MDedge ObGyn

NEW YORK — Because of their heterogeneity in appearance, drug-induced skin rashes are a common diagnostic challenge, but eruptions in skin of color, particularly those with a delayed onset, require a high index of suspicion to speed the diagnosis.

This risk for a delayed or missed diagnosis in patients with darker skin is shared across skin rashes, but drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is a telling example, according to Joanna Harp, MD, director of the Inpatient Dermatology Consult Service, NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, New York City.

DIHS, also known as a drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction, Dr. Harp explained. While the fact that this disorder does not always include eosinophilia prompted the DIHS acronym, the maculopapular rash often serves as a critical clue of the underlying etiology.

Signs of AGEP Can Be Subtle in Black Patients

Some of the same principles for diagnosing drug-induced rash in darker skin can also be applied to acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), another type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Like all drug-induced rashes, the earlier AGEP is recognized and treated, the better the outcome, but in Black patients, the signs can be subtle.

“The onset is usually fast and occurs in 1-2 days after [the causative drug] exposure,” said Dr. Harp, adding that antibiotics, such as cephalosporins or penicillin, and calcium channel blockers are among the prominent causes of AGEP.

One of the hallmark signs of early-onset AGEP are tiny erythematous pustules in flexural areas, such as the neck or the armpits. The issue of detecting erythema in darker skin is also relevant to this area, but there is an additional problem, according to Dr. Harp. The pustules often dry up quickly, leaving a neutrophilic scale that further complicates the effort to see the characteristic erythema.

“If you see a lot of scale, look for erythema underneath. Think of inflammation,” Dr. Harp said, explaining that the clinical appearance evolves quickly. “If you do not see the pustules, it does not mean they were not there; you just missed them.”

In addition to the flexural areas, “AGEP loves the ears, the face, and the geographic tongue,” she said, offering several pearls to help with the diagnosis. These include side lighting to make papules easier to see, pressing on the skin to highlight the difference between erythematous skin and blanched skin, and checking less pigmented skin, such as on the hands and feet, which makes erythema easier to see.

Steroids are often the first-line treatment for drug-induced skin rashes, but Dr. Harp moves to etanercept or cyclosporine for the most serious drug reactions, such as SJS and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Etanercept is typically her first choice because patients with systemic hypersensitivity reactions with major organ involvement are often quite ill, making cyclosporine harder to use. In her experience, etanercept has been well tolerated.

Conversely, she cautioned against the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Although this has been used traditionally for severe drug hypersensitivity reactions, “the data are not there,” she said. The data are stronger for a combination of high-dose steroids and IVIG, but she thinks even these data are inconsistent and not as strong as the data supporting etanercept or cyclosporine. She encouraged centers still using IVIG to consider alternatives.

After drug sensitivity reactions are controlled, follow-up care is particularly important for Black patients who face greater risks for sequelae, such as hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, or keloids. She recommended aggressive use of emollients and sunscreens for an extended period after lesions resolve to lessen these risks.

Differences in the manifestations of drug-induced skin rashes by race and ethnicity are important and perhaps underappreciated, agreed Shawn Kwatra, MD, professor and chairman of the Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland, Baltimore.

Asked to comment at the meeting, Dr. Kwatra said that he appreciated Dr. Harp’s effort to translate published data and her experience into an overview that increases awareness of the risk for missed or delayed diagnoses of drug-induced rashes in skin of color. He noted that the strategies to identify erythema and pustules, such as increased suspicion in skin of color and the extra steps to rule them out, such as the use of side lighting in the case of pustules for AGEP, are simple and practical.

Dr. Harp and Dr. Kwatra had no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

NEW YORK — Because of their heterogeneity in appearance, drug-induced skin rashes are a common diagnostic challenge, but eruptions in skin of color, particularly those with a delayed onset, require a high index of suspicion to speed the diagnosis.

This risk for a delayed or missed diagnosis in patients with darker skin is shared across skin rashes, but drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is a telling example, according to Joanna Harp, MD, director of the Inpatient Dermatology Consult Service, NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, New York City.

DIHS, also known as a drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction, Dr. Harp explained. While the fact that this disorder does not always include eosinophilia prompted the DIHS acronym, the maculopapular rash often serves as a critical clue of the underlying etiology.

Signs of AGEP Can Be Subtle in Black Patients

Some of the same principles for diagnosing drug-induced rash in darker skin can also be applied to acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), another type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Like all drug-induced rashes, the earlier AGEP is recognized and treated, the better the outcome, but in Black patients, the signs can be subtle.

“The onset is usually fast and occurs in 1-2 days after [the causative drug] exposure,” said Dr. Harp, adding that antibiotics, such as cephalosporins or penicillin, and calcium channel blockers are among the prominent causes of AGEP.

One of the hallmark signs of early-onset AGEP are tiny erythematous pustules in flexural areas, such as the neck or the armpits. The issue of detecting erythema in darker skin is also relevant to this area, but there is an additional problem, according to Dr. Harp. The pustules often dry up quickly, leaving a neutrophilic scale that further complicates the effort to see the characteristic erythema.

“If you see a lot of scale, look for erythema underneath. Think of inflammation,” Dr. Harp said, explaining that the clinical appearance evolves quickly. “If you do not see the pustules, it does not mean they were not there; you just missed them.”

In addition to the flexural areas, “AGEP loves the ears, the face, and the geographic tongue,” she said, offering several pearls to help with the diagnosis. These include side lighting to make papules easier to see, pressing on the skin to highlight the difference between erythematous skin and blanched skin, and checking less pigmented skin, such as on the hands and feet, which makes erythema easier to see.

Steroids are often the first-line treatment for drug-induced skin rashes, but Dr. Harp moves to etanercept or cyclosporine for the most serious drug reactions, such as SJS and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Etanercept is typically her first choice because patients with systemic hypersensitivity reactions with major organ involvement are often quite ill, making cyclosporine harder to use. In her experience, etanercept has been well tolerated.

Conversely, she cautioned against the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Although this has been used traditionally for severe drug hypersensitivity reactions, “the data are not there,” she said. The data are stronger for a combination of high-dose steroids and IVIG, but she thinks even these data are inconsistent and not as strong as the data supporting etanercept or cyclosporine. She encouraged centers still using IVIG to consider alternatives.

After drug sensitivity reactions are controlled, follow-up care is particularly important for Black patients who face greater risks for sequelae, such as hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, or keloids. She recommended aggressive use of emollients and sunscreens for an extended period after lesions resolve to lessen these risks.

Differences in the manifestations of drug-induced skin rashes by race and ethnicity are important and perhaps underappreciated, agreed Shawn Kwatra, MD, professor and chairman of the Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland, Baltimore.

