, there’s no downside to decreasing your frequency of hair straightening to every 12 weeks or more, as that may lessen your risk.”

She also noted that “styles like relaxer, silk pressing, and keratin treatments should only be done by a professional, as this will decrease the likelihood of hair damage and scalp irritation.

“I also encourage women to look for hair products free of parabens and phthalates (which are generically listed as “fragrance”) on products to minimize exposure to hormone disrupting chemicals.”
 

Not ready to go curly

Ms. Ghazi said she decided to stop using keratin straighteners years ago after she learned they are made with several added ingredients. That includes the chemical formaldehyde, a known carcinogen, according to the American Cancer Society.

“People have been relaxing their hair for a very long time, and I feel more comfortable using [a relaxer] to straighten my hair than any of the others out there,” Ms. Ghazi said.

Janaki Ram, who has had her hair chemically straightened several times, said the findings have not made her worried that straightening will cause her to get uterine cancer specifically, but that they are a reminder that the chemicals in these products could harm her in some other way.

She said the new study findings, her knowledge of the damage straightening causes to hair, and the lengthy amount of time receiving a keratin treatment takes will lead her to reduce the frequency with which she gets her hair straightened.

“Going forward, I will have this done once a year instead of twice a year,” she said.

Dr. White, the author of the paper, said in an interview that the takeaway for consumers is that women who reported frequent use of hair straighteners/relaxers and pressing products were more than twice as likely to go on to develop uterine cancer compared to women who reported no use of these products in the previous year.

“However, uterine cancer is relatively rare, so these increases in risks are small,” she said. “Less frequent use of these products was not as strongly associated with risk, suggesting that decreasing use may be an option to reduce harmful exposure. Black women were the most frequent users of these products and therefore these findings are more relevant for Black women.”

In a statement, Dr. White noted, “We estimated that 1.64% of women who never used hair straighteners would go on to develop uterine cancer by the age of 70; but for frequent users, that risk goes up to 4.05%.”

The findings were based on the Sister Study, which enrolled women living in the United States, including Puerto Rico, between 2003 and 2009. Participants needed to have at least one sister who had been diagnosed with breast cancer, been breast cancer-free themselves, and aged 35-74 years. Women who reported a diagnosis of uterine cancer before enrollment, had an uncertain uterine cancer history, or had a hysterectomy were excluded from the study.

The researchers examined hair product usage and uterine cancer incidence during an 11-year period among 33 ,947 women. The analysis controlled for variables such as age, race, and risk factors. At baseline, participants were asked to complete a questionnaire on hair products use in the previous 12 months.

“One of the original aims of the study was to better understand the environmental and genetic causes of breast cancer, but we are also interested in studying ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, and many other cancers and chronic diseases,” Dr. White said.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

Clarissa Ghazi gets lye relaxers, which contain the chemical sodium hydroxide, applied to her hair two to three times a year.

A recent study that made headlines over a potential link between hair straighteners and uterine cancer is not going to make her stop.

“This study is not enough to cause me to say I’ll stay away from this because [the researchers] don’t prove that using relaxers causes cancer,” Ms. Ghazi said.

Indeed, primary care doctors are unlikely to address the increased risk of uterine cancer in women who frequently use hair straighteners that the study reported.

Among frequent users of hair straighteners – meaning those who used them more than four times a year – the researchers found that women were 2.55 times more likely to be diagnosed with uterine cancer than those who never used these products.

In the recently published paper on this research, the authors said that they found an 80% higher adjusted risk of uterine cancer among women who had ever “straightened,” “relaxed,” or used “hair pressing products” in the 12 months before enrolling in their study.

This finding is “real, but small,” says internist Douglas S. Paauw, MD, professor of medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle.

Dr. Paauw is among several primary care doctors interviewed for this story who expressed little concern about the implications of this research for their patients.

“Since we have hundreds of things we are supposed to discuss at our 20-minute clinic visits, this would not make the cut,” Dr. Paauw said.

While it’s good to be able to answer questions a patient might ask about this new research, the study does not prove anything, he said.

Alan Nelson, MD, an internist-endocrinologist and former special adviser to the CEO of the American College of Physicians, said while the study is well done, the number of actual cases of uterine cancer found was small.

One of the reasons he would not recommend discussing the study with patients is that the brands of hair products used to straighten hair in the study were not identified.

Alexandra White, PhD, lead author of the study, said participants were simply asked, “In the past 12 months, how frequently have you or someone else straightened or relaxed your hair, or used hair pressing products?”

The terms “straightened,” “relaxed,” and “hair pressing products” were not defined, and “some women may have interpreted the term ‘pressing products’ to mean nonchemical products” such as flat irons, Dr. White, head of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences’ Environment and Cancer Epidemiology group, said in an email.

Dermatologist Crystal Aguh, MD, associate professor of dermatology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, tweeted the following advice in light of the new findings: “The overall risk of uterine cancer is quite low so it’s important to remember that. For now, if you want to change your routine, there’s no downside to decreasing your frequency of hair straightening to every 12 weeks or more, as that may lessen your risk.”

She also noted that “styles like relaxer, silk pressing, and keratin treatments should only be done by a professional, as this will decrease the likelihood of hair damage and scalp irritation.

“I also encourage women to look for hair products free of parabens and phthalates (which are generically listed as “fragrance”) on products to minimize exposure to hormone disrupting chemicals.”
 

Not ready to go curly

Ms. Ghazi said she decided to stop using keratin straighteners years ago after she learned they are made with several added ingredients. That includes the chemical formaldehyde, a known carcinogen, according to the American Cancer Society.

“People have been relaxing their hair for a very long time, and I feel more comfortable using [a relaxer] to straighten my hair than any of the others out there,” Ms. Ghazi said.

Janaki Ram, who has had her hair chemically straightened several times, said the findings have not made her worried that straightening will cause her to get uterine cancer specifically, but that they are a reminder that the chemicals in these products could harm her in some other way.

She said the new study findings, her knowledge of the damage straightening causes to hair, and the lengthy amount of time receiving a keratin treatment takes will lead her to reduce the frequency with which she gets her hair straightened.

“Going forward, I will have this done once a year instead of twice a year,” she said.

Dr. White, the author of the paper, said in an interview that the takeaway for consumers is that women who reported frequent use of hair straighteners/relaxers and pressing products were more than twice as likely to go on to develop uterine cancer compared to women who reported no use of these products in the previous year.

“However, uterine cancer is relatively rare, so these increases in risks are small,” she said. “Less frequent use of these products was not as strongly associated with risk, suggesting that decreasing use may be an option to reduce harmful exposure. Black women were the most frequent users of these products and therefore these findings are more relevant for Black women.”

In a statement, Dr. White noted, “We estimated that 1.64% of women who never used hair straighteners would go on to develop uterine cancer by the age of 70; but for frequent users, that risk goes up to 4.05%.”

The findings were based on the Sister Study, which enrolled women living in the United States, including Puerto Rico, between 2003 and 2009. Participants needed to have at least one sister who had been diagnosed with breast cancer, been breast cancer-free themselves, and aged 35-74 years. Women who reported a diagnosis of uterine cancer before enrollment, had an uncertain uterine cancer history, or had a hysterectomy were excluded from the study.

The researchers examined hair product usage and uterine cancer incidence during an 11-year period among 33 ,947 women. The analysis controlled for variables such as age, race, and risk factors. At baseline, participants were asked to complete a questionnaire on hair products use in the previous 12 months.

“One of the original aims of the study was to better understand the environmental and genetic causes of breast cancer, but we are also interested in studying ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, and many other cancers and chronic diseases,” Dr. White said.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

Clarissa Ghazi gets lye relaxers, which contain the chemical sodium hydroxide, applied to her hair two to three times a year.

A recent study that made headlines over a potential link between hair straighteners and uterine cancer is not going to make her stop.

“This study is not enough to cause me to say I’ll stay away from this because [the researchers] don’t prove that using relaxers causes cancer,” Ms. Ghazi said.

Indeed, primary care doctors are unlikely to address the increased risk of uterine cancer in women who frequently use hair straighteners that the study reported.

Among frequent users of hair straighteners – meaning those who used them more than four times a year – the researchers found that women were 2.55 times more likely to be diagnosed with uterine cancer than those who never used these products.

In the recently published paper on this research, the authors said that they found an 80% higher adjusted risk of uterine cancer among women who had ever “straightened,” “relaxed,” or used “hair pressing products” in the 12 months before enrolling in their study.

This finding is “real, but small,” says internist Douglas S. Paauw, MD, professor of medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle.

Dr. Paauw is among several primary care doctors interviewed for this story who expressed little concern about the implications of this research for their patients.

“Since we have hundreds of things we are supposed to discuss at our 20-minute clinic visits, this would not make the cut,” Dr. Paauw said.

While it’s good to be able to answer questions a patient might ask about this new research, the study does not prove anything, he said.

Alan Nelson, MD, an internist-endocrinologist and former special adviser to the CEO of the American College of Physicians, said while the study is well done, the number of actual cases of uterine cancer found was small.

One of the reasons he would not recommend discussing the study with patients is that the brands of hair products used to straighten hair in the study were not identified.

Alexandra White, PhD, lead author of the study, said participants were simply asked, “In the past 12 months, how frequently have you or someone else straightened or relaxed your hair, or used hair pressing products?”

The terms “straightened,” “relaxed,” and “hair pressing products” were not defined, and “some women may have interpreted the term ‘pressing products’ to mean nonchemical products” such as flat irons, Dr. White, head of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences’ Environment and Cancer Epidemiology group, said in an email.

Dermatologist Crystal Aguh, MD, associate professor of dermatology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, tweeted the following advice in light of the new findings: “The overall risk of uterine cancer is quite low so it’s important to remember that. For now, if you want to change your routine, there’s no downside to decreasing your frequency of hair straightening to every 12 weeks or more, as that may lessen your risk.”

She also noted that “styles like relaxer, silk pressing, and keratin treatments should only be done by a professional, as this will decrease the likelihood of hair damage and scalp irritation.

“I also encourage women to look for hair products free of parabens and phthalates (which are generically listed as “fragrance”) on products to minimize exposure to hormone disrupting chemicals.”
 

Not ready to go curly

Ms. Ghazi said she decided to stop using keratin straighteners years ago after she learned they are made with several added ingredients. That includes the chemical formaldehyde, a known carcinogen, according to the American Cancer Society.

“People have been relaxing their hair for a very long time, and I feel more comfortable using [a relaxer] to straighten my hair than any of the others out there,” Ms. Ghazi said.