Asked to comment at the meeting, Dr. Kwatra said that he appreciated Dr. Harp’s effort to translate published data and her experience into an overview that increases awareness of the risk for missed or delayed diagnoses of drug-induced rashes in skin of color. He noted that the strategies to identify erythema and pustules, such as increased suspicion in skin of color and the extra steps to rule them out, such as the use of side lighting in the case of pustules for AGEP, are simple and practical.

Dr. Harp and Dr. Kwatra had no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

NEW YORK — Because of their heterogeneity in appearance, drug-induced skin rashes are a common diagnostic challenge, but eruptions in skin of color, particularly those with a delayed onset, require a high index of suspicion to speed the diagnosis.

This risk for a delayed or missed diagnosis in patients with darker skin is shared across skin rashes, but drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is a telling example, according to Joanna Harp, MD, director of the Inpatient Dermatology Consult Service, NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, New York City.

DIHS, also known as a drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction, Dr. Harp explained. While the fact that this disorder does not always include eosinophilia prompted the DIHS acronym, the maculopapular rash often serves as a critical clue of the underlying etiology.

Signs of AGEP Can Be Subtle in Black Patients

Some of the same principles for diagnosing drug-induced rash in darker skin can also be applied to acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), another type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Like all drug-induced rashes, the earlier AGEP is recognized and treated, the better the outcome, but in Black patients, the signs can be subtle.

“The onset is usually fast and occurs in 1-2 days after [the causative drug] exposure,” said Dr. Harp, adding that antibiotics, such as cephalosporins or penicillin, and calcium channel blockers are among the prominent causes of AGEP.

One of the hallmark signs of early-onset AGEP are tiny erythematous pustules in flexural areas, such as the neck or the armpits. The issue of detecting erythema in darker skin is also relevant to this area, but there is an additional problem, according to Dr. Harp. The pustules often dry up quickly, leaving a neutrophilic scale that further complicates the effort to see the characteristic erythema.

“If you see a lot of scale, look for erythema underneath. Think of inflammation,” Dr. Harp said, explaining that the clinical appearance evolves quickly. “If you do not see the pustules, it does not mean they were not there; you just missed them.”

In addition to the flexural areas, “AGEP loves the ears, the face, and the geographic tongue,” she said, offering several pearls to help with the diagnosis. These include side lighting to make papules easier to see, pressing on the skin to highlight the difference between erythematous skin and blanched skin, and checking less pigmented skin, such as on the hands and feet, which makes erythema easier to see.

Steroids are often the first-line treatment for drug-induced skin rashes, but Dr. Harp moves to etanercept or cyclosporine for the most serious drug reactions, such as SJS and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Etanercept is typically her first choice because patients with systemic hypersensitivity reactions with major organ involvement are often quite ill, making cyclosporine harder to use. In her experience, etanercept has been well tolerated.

Conversely, she cautioned against the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Although this has been used traditionally for severe drug hypersensitivity reactions, “the data are not there,” she said. The data are stronger for a combination of high-dose steroids and IVIG, but she thinks even these data are inconsistent and not as strong as the data supporting etanercept or cyclosporine. She encouraged centers still using IVIG to consider alternatives.

After drug sensitivity reactions are controlled, follow-up care is particularly important for Black patients who face greater risks for sequelae, such as hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, or keloids. She recommended aggressive use of emollients and sunscreens for an extended period after lesions resolve to lessen these risks.

Differences in the manifestations of drug-induced skin rashes by race and ethnicity are important and perhaps underappreciated, agreed Shawn Kwatra, MD, professor and chairman of the Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland, Baltimore.

Asked to comment at the meeting, Dr. Kwatra said that he appreciated Dr. Harp’s effort to translate published data and her experience into an overview that increases awareness of the risk for missed or delayed diagnoses of drug-induced rashes in skin of color. He noted that the strategies to identify erythema and pustules, such as increased suspicion in skin of color and the extra steps to rule them out, such as the use of side lighting in the case of pustules for AGEP, are simple and practical.

Dr. Harp and Dr. Kwatra had no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

NEW YORK — Underrepresentation by gender and race in major clinical trials has been a cause for complaint for decades, but the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has drafted a regulatory solution to this issue expected to be implemented sometime in 2025.

This initiative, known as the FDA’s Diversity Action Plan (DAP), will require plans for all pivotal and phase 3 trials to provide details in their design of how diversity will be achieved or, if there are no plans for diversity, the reason why, according to Valerie M. Harvey, MD, MPH, associate clinical professor, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia. These rules will be codified, she said at the 2024 Skin of Color Update.

Once the DAP is enacted, “the sponsor must specify the rationale and goals for study enrollment by age, ethnicity, sex, and race,” she said. Furthermore, the submission to the FDA must “describe the methods to meet the diversity benchmarks.”
 

Lack of Trial Diversity Is Common Across Medicine

Although she focused on the relevance of this initiative to dermatology, Dr. Harvey said the lack of diversity in clinical trials is pervasive throughout medicine. In one survey of randomized controlled trials, less than 60% of trials even specified the race and ethnicity of the participants. In recent psoriasis trials, only 30% met a diversity definition of ≥ 20% of patients identifying as minority (Black, Hispanic, Asian, or other non-White group), said Dr. Harvey, who practices dermatology in Newport News, Virginia.

The FDA draft guidance for the DAP was released in June 2024 and is now available for submitting comments (until September 26). The plan is expected to be published in June 2025, according to Dr. Harvey. It will pertain to all pivotal and phase 3 trials enrolling 180 days after the publication date and will be relevant to all drugs and biologics as well as certain devices.

This initiative could be a critical step toward ensuring diversity in major clinical trials after years of stagnation, Dr. Harvey said, noting that despite repeated calls for more diversity in clinical trials, the literature suggests “little progress.”

However, she said that increasing diversity in clinical trials is just one step toward gathering data about the generalizability of efficacy and safety across racial and ethnic groups. A much more complex issue involves how race and ethnicity are defined in order to understand differences, if any, for efficacy and risk.

“Race is a dynamic social construct and a poor measure for biologic variation and skin color,” Dr. Harvey said. This means that work is needed to address the more complex issue of race and ethnicity stratification that will help clinicians understand the relative benefits and risks for the drugs in these trials.

Rather than differences based on genetic or other sources of biologic differences, she said, outcomes by race alone are often suspected of reflecting disparities in access to healthcare rather than a difference in therapeutic response.
 

Skin Color Is Inadequate to Define Race

When stratifying patients by race or ethnicity, Dr. Harvey said that “we have to be very, very careful in considering the study purpose and what the study question is.” A study attempting to compare benefits and risks among subgroups by race or ethnicity will require descriptors beyond skin color.