Janaki Ram, who has had her hair chemically straightened several times, said the findings have not made her worried that straightening will cause her to get uterine cancer specifically, but that they are a reminder that the chemicals in these products could harm her in some other way.

She said the new study findings, her knowledge of the damage straightening causes to hair, and the lengthy amount of time receiving a keratin treatment takes will lead her to reduce the frequency with which she gets her hair straightened.

“Going forward, I will have this done once a year instead of twice a year,” she said.

Dr. White, the author of the paper, said in an interview that the takeaway for consumers is that women who reported frequent use of hair straighteners/relaxers and pressing products were more than twice as likely to go on to develop uterine cancer compared to women who reported no use of these products in the previous year.

“However, uterine cancer is relatively rare, so these increases in risks are small,” she said. “Less frequent use of these products was not as strongly associated with risk, suggesting that decreasing use may be an option to reduce harmful exposure. Black women were the most frequent users of these products and therefore these findings are more relevant for Black women.”

In a statement, Dr. White noted, “We estimated that 1.64% of women who never used hair straighteners would go on to develop uterine cancer by the age of 70; but for frequent users, that risk goes up to 4.05%.”

The findings were based on the Sister Study, which enrolled women living in the United States, including Puerto Rico, between 2003 and 2009. Participants needed to have at least one sister who had been diagnosed with breast cancer, been breast cancer-free themselves, and aged 35-74 years. Women who reported a diagnosis of uterine cancer before enrollment, had an uncertain uterine cancer history, or had a hysterectomy were excluded from the study.

The researchers examined hair product usage and uterine cancer incidence during an 11-year period among 33 ,947 women. The analysis controlled for variables such as age, race, and risk factors. At baseline, participants were asked to complete a questionnaire on hair products use in the previous 12 months.

“One of the original aims of the study was to better understand the environmental and genetic causes of breast cancer, but we are also interested in studying ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, and many other cancers and chronic diseases,” Dr. White said.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

During her final years practicing medicine, the internist Faith Thayer Fitzgerald, MD, glided from room to room on a razor scooter at UC Davis Medical Center in Sacramento, Calif, her colleague recalled.

Dr. Fitzgerald adopted this means of transportation to allow her to examine and talk to her patients, following a hip injury and surgery, which left her unable to do the amount of walking typically required to conduct rounds at a hospital.

Courtesy UC Davis Health

Her colleague, Mark C. Henderson, MD, MACP, described Dr. Fitzgerald as being “extremely dedicated to each patient,” having taken care of many of them for decades. Her will to find a way to practice with severe physical limitations exemplified this dedication, said Dr. Henderson, who worked in the hospital alongside her, including handing over patients to her.

Dr. Fitzgerald died on Dec. 3, 2021, at 78 years, after working in a career spanning 6 decades, including actively practicing internal medicine at UC Davis Medical Center for 40 years.

Her career also included working as a medical educator, influencing several people interviewed for this story in that role, and advising the staff of Internal Medicine News for more than 3 decades.

“Faith Fitzgerald was an incredible teacher and mentor for so many people,” noted Robert H. Hopkins Jr., MD, who practices general internal medicine and med-peds at the University of Arkansans for Medical Sciences, Little Rock and is a member of the editorial advisory board of Internal Medicine News.
 

‘The patient and the next generation’ were always in mind

A contributor to Dr. Fitzgerald’s success as an educator was her dogged commitment to her patients, said Dr. Henderson, who is associate dean for admissions at the University of California, Davis, and professor and vice chair for education in the department of internal medicine. The latter of these positions was previously held by Dr. Fitzgerald.

“She always arrived early for hospital rounds, often waking up her patients,” he said. “She evolved this practice to be present before all the chaos of the day ensued and honestly to spend quality of time with patients.”

“She always had two things in mind: the patient and the next generation,” Dr. Henderson continued. “A lot of times, because she had seen the patients earlier in the morning, she knew where to focus the team she was training” and “she could show her students and residents all of these interesting findings.”

“It was a very efficient way of conducting bedside teaching,” he added.

Dr. Fitzgerald taught primarily in the department of internal medicine at UC Davis Health. She joined the faculty of that school in 1980. Her 38-year-long career there included serving as residency program director for nearly 20 years, chief of general medicine, vice chair for education, and the medical school’s first associate dean for humanities and bioethics.

Several people who knew Dr. Fitzgerald well also attributed her effectiveness as a teacher and a doctor to the kindness she showed all people no matter their background or station in life.

“Every patient she saw in clinic, she booked for an hour ‘til the day she left UC Davis,” noted Carmelina Raffetto, Dr. Fitzgerald’s closest friend and former administrative assistant, during UC Davis Health’s virtual memorial ceremony for Dr. Fitzgerald.

“Her patients all had her phone number, her pager. ... She loved teaching, she loved her patients, and she loved staff.

“She treated all of us equally. Whether you were in housekeeping or in the cafeteria, or if you were just walking down the hall, she had kind words and she never wanted anyone to feel that they weren’t’ special,” added Ms. Raffetto, who is currently executive director of the Northern California American College of Physicians chapter.

Throughout her career, she received over three dozen teaching awards, according to a statement from UC Davis. In 2002, for example, Dr. Fitzgerald received the Alpha Omega Alpha medical honor society’s Robert J. Glaser Award for providing medical students with an outstanding educational experience. Additional teaching awards included the American College of Physicians Distinguished Teacher Award, the California Medical Association Golden Apple Award and the UC San Francisco Gold Headed Cane.

She also received awards from UC Davis, including the Hibbard Williams Lifetime Achievement award, the Tupper Award for Excellence in Teaching and the UC Davis School of Medicine Golden Apple Award. She was also chosen as the UC Davis Senior Class Outstanding Clinical Teacher seven times and was named the Department of Medicine Distinguished Faculty Teacher on four separate occasions, the statement said.
 

Her early life and family

Dr. Fitzgerald was born in Boston on Sept. 24, 1943, and “knew from early childhood that she would be a physician,” according to her biography on Changing the Face of Medicine.

She completed undergraduate studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She graduated from the University of California, San Francisco, in 1969 and completed her residency in internal medicine at the same institution. In addition to teaching at UC Davis, Dr. Fitzgerald served as assistant professor of medicine at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, for 2 years early in her career.

Dr. Fitzgerald is survived by her brother, Sean, and sister-in-law, Deborah Fitzgerald. Dr. Fitzgerald lived with and cared for her mother, Irene Fitzgerald – who passed away in 2005 – for more than a decade.

Dr. Fitzgerald asked for any donations in her memory to be used to establish scholarships for medical students with financial need, as she had been supported by scholarship money long ago while a student at the University of California. Donations to the Faith Fitzgerald, MD, Medical Student Scholarship Fund can be made here.

During her final years practicing medicine, the internist Faith Thayer Fitzgerald, MD, glided from room to room on a razor scooter at UC Davis Medical Center in Sacramento, Calif, her colleague recalled.

Dr. Fitzgerald adopted this means of transportation to allow her to examine and talk to her patients, following a hip injury and surgery, which left her unable to do the amount of walking typically required to conduct rounds at a hospital.

Courtesy UC Davis Health

Her colleague, Mark C. Henderson, MD, MACP, described Dr. Fitzgerald as being “extremely dedicated to each patient,” having taken care of many of them for decades. Her will to find a way to practice with severe physical limitations exemplified this dedication, said Dr. Henderson, who worked in the hospital alongside her, including handing over patients to her.

Dr. Fitzgerald died on Dec. 3, 2021, at 78 years, after working in a career spanning 6 decades, including actively practicing internal medicine at UC Davis Medical Center for 40 years.

Her career also included working as a medical educator, influencing several people interviewed for this story in that role, and advising the staff of Internal Medicine News for more than 3 decades.

“Faith Fitzgerald was an incredible teacher and mentor for so many people,” noted Robert H. Hopkins Jr., MD, who practices general internal medicine and med-peds at the University of Arkansans for Medical Sciences, Little Rock and is a member of the editorial advisory board of Internal Medicine News.
 

‘The patient and the next generation’ were always in mind

A contributor to Dr. Fitzgerald’s success as an educator was her dogged commitment to her patients, said Dr. Henderson, who is associate dean for admissions at the University of California, Davis, and professor and vice chair for education in the department of internal medicine. The latter of these positions was previously held by Dr. Fitzgerald.

“She always arrived early for hospital rounds, often waking up her patients,” he said. “She evolved this practice to be present before all the chaos of the day ensued and honestly to spend quality of time with patients.”

“She always had two things in mind: the patient and the next generation,” Dr. Henderson continued. “A lot of times, because she had seen the patients earlier in the morning, she knew where to focus the team she was training” and “she could show her students and residents all of these interesting findings.”

“It was a very efficient way of conducting bedside teaching,” he added.

Dr. Fitzgerald taught primarily in the department of internal medicine at UC Davis Health. She joined the faculty of that school in 1980. Her 38-year-long career there included serving as residency program director for nearly 20 years, chief of general medicine, vice chair for education, and the medical school’s first associate dean for humanities and bioethics.

Several people who knew Dr. Fitzgerald well also attributed her effectiveness as a teacher and a doctor to the kindness she showed all people no matter their background or station in life.

“Every patient she saw in clinic, she booked for an hour ‘til the day she left UC Davis,” noted Carmelina Raffetto, Dr. Fitzgerald’s closest friend and former administrative assistant, during UC Davis Health’s virtual memorial ceremony for Dr. Fitzgerald.

“Her patients all had her phone number, her pager. ... She loved teaching, she loved her patients, and she loved staff.

“She treated all of us equally. Whether you were in housekeeping or in the cafeteria, or if you were just walking down the hall, she had kind words and she never wanted anyone to feel that they weren’t’ special,” added Ms. Raffetto, who is currently executive director of the Northern California American College of Physicians chapter.

Throughout her career, she received over three dozen teaching awards, according to a statement from UC Davis. In 2002, for example, Dr. Fitzgerald received the Alpha Omega Alpha medical honor society’s Robert J. Glaser Award for providing medical students with an outstanding educational experience. Additional teaching awards included the American College of Physicians Distinguished Teacher Award, the California Medical Association Golden Apple Award and the UC San Francisco Gold Headed Cane.

She also received awards from UC Davis, including the Hibbard Williams Lifetime Achievement award, the Tupper Award for Excellence in Teaching and the UC Davis School of Medicine Golden Apple Award. She was also chosen as the UC Davis Senior Class Outstanding Clinical Teacher seven times and was named the Department of Medicine Distinguished Faculty Teacher on four separate occasions, the statement said.
 