The recognized limitations of measuring skin tone as a surrogate of race are one reason for widespread interest in moving away from the Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) rating that has been widely considered a standard, according to Dr. Harvey. Several alternatives have been proposed, including the Monk Skin Tone Scale, the Individual Typology Angle, and the Eumelanin Human Skin Color Scale, but she cautioned that these are less well validated and generally have the limitations of the FST.

If skin color was ever useful for grouping individuals on the basis of shared physiology, growing rates of intermarriage and immigration have made skin color increasingly irrelevant to racial identity. If the goal is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs across racial groups and ethnicities, the characterization of populations will almost certainly require multiple descriptors and biomarkers, she said.

“It is very important to have many tools for characterizing patients by skin type,” Susan Taylor, MD, professor of dermatology and vice chair for diversity, equity, and inclusion for the Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, said in an interview at the meeting.

The reason is “there are limitations to all of them,” she said, noting also that the questions being asked about how and if skin color and race are relevant to therapeutic options differ by the question, such as innate response or access to care.

Dr. Taylor is part of a workshop that she said is evaluating a combination of instruments for characterizing skin color and race in ways relevant to the specific question being asked.

The solutions might differ. While simple clinical assessments involving skin color might be made with methods captured on a smartphone app, Dr. Taylor acknowledged that far more complex tools might be required to document the effect of racial or ethnic differences in drug efficacy and safety in a research setting.

Outside of a research setting, any tools that might be useful for assessing race as a variable must be practical, according to Dr. Harvey. She suggested that these must be time efficient, of reasonable cost, and most importantly, reliable.

Tools meeting these criteria do not currently exist, but Dr. Harvey said the work is underway. She expects a “top-down” collaborative approach to validate alternatives to the FST. If such tools can be developed with buy-in from the FDA, they might be particularly useful for translating trial data to patient care, she added.

Dr. Harvey reported financial relationships with AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, L’Oréal, and SkinCeuticals. Dr. Taylor, president-elect of the American Academy of Dermatology, reported financial relationships with more than 25 pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

NEW YORK — Underrepresentation by gender and race in major clinical trials has been a cause for complaint for decades, but the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has drafted a regulatory solution to this issue expected to be implemented sometime in 2025.

This initiative, known as the FDA’s Diversity Action Plan (DAP), will require plans for all pivotal and phase 3 trials to provide details in their design of how diversity will be achieved or, if there are no plans for diversity, the reason why, according to Valerie M. Harvey, MD, MPH, associate clinical professor, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia. These rules will be codified, she said at the 2024 Skin of Color Update.

Once the DAP is enacted, “the sponsor must specify the rationale and goals for study enrollment by age, ethnicity, sex, and race,” she said. Furthermore, the submission to the FDA must “describe the methods to meet the diversity benchmarks.”
 

Lack of Trial Diversity Is Common Across Medicine

Although she focused on the relevance of this initiative to dermatology, Dr. Harvey said the lack of diversity in clinical trials is pervasive throughout medicine. In one survey of randomized controlled trials, less than 60% of trials even specified the race and ethnicity of the participants. In recent psoriasis trials, only 30% met a diversity definition of ≥ 20% of patients identifying as minority (Black, Hispanic, Asian, or other non-White group), said Dr. Harvey, who practices dermatology in Newport News, Virginia.

The FDA draft guidance for the DAP was released in June 2024 and is now available for submitting comments (until September 26). The plan is expected to be published in June 2025, according to Dr. Harvey. It will pertain to all pivotal and phase 3 trials enrolling 180 days after the publication date and will be relevant to all drugs and biologics as well as certain devices.

This initiative could be a critical step toward ensuring diversity in major clinical trials after years of stagnation, Dr. Harvey said, noting that despite repeated calls for more diversity in clinical trials, the literature suggests “little progress.”

However, she said that increasing diversity in clinical trials is just one step toward gathering data about the generalizability of efficacy and safety across racial and ethnic groups. A much more complex issue involves how race and ethnicity are defined in order to understand differences, if any, for efficacy and risk.

“Race is a dynamic social construct and a poor measure for biologic variation and skin color,” Dr. Harvey said. This means that work is needed to address the more complex issue of race and ethnicity stratification that will help clinicians understand the relative benefits and risks for the drugs in these trials.

Rather than differences based on genetic or other sources of biologic differences, she said, outcomes by race alone are often suspected of reflecting disparities in access to healthcare rather than a difference in therapeutic response.
 

Skin Color Is Inadequate to Define Race

When stratifying patients by race or ethnicity, Dr. Harvey said that “we have to be very, very careful in considering the study purpose and what the study question is.” A study attempting to compare benefits and risks among subgroups by race or ethnicity will require descriptors beyond skin color.

The recognized limitations of measuring skin tone as a surrogate of race are one reason for widespread interest in moving away from the Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) rating that has been widely considered a standard, according to Dr. Harvey. Several alternatives have been proposed, including the Monk Skin Tone Scale, the Individual Typology Angle, and the Eumelanin Human Skin Color Scale, but she cautioned that these are less well validated and generally have the limitations of the FST.

If skin color was ever useful for grouping individuals on the basis of shared physiology, growing rates of intermarriage and immigration have made skin color increasingly irrelevant to racial identity. If the goal is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs across racial groups and ethnicities, the characterization of populations will almost certainly require multiple descriptors and biomarkers, she said.

“It is very important to have many tools for characterizing patients by skin type,” Susan Taylor, MD, professor of dermatology and vice chair for diversity, equity, and inclusion for the Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, said in an interview at the meeting.

The reason is “there are limitations to all of them,” she said, noting also that the questions being asked about how and if skin color and race are relevant to therapeutic options differ by the question, such as innate response or access to care.

Dr. Taylor is part of a workshop that she said is evaluating a combination of instruments for characterizing skin color and race in ways relevant to the specific question being asked.

The solutions might differ. While simple clinical assessments involving skin color might be made with methods captured on a smartphone app, Dr. Taylor acknowledged that far more complex tools might be required to document the effect of racial or ethnic differences in drug efficacy and safety in a research setting.

Outside of a research setting, any tools that might be useful for assessing race as a variable must be practical, according to Dr. Harvey. She suggested that these must be time efficient, of reasonable cost, and most importantly, reliable.

Tools meeting these criteria do not currently exist, but Dr. Harvey said the work is underway. She expects a “top-down” collaborative approach to validate alternatives to the FST. If such tools can be developed with buy-in from the FDA, they might be particularly useful for translating trial data to patient care, she added.

Dr. Harvey reported financial relationships with AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, L’Oréal, and SkinCeuticals. Dr. Taylor, president-elect of the American Academy of Dermatology, reported financial relationships with more than 25 pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

NEW YORK — Underrepresentation by gender and race in major clinical trials has been a cause for complaint for decades, but the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has drafted a regulatory solution to this issue expected to be implemented sometime in 2025.

This initiative, known as the FDA’s Diversity Action Plan (DAP), will require plans for all pivotal and phase 3 trials to provide details in their design of how diversity will be achieved or, if there are no plans for diversity, the reason why, according to Valerie M. Harvey, MD, MPH, associate clinical professor, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia. These rules will be codified, she said at the 2024 Skin of Color Update.

Once the DAP is enacted, “the sponsor must specify the rationale and goals for study enrollment by age, ethnicity, sex, and race,” she said. Furthermore, the submission to the FDA must “describe the methods to meet the diversity benchmarks.”
 

Lack of Trial Diversity Is Common Across Medicine

Although she focused on the relevance of this initiative to dermatology, Dr. Harvey said the lack of diversity in clinical trials is pervasive throughout medicine. In one survey of randomized controlled trials, less than 60% of trials even specified the race and ethnicity of the participants. In recent psoriasis trials, only 30% met a diversity definition of ≥ 20% of patients identifying as minority (Black, Hispanic, Asian, or other non-White group), said Dr. Harvey, who practices dermatology in Newport News, Virginia.

The FDA draft guidance for the DAP was released in June 2024 and is now available for submitting comments (until September 26). The plan is expected to be published in June 2025, according to Dr. Harvey. It will pertain to all pivotal and phase 3 trials enrolling 180 days after the publication date and will be relevant to all drugs and biologics as well as certain devices.

This initiative could be a critical step toward ensuring diversity in major clinical trials after years of stagnation, Dr. Harvey said, noting that despite repeated calls for more diversity in clinical trials, the literature suggests “little progress.”

However, she said that increasing diversity in clinical trials is just one step toward gathering data about the generalizability of efficacy and safety across racial and ethnic groups. A much more complex issue involves how race and ethnicity are defined in order to understand differences, if any, for efficacy and risk.

“Race is a dynamic social construct and a poor measure for biologic variation and skin color,” Dr. Harvey said. This means that work is needed to address the more complex issue of race and ethnicity stratification that will help clinicians understand the relative benefits and risks for the drugs in these trials.

Rather than differences based on genetic or other sources of biologic differences, she said, outcomes by race alone are often suspected of reflecting disparities in access to healthcare rather than a difference in therapeutic response.
 

Skin Color Is Inadequate to Define Race

When stratifying patients by race or ethnicity, Dr. Harvey said that “we have to be very, very careful in considering the study purpose and what the study question is.” A study attempting to compare benefits and risks among subgroups by race or ethnicity will require descriptors beyond skin color.

The recognized limitations of measuring skin tone as a surrogate of race are one reason for widespread interest in moving away from the Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) rating that has been widely considered a standard, according to Dr. Harvey. Several alternatives have been proposed, including the Monk Skin Tone Scale, the Individual Typology Angle, and the Eumelanin Human Skin Color Scale, but she cautioned that these are less well validated and generally have the limitations of the FST.

If skin color was ever useful for grouping individuals on the basis of shared physiology, growing rates of intermarriage and immigration have made skin color increasingly irrelevant to racial identity. If the goal is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs across racial groups and ethnicities, the characterization of populations will almost certainly require multiple descriptors and biomarkers, she said.

“It is very important to have many tools for characterizing patients by skin type,” Susan Taylor, MD, professor of dermatology and vice chair for diversity, equity, and inclusion for the Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, said in an interview at the meeting.

The reason is “there are limitations to all of them,” she said, noting also that the questions being asked about how and if skin color and race are relevant to therapeutic options differ by the question, such as innate response or access to care.

Dr. Taylor is part of a workshop that she said is evaluating a combination of instruments for characterizing skin color and race in ways relevant to the specific question being asked.

The solutions might differ. While simple clinical assessments involving skin color might be made with methods captured on a smartphone app, Dr. Taylor acknowledged that far more complex tools might be required to document the effect of racial or ethnic differences in drug efficacy and safety in a research setting.

Outside of a research setting, any tools that might be useful for assessing race as a variable must be practical, according to Dr. Harvey. She suggested that these must be time efficient, of reasonable cost, and most importantly, reliable.

Tools meeting these criteria do not currently exist, but Dr. Harvey said the work is underway. She expects a “top-down” collaborative approach to validate alternatives to the FST. If such tools can be developed with buy-in from the FDA, they might be particularly useful for translating trial data to patient care, she added.

Dr. Harvey reported financial relationships with AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, L’Oréal, and SkinCeuticals. Dr. Taylor, president-elect of the American Academy of Dermatology, reported financial relationships with more than 25 pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

CHICAGO — The vast majority of women experiencing genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) symptoms did not receive a prescription for hormonal vaginal therapies prior to seeking care at a specialized menopause clinic, according to research presented at the annual meeting of The Menopause Society.

“GSM symptoms are very common and affect women’s health and quality of life, often worsening without effective therapy,” Leticia Hernández Galán, PhD, of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and colleagues reported. “We have demonstrated that most women seeking specialty care in an urban center with GSM symptoms have not been given a trial of local vaginal therapies by referring providers despite guidelines about safety and lack of contraindications. Given very long wait times for menopause providers in Canada, improved education for both women and their providers is needed to reduce needless suffering and improve care.”

Stephanie Faubion, MD, MBA, director of the Mayo Clinic Women’s Health in Jacksonville, Florida, and medical director of The Menopause Society, was not involved with the study but agreed with the authors’ assessment of the findings.

“This study highlights the treatment gap for women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause,” Dr. Faubion told this news organization. “Clearly, there is underutilization of low-dose vaginal hormonal therapies, which are known to be safe and effective. We still have work to do in terms of educating both women and providers on established treatment options for this common concern in menopausal women.” 

The findings match previous ones that found a majority of women with GSM do not receive treatment. A 2017 study, which was cited in the 2020 Menopause Society position statement on the condition, found that half of women with GSM had never used any treatment.

GSM is the current term that replaces previously used “vulvovaginal atrophy” and “atrophic vaginitis” because it encompasses all the menopause symptoms and signs associated with menopause that affect the vagina, vulva, and urinary tract. Anywhere from 50% to 84% of postmenopausal women experience GSM, the authors noted, with symptoms that include “burning, itching, or irritation of the vulva” and “lack of lubrication and discomfort or pain with sexual activity as well as dysuria, increased frequency or urgency of urination, and increased risk for urinary tract infections.”