Her early life and family

Dr. Fitzgerald was born in Boston on Sept. 24, 1943, and “knew from early childhood that she would be a physician,” according to her biography on Changing the Face of Medicine.

She completed undergraduate studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She graduated from the University of California, San Francisco, in 1969 and completed her residency in internal medicine at the same institution. In addition to teaching at UC Davis, Dr. Fitzgerald served as assistant professor of medicine at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, for 2 years early in her career.

Dr. Fitzgerald is survived by her brother, Sean, and sister-in-law, Deborah Fitzgerald. Dr. Fitzgerald lived with and cared for her mother, Irene Fitzgerald – who passed away in 2005 – for more than a decade.

Dr. Fitzgerald asked for any donations in her memory to be used to establish scholarships for medical students with financial need, as she had been supported by scholarship money long ago while a student at the University of California. Donations to the Faith Fitzgerald, MD, Medical Student Scholarship Fund can be made here.

During her final years practicing medicine, the internist Faith Thayer Fitzgerald, MD, glided from room to room on a razor scooter at UC Davis Medical Center in Sacramento, Calif, her colleague recalled.

Dr. Fitzgerald adopted this means of transportation to allow her to examine and talk to her patients, following a hip injury and surgery, which left her unable to do the amount of walking typically required to conduct rounds at a hospital.

Courtesy UC Davis Health

Her colleague, Mark C. Henderson, MD, MACP, described Dr. Fitzgerald as being “extremely dedicated to each patient,” having taken care of many of them for decades. Her will to find a way to practice with severe physical limitations exemplified this dedication, said Dr. Henderson, who worked in the hospital alongside her, including handing over patients to her.

Dr. Fitzgerald died on Dec. 3, 2021, at 78 years, after working in a career spanning 6 decades, including actively practicing internal medicine at UC Davis Medical Center for 40 years.

Her career also included working as a medical educator, influencing several people interviewed for this story in that role, and advising the staff of Internal Medicine News for more than 3 decades.

“Faith Fitzgerald was an incredible teacher and mentor for so many people,” noted Robert H. Hopkins Jr., MD, who practices general internal medicine and med-peds at the University of Arkansans for Medical Sciences, Little Rock and is a member of the editorial advisory board of Internal Medicine News.
 

‘The patient and the next generation’ were always in mind

A contributor to Dr. Fitzgerald’s success as an educator was her dogged commitment to her patients, said Dr. Henderson, who is associate dean for admissions at the University of California, Davis, and professor and vice chair for education in the department of internal medicine. The latter of these positions was previously held by Dr. Fitzgerald.

“She always arrived early for hospital rounds, often waking up her patients,” he said. “She evolved this practice to be present before all the chaos of the day ensued and honestly to spend quality of time with patients.”

“She always had two things in mind: the patient and the next generation,” Dr. Henderson continued. “A lot of times, because she had seen the patients earlier in the morning, she knew where to focus the team she was training” and “she could show her students and residents all of these interesting findings.”

“It was a very efficient way of conducting bedside teaching,” he added.

Dr. Fitzgerald taught primarily in the department of internal medicine at UC Davis Health. She joined the faculty of that school in 1980. Her 38-year-long career there included serving as residency program director for nearly 20 years, chief of general medicine, vice chair for education, and the medical school’s first associate dean for humanities and bioethics.

Several people who knew Dr. Fitzgerald well also attributed her effectiveness as a teacher and a doctor to the kindness she showed all people no matter their background or station in life.

“Every patient she saw in clinic, she booked for an hour ‘til the day she left UC Davis,” noted Carmelina Raffetto, Dr. Fitzgerald’s closest friend and former administrative assistant, during UC Davis Health’s virtual memorial ceremony for Dr. Fitzgerald.

“Her patients all had her phone number, her pager. ... She loved teaching, she loved her patients, and she loved staff.

“She treated all of us equally. Whether you were in housekeeping or in the cafeteria, or if you were just walking down the hall, she had kind words and she never wanted anyone to feel that they weren’t’ special,” added Ms. Raffetto, who is currently executive director of the Northern California American College of Physicians chapter.

Throughout her career, she received over three dozen teaching awards, according to a statement from UC Davis. In 2002, for example, Dr. Fitzgerald received the Alpha Omega Alpha medical honor society’s Robert J. Glaser Award for providing medical students with an outstanding educational experience. Additional teaching awards included the American College of Physicians Distinguished Teacher Award, the California Medical Association Golden Apple Award and the UC San Francisco Gold Headed Cane.

She also received awards from UC Davis, including the Hibbard Williams Lifetime Achievement award, the Tupper Award for Excellence in Teaching and the UC Davis School of Medicine Golden Apple Award. She was also chosen as the UC Davis Senior Class Outstanding Clinical Teacher seven times and was named the Department of Medicine Distinguished Faculty Teacher on four separate occasions, the statement said.
 

Her early life and family

Dr. Fitzgerald was born in Boston on Sept. 24, 1943, and “knew from early childhood that she would be a physician,” according to her biography on Changing the Face of Medicine.

She completed undergraduate studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She graduated from the University of California, San Francisco, in 1969 and completed her residency in internal medicine at the same institution. In addition to teaching at UC Davis, Dr. Fitzgerald served as assistant professor of medicine at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, for 2 years early in her career.

Dr. Fitzgerald is survived by her brother, Sean, and sister-in-law, Deborah Fitzgerald. Dr. Fitzgerald lived with and cared for her mother, Irene Fitzgerald – who passed away in 2005 – for more than a decade.