First-line treatment of mild GSM often includes nonhormonal vaginal lubricants and moisturizers, but vaginal estrogen is considered the most effective treatment for more severe or bothersome cases. Other treatments include systematic hormone therapy and ospemifene or other selective estrogen receptor modulators.
 

Increased Risk for Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Untreated GSM is not simply a quality of life issue; it increases the risk of developing serious UTIs, explained JoAnn Pinkerton, MD, a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, who was not involved in the study.

“Estrogen depletion alters the vaginal epithelium, with distinct impairments in lubrication, elasticity, pH, and blood flow,” Dr. Pinkerton said. “The vaginal microbiome changes, with increasing pH following menopause and loss of lactobacillus predominance. These alterations allow a more hospitable environment for bacterial growth and increase the risk of UTI.”

Vaginal estrogen, meanwhile, reduces UTI risk because it “increases the presence of lactobacillus in the vagina due to improvements in vaginal pH, rebuilding superficial cells, elasticity, and connectivity,” she said.

The study assessed the incidence of GSM among patients at a single specialized Canadian institution, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Menopause Clinic in Hamilton, Ontario, between January 2021 and August 2024. Patients completed a Menopause Rating Scale that quantified two sets of GSM symptoms relating to “dryness of the vagina” and “bladder problems.” Patients also answered questions about the provider they had seen before coming to the specialized clinic and whether they had been prescribed local vaginal products before their visit.

Among 529 patients, the average age was 51, and the vast majority (88%) had some amount of tertiary education beyond high school. Only 21.5% were still menstruating, whereas the other respondents had stopped menstruating. The patient population was mostly White (85.6%), with Black, Hispanic, Asian, Middle Eastern, and Indigenous patients making up most of the other patient groups.

Among the 521 patients who answered the question on vaginal dryness, answers were similarly split between none (26%), mild (23%), moderate (21%), severe (15%), and very severe (15%). One third of the 526 women (34%) who answered the question on bladder problems said they had none, whereas the remainder reported their problems as mild (24%), moderate (24%), severe (11%), or very severe (7%).

Despite about half the participants reporting moderate to very severe vaginal dryness, 85% of them had not been prescribed local vaginal hormone therapies before their visit to the menopause clinic. Women were more likely to have been prescribed a localized therapy if they were older, were postmenopausal instead of perimenopausal, or had a female healthcare provider prior to this visit.

The survey also asked about the specialty and years in practice for the providers women had seen before visiting the clinic, but neither of these were predictors for receiving a hormone prescription. The patient’s education, partner status, and ethnicity were also not associated with the likelihood of a prescription.

Among 62 women who had been prescribed a vaginal hormone treatment, most were prescribed Vagifem (29%) or Premarin Vaginal cream (26%), followed by Intrarosa (19%), Estragyn cream (16%), Estring (3%), or something else (18%).
 

Serious Complications of GSM

Dr. Pinkerton described how GSM, particularly in older women, can run the risk of becoming life-threatening if untreated and unrecognized.

“For some women, UTIs can lead to urosepsis, as both the vaginal tissues and bladder tissues are thin with blood vessels close to the surface,” Dr. Pinkerton said. “What may have started as a UTI, can ascend to the kidneys or get into the bloodstream, which, in some, can develop into urosepsis, which can be life-threatening. The bacterial pathogen initiates the disease process, but host immune responses drive whether sepsis develops and its severity.”

The research by Dr. Hernández Galán was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian Menopause Society, and Pfizer. Dr. Faubion had no disclosures, and Dr. Pinkerton has run a trial funded by Bayer and is a consultant for Bayer and Pfizer.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

CHICAGO — The vast majority of women experiencing genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) symptoms did not receive a prescription for hormonal vaginal therapies prior to seeking care at a specialized menopause clinic, according to research presented at the annual meeting of The Menopause Society.

“GSM symptoms are very common and affect women’s health and quality of life, often worsening without effective therapy,” Leticia Hernández Galán, PhD, of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and colleagues reported. “We have demonstrated that most women seeking specialty care in an urban center with GSM symptoms have not been given a trial of local vaginal therapies by referring providers despite guidelines about safety and lack of contraindications. Given very long wait times for menopause providers in Canada, improved education for both women and their providers is needed to reduce needless suffering and improve care.”

Stephanie Faubion, MD, MBA, director of the Mayo Clinic Women’s Health in Jacksonville, Florida, and medical director of The Menopause Society, was not involved with the study but agreed with the authors’ assessment of the findings.

“This study highlights the treatment gap for women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause,” Dr. Faubion told this news organization. “Clearly, there is underutilization of low-dose vaginal hormonal therapies, which are known to be safe and effective. We still have work to do in terms of educating both women and providers on established treatment options for this common concern in menopausal women.” 

The findings match previous ones that found a majority of women with GSM do not receive treatment. A 2017 study, which was cited in the 2020 Menopause Society position statement on the condition, found that half of women with GSM had never used any treatment.

GSM is the current term that replaces previously used “vulvovaginal atrophy” and “atrophic vaginitis” because it encompasses all the menopause symptoms and signs associated with menopause that affect the vagina, vulva, and urinary tract. Anywhere from 50% to 84% of postmenopausal women experience GSM, the authors noted, with symptoms that include “burning, itching, or irritation of the vulva” and “lack of lubrication and discomfort or pain with sexual activity as well as dysuria, increased frequency or urgency of urination, and increased risk for urinary tract infections.”

First-line treatment of mild GSM often includes nonhormonal vaginal lubricants and moisturizers, but vaginal estrogen is considered the most effective treatment for more severe or bothersome cases. Other treatments include systematic hormone therapy and ospemifene or other selective estrogen receptor modulators.
 

Increased Risk for Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Untreated GSM is not simply a quality of life issue; it increases the risk of developing serious UTIs, explained JoAnn Pinkerton, MD, a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, who was not involved in the study.

“Estrogen depletion alters the vaginal epithelium, with distinct impairments in lubrication, elasticity, pH, and blood flow,” Dr. Pinkerton said. “The vaginal microbiome changes, with increasing pH following menopause and loss of lactobacillus predominance. These alterations allow a more hospitable environment for bacterial growth and increase the risk of UTI.”

Vaginal estrogen, meanwhile, reduces UTI risk because it “increases the presence of lactobacillus in the vagina due to improvements in vaginal pH, rebuilding superficial cells, elasticity, and connectivity,” she said.

The study assessed the incidence of GSM among patients at a single specialized Canadian institution, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Menopause Clinic in Hamilton, Ontario, between January 2021 and August 2024. Patients completed a Menopause Rating Scale that quantified two sets of GSM symptoms relating to “dryness of the vagina” and “bladder problems.” Patients also answered questions about the provider they had seen before coming to the specialized clinic and whether they had been prescribed local vaginal products before their visit.

Among 529 patients, the average age was 51, and the vast majority (88%) had some amount of tertiary education beyond high school. Only 21.5% were still menstruating, whereas the other respondents had stopped menstruating. The patient population was mostly White (85.6%), with Black, Hispanic, Asian, Middle Eastern, and Indigenous patients making up most of the other patient groups.

Among the 521 patients who answered the question on vaginal dryness, answers were similarly split between none (26%), mild (23%), moderate (21%), severe (15%), and very severe (15%). One third of the 526 women (34%) who answered the question on bladder problems said they had none, whereas the remainder reported their problems as mild (24%), moderate (24%), severe (11%), or very severe (7%).

Despite about half the participants reporting moderate to very severe vaginal dryness, 85% of them had not been prescribed local vaginal hormone therapies before their visit to the menopause clinic. Women were more likely to have been prescribed a localized therapy if they were older, were postmenopausal instead of perimenopausal, or had a female healthcare provider prior to this visit.

The survey also asked about the specialty and years in practice for the providers women had seen before visiting the clinic, but neither of these were predictors for receiving a hormone prescription. The patient’s education, partner status, and ethnicity were also not associated with the likelihood of a prescription.

Among 62 women who had been prescribed a vaginal hormone treatment, most were prescribed Vagifem (29%) or Premarin Vaginal cream (26%), followed by Intrarosa (19%), Estragyn cream (16%), Estring (3%), or something else (18%).
 

Serious Complications of GSM

Dr. Pinkerton described how GSM, particularly in older women, can run the risk of becoming life-threatening if untreated and unrecognized.

“For some women, UTIs can lead to urosepsis, as both the vaginal tissues and bladder tissues are thin with blood vessels close to the surface,” Dr. Pinkerton said. “What may have started as a UTI, can ascend to the kidneys or get into the bloodstream, which, in some, can develop into urosepsis, which can be life-threatening. The bacterial pathogen initiates the disease process, but host immune responses drive whether sepsis develops and its severity.”

The research by Dr. Hernández Galán was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian Menopause Society, and Pfizer. Dr. Faubion had no disclosures, and Dr. Pinkerton has run a trial funded by Bayer and is a consultant for Bayer and Pfizer.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

CHICAGO — The vast majority of women experiencing genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) symptoms did not receive a prescription for hormonal vaginal therapies prior to seeking care at a specialized menopause clinic, according to research presented at the annual meeting of The Menopause Society.

“GSM symptoms are very common and affect women’s health and quality of life, often worsening without effective therapy,” Leticia Hernández Galán, PhD, of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and colleagues reported. “We have demonstrated that most women seeking specialty care in an urban center with GSM symptoms have not been given a trial of local vaginal therapies by referring providers despite guidelines about safety and lack of contraindications. Given very long wait times for menopause providers in Canada, improved education for both women and their providers is needed to reduce needless suffering and improve care.”

Stephanie Faubion, MD, MBA, director of the Mayo Clinic Women’s Health in Jacksonville, Florida, and medical director of The Menopause Society, was not involved with the study but agreed with the authors’ assessment of the findings.

“This study highlights the treatment gap for women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause,” Dr. Faubion told this news organization. “Clearly, there is underutilization of low-dose vaginal hormonal therapies, which are known to be safe and effective. We still have work to do in terms of educating both women and providers on established treatment options for this common concern in menopausal women.” 

The findings match previous ones that found a majority of women with GSM do not receive treatment. A 2017 study, which was cited in the 2020 Menopause Society position statement on the condition, found that half of women with GSM had never used any treatment.

GSM is the current term that replaces previously used “vulvovaginal atrophy” and “atrophic vaginitis” because it encompasses all the menopause symptoms and signs associated with menopause that affect the vagina, vulva, and urinary tract. Anywhere from 50% to 84% of postmenopausal women experience GSM, the authors noted, with symptoms that include “burning, itching, or irritation of the vulva” and “lack of lubrication and discomfort or pain with sexual activity as well as dysuria, increased frequency or urgency of urination, and increased risk for urinary tract infections.”

First-line treatment of mild GSM often includes nonhormonal vaginal lubricants and moisturizers, but vaginal estrogen is considered the most effective treatment for more severe or bothersome cases. Other treatments include systematic hormone therapy and ospemifene or other selective estrogen receptor modulators.
 

Increased Risk for Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Untreated GSM is not simply a quality of life issue; it increases the risk of developing serious UTIs, explained JoAnn Pinkerton, MD, a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, who was not involved in the study.

“Estrogen depletion alters the vaginal epithelium, with distinct impairments in lubrication, elasticity, pH, and blood flow,” Dr. Pinkerton said. “The vaginal microbiome changes, with increasing pH following menopause and loss of lactobacillus predominance. These alterations allow a more hospitable environment for bacterial growth and increase the risk of UTI.”

Vaginal estrogen, meanwhile, reduces UTI risk because it “increases the presence of lactobacillus in the vagina due to improvements in vaginal pH, rebuilding superficial cells, elasticity, and connectivity,” she said.

The study assessed the incidence of GSM among patients at a single specialized Canadian institution, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Menopause Clinic in Hamilton, Ontario, between January 2021 and August 2024. Patients completed a Menopause Rating Scale that quantified two sets of GSM symptoms relating to “dryness of the vagina” and “bladder problems.” Patients also answered questions about the provider they had seen before coming to the specialized clinic and whether they had been prescribed local vaginal products before their visit.

Among 529 patients, the average age was 51, and the vast majority (88%) had some amount of tertiary education beyond high school. Only 21.5% were still menstruating, whereas the other respondents had stopped menstruating. The patient population was mostly White (85.6%), with Black, Hispanic, Asian, Middle Eastern, and Indigenous patients making up most of the other patient groups.

Among the 521 patients who answered the question on vaginal dryness, answers were similarly split between none (26%), mild (23%), moderate (21%), severe (15%), and very severe (15%). One third of the 526 women (34%) who answered the question on bladder problems said they had none, whereas the remainder reported their problems as mild (24%), moderate (24%), severe (11%), or very severe (7%).

Despite about half the participants reporting moderate to very severe vaginal dryness, 85% of them had not been prescribed local vaginal hormone therapies before their visit to the menopause clinic. Women were more likely to have been prescribed a localized therapy if they were older, were postmenopausal instead of perimenopausal, or had a female healthcare provider prior to this visit.

The survey also asked about the specialty and years in practice for the providers women had seen before visiting the clinic, but neither of these were predictors for receiving a hormone prescription. The patient’s education, partner status, and ethnicity were also not associated with the likelihood of a prescription.