Dr. Fitzgerald asked for any donations in her memory to be used to establish scholarships for medical students with financial need, as she had been supported by scholarship money long ago while a student at the University of California. Donations to the Faith Fitzgerald, MD, Medical Student Scholarship Fund can be made here.

Infectious disease specialist and humanitarian, Paul Edward Farmer, MD, PhD, who cofounded Partners In Health, died suddenly on Feb. 21. To celebrate his life, this news organization interviewed Serena Koenig, MD, MPH, who met Dr. Farmer when she was an internal medicine resident at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Dr. Koenig had worked closely with Dr. Farmer ever since they met.

Q. Can you please share one of your best memories of Dr. Farmer?

Dr. Serena Koenig: There are so many memories it is hard to choose. One that was very formative for me occurred during one of my first trips to Haiti, in 2001. Paul and some other incredible colleagues at Partners IN Health (PIH) had started the HIV Equity Initiative, which was one of the first programs in the world to provide free, comprehensive treatment for HIV. This was at the time when millions of people in Africa were dying of HIV and many experts said it was not feasible to treat HIV in a poor country, because it was too complicated and expensive. Paul took me on some home visits with patients who had what he called the Lazarus effect, coming back from death’s door from advanced AIDS to vigorous health on antiretroviral therapy. I had just started working in Haiti with Paul and PIH, and I felt the enormous magnitude of what he was doing.

Q. What aspects of him and his work do you find most admirable?

Dr. Koenig: I most admired Paul’s humanity, his belief that every person matters and has the right to high-quality health care, and his vision of global health equity.

He said: “The idea that some lives matter less is the root of all that is wrong with the world.” Paul lived this philosophy. He has spoken extensively about harms of socialization for scarcity on behalf of those who are poor, leading policy makers to decisions regarding the feasibility of treating some diseases, but not others.

He said in an interview with the Harvard Gazette in 2018: “The most compelling thing to fight socialization for scarcity on behalf of others is health system strengthening. Health systems that integrate prevention and quality care.”

A few weeks ago, I asked him his thoughts about the high-level resources we have invested in some patients who have needed specialty care over the years, and he said: “No way that we should waste all of our emotional energy responding only to those constant, nagging critics that it’s not cost effective, not feasible, not sustainable, not even prudent. Because you know what they would have done if it was their child or family member.”
 

Q. When did you first meet Dr. Farmer, and what inspired you to work with him?

Dr. Koenig: When I was an internal medicine resident at the Brigham, Paul and I bonded over the care of one of my clinic patients who I followed very closely, and who was admitted to his inpatient service.

Like everyone else who has worked with Paul, I was touched by his kindness and warmth.

A couple of years later, he asked me to help him raise money to bring a young man named Wilnot from Haiti to the Brigham for an aortic valve replacement. After we raised the money, he asked me to go to Haiti to help Wilnot get his medical visa and to escort him to Boston.

That short trip to Haiti had an enormous impact on my life. I was shattered to see the poverty that the people of Haiti were enduring – and in a country a short plane flight from Miami.

Shortly after this, Paul asked me to help him find treatment for another patient, a young boy named John, who presented with neck masses that were later diagnosed as nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

It took us some time to make the diagnosis and then to arrange free care at Mass General.

When I returned to Haiti with two PIH colleagues to help John get a visa and escort him back to Boston, we found that John’s condition was much worse. We ended up medically evacuating him to Boston, because he was too sick for a commercial flight.

Tracy Kidder wrote about this heartbreaking experience in the book “Mountains Beyond Mountains.”

Throughout all of these experiences, I was deeply impressed with Paul’s commitment to do whatever it took to provide the best care for patients, as if they were members of his own family. He said “Tout Moun Se Moun” (Haitian Creole for “every person is a person”), and I could tell that he meant it.
 

Q. How did you collaborate with him professionally?

Dr. Koenig: I spent the first few years after residency working with Paul and Partners In Health. Initially, I served as a liaison between PIH in Haiti and the Brigham, bringing several more patients to Boston for care, and arranging specialty surgical trips to Haiti.

Later, when HIV funding became available from the Global Fund for HIV, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, I moved to rural Haiti to provide treatment for patients with HIV and/or TB at one of the first PIH expansion sites. We treated many patients with advanced stages of HIV and/or TB, and many of them recovered remarkably quickly with antiretroviral therapy.

When I returned to Boston to complete an infectious disease fellowship I switched my focus to conducting clinical research to improve HIV and TB treatment outcomes. Paul emailed his mentor and friend, Jean “Bill” Pape, the director of a Haitian NGO called GHESKIO (Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections), which is an internationally celebrated center of excellence in HIV-related research and clinical care, to ask if I could collaborate with them.

Ever since that time, I have been based between the Brigham’s division of global health equity, which was led by Paul, and GHESKIO.

Paul was very supportive of our research, which aims to improve health service delivery and treatment regimens for HIV and TB.
 

Q. What lessons do you think other physicians can learn from him?

Dr. Koenig: As Joia Mukherjee, chief medical officer of Partners In Health, has said, Paul left us a roadmap. He wrote many books, and he was very eloquent in expressing his philosophy about equity and justice in numerous interviews. This is relevant not only for international sites, but in the United States as well, with our major disparities in health outcomes by race, geography, and socioeconomic status.

No one will be able to replace Paul, but he left us with a vision of what is achievable.

Dr. Koenig is associate physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, with faculty appointments in the divisions of global health equity and infectious diseases. She is also associate professor at Harvard Medical School.

Infectious disease specialist and humanitarian, Paul Edward Farmer, MD, PhD, who cofounded Partners In Health, died suddenly on Feb. 21. To celebrate his life, this news organization interviewed Serena Koenig, MD, MPH, who met Dr. Farmer when she was an internal medicine resident at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Dr. Koenig had worked closely with Dr. Farmer ever since they met.

Q. Can you please share one of your best memories of Dr. Farmer?

Dr. Serena Koenig: There are so many memories it is hard to choose. One that was very formative for me occurred during one of my first trips to Haiti, in 2001. Paul and some other incredible colleagues at Partners IN Health (PIH) had started the HIV Equity Initiative, which was one of the first programs in the world to provide free, comprehensive treatment for HIV. This was at the time when millions of people in Africa were dying of HIV and many experts said it was not feasible to treat HIV in a poor country, because it was too complicated and expensive. Paul took me on some home visits with patients who had what he called the Lazarus effect, coming back from death’s door from advanced AIDS to vigorous health on antiretroviral therapy. I had just started working in Haiti with Paul and PIH, and I felt the enormous magnitude of what he was doing.

Q. What aspects of him and his work do you find most admirable?

Dr. Koenig: I most admired Paul’s humanity, his belief that every person matters and has the right to high-quality health care, and his vision of global health equity.

He said: “The idea that some lives matter less is the root of all that is wrong with the world.” Paul lived this philosophy. He has spoken extensively about harms of socialization for scarcity on behalf of those who are poor, leading policy makers to decisions regarding the feasibility of treating some diseases, but not others.

He said in an interview with the Harvard Gazette in 2018: “The most compelling thing to fight socialization for scarcity on behalf of others is health system strengthening. Health systems that integrate prevention and quality care.”

A few weeks ago, I asked him his thoughts about the high-level resources we have invested in some patients who have needed specialty care over the years, and he said: “No way that we should waste all of our emotional energy responding only to those constant, nagging critics that it’s not cost effective, not feasible, not sustainable, not even prudent. Because you know what they would have done if it was their child or family member.”
 

Q. When did you first meet Dr. Farmer, and what inspired you to work with him?

Dr. Koenig: When I was an internal medicine resident at the Brigham, Paul and I bonded over the care of one of my clinic patients who I followed very closely, and who was admitted to his inpatient service.

Like everyone else who has worked with Paul, I was touched by his kindness and warmth.

A couple of years later, he asked me to help him raise money to bring a young man named Wilnot from Haiti to the Brigham for an aortic valve replacement. After we raised the money, he asked me to go to Haiti to help Wilnot get his medical visa and to escort him to Boston.

That short trip to Haiti had an enormous impact on my life. I was shattered to see the poverty that the people of Haiti were enduring – and in a country a short plane flight from Miami.

Shortly after this, Paul asked me to help him find treatment for another patient, a young boy named John, who presented with neck masses that were later diagnosed as nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

It took us some time to make the diagnosis and then to arrange free care at Mass General.

When I returned to Haiti with two PIH colleagues to help John get a visa and escort him back to Boston, we found that John’s condition was much worse. We ended up medically evacuating him to Boston, because he was too sick for a commercial flight.

Tracy Kidder wrote about this heartbreaking experience in the book “Mountains Beyond Mountains.”

Throughout all of these experiences, I was deeply impressed with Paul’s commitment to do whatever it took to provide the best care for patients, as if they were members of his own family. He said “Tout Moun Se Moun” (Haitian Creole for “every person is a person”), and I could tell that he meant it.
 

Q. How did you collaborate with him professionally?

Dr. Koenig: I spent the first few years after residency working with Paul and Partners In Health. Initially, I served as a liaison between PIH in Haiti and the Brigham, bringing several more patients to Boston for care, and arranging specialty surgical trips to Haiti.

Later, when HIV funding became available from the Global Fund for HIV, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, I moved to rural Haiti to provide treatment for patients with HIV and/or TB at one of the first PIH expansion sites. We treated many patients with advanced stages of HIV and/or TB, and many of them recovered remarkably quickly with antiretroviral therapy.

When I returned to Boston to complete an infectious disease fellowship I switched my focus to conducting clinical research to improve HIV and TB treatment outcomes. Paul emailed his mentor and friend, Jean “Bill” Pape, the director of a Haitian NGO called GHESKIO (Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections), which is an internationally celebrated center of excellence in HIV-related research and clinical care, to ask if I could collaborate with them.

Ever since that time, I have been based between the Brigham’s division of global health equity, which was led by Paul, and GHESKIO.

Paul was very supportive of our research, which aims to improve health service delivery and treatment regimens for HIV and TB.
 

Q. What lessons do you think other physicians can learn from him?

Dr. Koenig: As Joia Mukherjee, chief medical officer of Partners In Health, has said, Paul left us a roadmap. He wrote many books, and he was very eloquent in expressing his philosophy about equity and justice in numerous interviews. This is relevant not only for international sites, but in the United States as well, with our major disparities in health outcomes by race, geography, and socioeconomic status.

No one will be able to replace Paul, but he left us with a vision of what is achievable.