Among 62 women who had been prescribed a vaginal hormone treatment, most were prescribed Vagifem (29%) or Premarin Vaginal cream (26%), followed by Intrarosa (19%), Estragyn cream (16%), Estring (3%), or something else (18%).
 

Serious Complications of GSM

Dr. Pinkerton described how GSM, particularly in older women, can run the risk of becoming life-threatening if untreated and unrecognized.

“For some women, UTIs can lead to urosepsis, as both the vaginal tissues and bladder tissues are thin with blood vessels close to the surface,” Dr. Pinkerton said. “What may have started as a UTI, can ascend to the kidneys or get into the bloodstream, which, in some, can develop into urosepsis, which can be life-threatening. The bacterial pathogen initiates the disease process, but host immune responses drive whether sepsis develops and its severity.”

The research by Dr. Hernández Galán was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian Menopause Society, and Pfizer. Dr. Faubion had no disclosures, and Dr. Pinkerton has run a trial funded by Bayer and is a consultant for Bayer and Pfizer.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

CHICAGO — Less than 4% of American women aged 50-59 years use hormone therapy (HT) to treat menopausal symptoms today, approximately 10 times lower than the peak use of HT before the publication of the 2002 Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study that misguidedly cast doubt on the safety of HT. Though subsequent research has addressed the flaws of the WHI study and supports the use of HT in most menopausal women younger than 60 years, use of this therapy has never recovered, according to research presented at the annual meeting of The Menopause Society (formerly The North American Menopause Society).

“Despite evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of HT, usage rates of US Food and Drug Administration–approved HT remain low,” Stephanie Faubion, MD, MBA, director of the Mayo Clinic Women’s Health in Jacksonville, Florida, and medical director of The Menopause Society, told attendees. “Improved education of clinicians and patients is critically needed.”

Today, “there is more clarity on the risk/benefit ratio of HT use with the benefits typically outweighing the risks in women who initiate therapy under the age of 60 years and within 10 years of menopause onset.”

Using medical and pharmacy claims data from OptumLabs, Dr. Faubion and her colleagues examined utilization rates from 2007 to 2023 of transdermal vs oral estrogen and of conjugated estrogen vs estradiol in women aged 40 years or older. The data included more than 200 million people throughout the United States covered by commercial insurance or Medicare Advantage. The researchers defined annual rate of HT use as the proportion of women who had at least 180 days of a filled prescription for a systemic HT preparation with estrogen.

The study population increased from an estimated 2 million women in 2007 to 4.5 million women in 2023, and the average age of enrollees increased from 53 in 2007 to 66 in 2023. Starting at 4.6% in 2007, HT use steadily declined to a low of 1.8% in 2023 for the whole cohort of women aged 40 years or older.

Though rates remained highest in women aged 50-64 years, it still declined within each age group: From 6% in 2007 to 3.6% in 2023 among women aged 50-54 years, from 7.3% to 3.8% among women aged 55-59 years, and from 7.5% to 2.9% among women aged 60-64 years. It also declined in younger women, from 3.2% in 2007 to 1.5% in 2023 in those aged 45-50 years. Estradiol was the most common formulation used, and oral administration was the most common route.

The researchers also saw a gradual decline during the study period in the use of high-dose oral HT and an increase in the use of low-dose oral HT, whereas standard dosages remained fairly consistent as the most common dose prescribed. Similarly, the use of high transdermal doses declined, whereas low transdermal doses increased and surpassed the use of standard doses. Conjugated estrogen use plummeted during the study period across all age groups, from 2%-5% in most age groups to < 1% in all age groups by 2023.

One limitation of the study was that it could not examine rates of compounded HT use because those would not be reflected in insurance claims, pointed out JoAnn Pinkerton, MD, a professor of ob.gyn. at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia, who was not involved in the study. Dr. Pinkerton found it surprising that the numbers were so low, despite the fact that research estimates suggest less than 15% of menopausal women are receiving adequate treatment, she told this news organization. “You can see there’s a large unmet need to get treatment,” she said. “All major medical societies say the same thing: For healthy, symptomatic menopausal women, you can use hormone therapy safely and effectively.” 

The lack of education among providers is likely the biggest reason for the decline, Dr. Pinkerton says. “I think it’s because there’s a whole group of providers that did not receive any training, and that’s OB/GYNs, internal medicine, family practice, endocrinologists,” she said. “Now that people are starting to feel more confident that we can use it safely, we’re trying to get that training out to people about vasomotor symptoms, about hormone therapy, and now about new nonhormone therapies.”

Dr. Pinkerton noted that The Menopause Society has begun a new teaching program, Menopause Step-by-Step, aimed at providing short articles on the basics of menopause, HT, non-HT, and vaginal issues.

A separate poster presented at the conference provides insight into another potential factor contributing to low HT rates. A survey of 1050 American and Canadian women found that 90% discussed their symptoms with their healthcare providers, yet only 25% said their doctor identified the symptoms as likely due to perimenopause or menopause on their first visit — and only 10% of respondents said their doctor was the one to bring up perimenopause/menopause.

The respondents comprised a convenience sample of those who saw the survey on social media, in an email, or on the website of Morphus, a Toronto-based company aimed at providing support, information, and products related to menopause. Though the survey is ongoing, the analyzed responses are from March to May 2024.

Though 40% of the women said their provider attributed their symptoms to perimenopause or menopause on the second or third visit, 18% saw a provider four to five times, and 17% saw a provider more than five times before the provider considered menopause as a cause. About a third of the women (35%) brought it up to their doctor themselves and found their provider receptive, but 40% said the response was dismissive when they brought it up, and 15% said the topic was never broached at all.

Andrea Donsky, RHN, founder of Morphus who conducted the study, found these numbers surprising because she would have hoped that more doctors would have brought up perimenopause/menopause sooner. “We still have a lot of work to do to help educate women and healthcare providers,” Ms. Donsky told this news organization. “A lot of women spend years not knowing they’re in this phase of life, so they visit their doctors/HCPs [healthcare providers] many times because the connection isn’t made on the first visit.”

Danielle Meitiv, MS, a study co-author and health coach based in Silver Spring, Maryland, added, “Everyone wonders why we end up with Dr. Google; that’s the only doctor who’s talking to us about menopause.”

Dr. Pinkerton was less surprised by these survey findings. “As a menopause specialist, my most common new patient is a perimenopausal woman who feels like she hasn’t been listened to,” whether it’s her primary care doctor, her ob.gyn., or another clinician. “If the provider doesn’t ask or if the women doesn’t tell, then you don’t have the conversation,” Dr. Pinkerton said. “So many women in perimenopause are busy with work, families, partnerships, aging parents — all of the issues that they’re dealing with — that when they start to have sleep issues or mood issues or easy crying, they relate it to their life stressors, instead of recognizing that it’s fluctuating hormones.”