Dr. Koenig is associate physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, with faculty appointments in the divisions of global health equity and infectious diseases. She is also associate professor at Harvard Medical School.

Infectious disease specialist and humanitarian, Paul Edward Farmer, MD, PhD, who cofounded Partners In Health, died suddenly on Feb. 21. To celebrate his life, this news organization interviewed Serena Koenig, MD, MPH, who met Dr. Farmer when she was an internal medicine resident at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Dr. Koenig had worked closely with Dr. Farmer ever since they met.

Q. Can you please share one of your best memories of Dr. Farmer?

Dr. Serena Koenig: There are so many memories it is hard to choose. One that was very formative for me occurred during one of my first trips to Haiti, in 2001. Paul and some other incredible colleagues at Partners IN Health (PIH) had started the HIV Equity Initiative, which was one of the first programs in the world to provide free, comprehensive treatment for HIV. This was at the time when millions of people in Africa were dying of HIV and many experts said it was not feasible to treat HIV in a poor country, because it was too complicated and expensive. Paul took me on some home visits with patients who had what he called the Lazarus effect, coming back from death’s door from advanced AIDS to vigorous health on antiretroviral therapy. I had just started working in Haiti with Paul and PIH, and I felt the enormous magnitude of what he was doing.

Q. What aspects of him and his work do you find most admirable?

Dr. Koenig: I most admired Paul’s humanity, his belief that every person matters and has the right to high-quality health care, and his vision of global health equity.

He said: “The idea that some lives matter less is the root of all that is wrong with the world.” Paul lived this philosophy. He has spoken extensively about harms of socialization for scarcity on behalf of those who are poor, leading policy makers to decisions regarding the feasibility of treating some diseases, but not others.

He said in an interview with the Harvard Gazette in 2018: “The most compelling thing to fight socialization for scarcity on behalf of others is health system strengthening. Health systems that integrate prevention and quality care.”

A few weeks ago, I asked him his thoughts about the high-level resources we have invested in some patients who have needed specialty care over the years, and he said: “No way that we should waste all of our emotional energy responding only to those constant, nagging critics that it’s not cost effective, not feasible, not sustainable, not even prudent. Because you know what they would have done if it was their child or family member.”
 

Q. When did you first meet Dr. Farmer, and what inspired you to work with him?

Dr. Koenig: When I was an internal medicine resident at the Brigham, Paul and I bonded over the care of one of my clinic patients who I followed very closely, and who was admitted to his inpatient service.

Like everyone else who has worked with Paul, I was touched by his kindness and warmth.

A couple of years later, he asked me to help him raise money to bring a young man named Wilnot from Haiti to the Brigham for an aortic valve replacement. After we raised the money, he asked me to go to Haiti to help Wilnot get his medical visa and to escort him to Boston.

That short trip to Haiti had an enormous impact on my life. I was shattered to see the poverty that the people of Haiti were enduring – and in a country a short plane flight from Miami.

Shortly after this, Paul asked me to help him find treatment for another patient, a young boy named John, who presented with neck masses that were later diagnosed as nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

It took us some time to make the diagnosis and then to arrange free care at Mass General.

When I returned to Haiti with two PIH colleagues to help John get a visa and escort him back to Boston, we found that John’s condition was much worse. We ended up medically evacuating him to Boston, because he was too sick for a commercial flight.

Tracy Kidder wrote about this heartbreaking experience in the book “Mountains Beyond Mountains.”

Throughout all of these experiences, I was deeply impressed with Paul’s commitment to do whatever it took to provide the best care for patients, as if they were members of his own family. He said “Tout Moun Se Moun” (Haitian Creole for “every person is a person”), and I could tell that he meant it.
 

Q. How did you collaborate with him professionally?

Dr. Koenig: I spent the first few years after residency working with Paul and Partners In Health. Initially, I served as a liaison between PIH in Haiti and the Brigham, bringing several more patients to Boston for care, and arranging specialty surgical trips to Haiti.

Later, when HIV funding became available from the Global Fund for HIV, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, I moved to rural Haiti to provide treatment for patients with HIV and/or TB at one of the first PIH expansion sites. We treated many patients with advanced stages of HIV and/or TB, and many of them recovered remarkably quickly with antiretroviral therapy.

When I returned to Boston to complete an infectious disease fellowship I switched my focus to conducting clinical research to improve HIV and TB treatment outcomes. Paul emailed his mentor and friend, Jean “Bill” Pape, the director of a Haitian NGO called GHESKIO (Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections), which is an internationally celebrated center of excellence in HIV-related research and clinical care, to ask if I could collaborate with them.

Ever since that time, I have been based between the Brigham’s division of global health equity, which was led by Paul, and GHESKIO.

Paul was very supportive of our research, which aims to improve health service delivery and treatment regimens for HIV and TB.
 

Q. What lessons do you think other physicians can learn from him?

Dr. Koenig: As Joia Mukherjee, chief medical officer of Partners In Health, has said, Paul left us a roadmap. He wrote many books, and he was very eloquent in expressing his philosophy about equity and justice in numerous interviews. This is relevant not only for international sites, but in the United States as well, with our major disparities in health outcomes by race, geography, and socioeconomic status.

No one will be able to replace Paul, but he left us with a vision of what is achievable.

Dr. Koenig is associate physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, with faculty appointments in the divisions of global health equity and infectious diseases. She is also associate professor at Harvard Medical School.