When Ms. Donsky examined the 1223 responses they had received through August 2024, the most common treatments advised for symptoms were antidepressants and HT, both recommended by 38% of providers. Other common recommendations were to “lose weight,” “eat less and exercise more,” supplements, or birth control pills.

Dr. Faubion had no disclosures, and her study used no external funding. Dr. Pinkerton has run a trial funded by Bayer and is a consultant for Bayer and Pfizer. Ms. Donsky is the owner of Morphus. Ms. Meitiv had no disclosures. The poster on women’s experiences with providers was funded by Morphus Inc.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

CHICAGO — Less than 4% of American women aged 50-59 years use hormone therapy (HT) to treat menopausal symptoms today, approximately 10 times lower than the peak use of HT before the publication of the 2002 Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study that misguidedly cast doubt on the safety of HT. Though subsequent research has addressed the flaws of the WHI study and supports the use of HT in most menopausal women younger than 60 years, use of this therapy has never recovered, according to research presented at the annual meeting of The Menopause Society (formerly The North American Menopause Society).

“Despite evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of HT, usage rates of US Food and Drug Administration–approved HT remain low,” Stephanie Faubion, MD, MBA, director of the Mayo Clinic Women’s Health in Jacksonville, Florida, and medical director of The Menopause Society, told attendees. “Improved education of clinicians and patients is critically needed.”

Today, “there is more clarity on the risk/benefit ratio of HT use with the benefits typically outweighing the risks in women who initiate therapy under the age of 60 years and within 10 years of menopause onset.”

Using medical and pharmacy claims data from OptumLabs, Dr. Faubion and her colleagues examined utilization rates from 2007 to 2023 of transdermal vs oral estrogen and of conjugated estrogen vs estradiol in women aged 40 years or older. The data included more than 200 million people throughout the United States covered by commercial insurance or Medicare Advantage. The researchers defined annual rate of HT use as the proportion of women who had at least 180 days of a filled prescription for a systemic HT preparation with estrogen.

The study population increased from an estimated 2 million women in 2007 to 4.5 million women in 2023, and the average age of enrollees increased from 53 in 2007 to 66 in 2023. Starting at 4.6% in 2007, HT use steadily declined to a low of 1.8% in 2023 for the whole cohort of women aged 40 years or older.

Though rates remained highest in women aged 50-64 years, it still declined within each age group: From 6% in 2007 to 3.6% in 2023 among women aged 50-54 years, from 7.3% to 3.8% among women aged 55-59 years, and from 7.5% to 2.9% among women aged 60-64 years. It also declined in younger women, from 3.2% in 2007 to 1.5% in 2023 in those aged 45-50 years. Estradiol was the most common formulation used, and oral administration was the most common route.

The researchers also saw a gradual decline during the study period in the use of high-dose oral HT and an increase in the use of low-dose oral HT, whereas standard dosages remained fairly consistent as the most common dose prescribed. Similarly, the use of high transdermal doses declined, whereas low transdermal doses increased and surpassed the use of standard doses. Conjugated estrogen use plummeted during the study period across all age groups, from 2%-5% in most age groups to < 1% in all age groups by 2023.

One limitation of the study was that it could not examine rates of compounded HT use because those would not be reflected in insurance claims, pointed out JoAnn Pinkerton, MD, a professor of ob.gyn. at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia, who was not involved in the study. Dr. Pinkerton found it surprising that the numbers were so low, despite the fact that research estimates suggest less than 15% of menopausal women are receiving adequate treatment, she told this news organization. “You can see there’s a large unmet need to get treatment,” she said. “All major medical societies say the same thing: For healthy, symptomatic menopausal women, you can use hormone therapy safely and effectively.” 

The lack of education among providers is likely the biggest reason for the decline, Dr. Pinkerton says. “I think it’s because there’s a whole group of providers that did not receive any training, and that’s OB/GYNs, internal medicine, family practice, endocrinologists,” she said. “Now that people are starting to feel more confident that we can use it safely, we’re trying to get that training out to people about vasomotor symptoms, about hormone therapy, and now about new nonhormone therapies.”

Dr. Pinkerton noted that The Menopause Society has begun a new teaching program, Menopause Step-by-Step, aimed at providing short articles on the basics of menopause, HT, non-HT, and vaginal issues.

A separate poster presented at the conference provides insight into another potential factor contributing to low HT rates. A survey of 1050 American and Canadian women found that 90% discussed their symptoms with their healthcare providers, yet only 25% said their doctor identified the symptoms as likely due to perimenopause or menopause on their first visit — and only 10% of respondents said their doctor was the one to bring up perimenopause/menopause.

The respondents comprised a convenience sample of those who saw the survey on social media, in an email, or on the website of Morphus, a Toronto-based company aimed at providing support, information, and products related to menopause. Though the survey is ongoing, the analyzed responses are from March to May 2024.

Though 40% of the women said their provider attributed their symptoms to perimenopause or menopause on the second or third visit, 18% saw a provider four to five times, and 17% saw a provider more than five times before the provider considered menopause as a cause. About a third of the women (35%) brought it up to their doctor themselves and found their provider receptive, but 40% said the response was dismissive when they brought it up, and 15% said the topic was never broached at all.

Andrea Donsky, RHN, founder of Morphus who conducted the study, found these numbers surprising because she would have hoped that more doctors would have brought up perimenopause/menopause sooner. “We still have a lot of work to do to help educate women and healthcare providers,” Ms. Donsky told this news organization. “A lot of women spend years not knowing they’re in this phase of life, so they visit their doctors/HCPs [healthcare providers] many times because the connection isn’t made on the first visit.”

Danielle Meitiv, MS, a study co-author and health coach based in Silver Spring, Maryland, added, “Everyone wonders why we end up with Dr. Google; that’s the only doctor who’s talking to us about menopause.”

Dr. Pinkerton was less surprised by these survey findings. “As a menopause specialist, my most common new patient is a perimenopausal woman who feels like she hasn’t been listened to,” whether it’s her primary care doctor, her ob.gyn., or another clinician. “If the provider doesn’t ask or if the women doesn’t tell, then you don’t have the conversation,” Dr. Pinkerton said. “So many women in perimenopause are busy with work, families, partnerships, aging parents — all of the issues that they’re dealing with — that when they start to have sleep issues or mood issues or easy crying, they relate it to their life stressors, instead of recognizing that it’s fluctuating hormones.”

When Ms. Donsky examined the 1223 responses they had received through August 2024, the most common treatments advised for symptoms were antidepressants and HT, both recommended by 38% of providers. Other common recommendations were to “lose weight,” “eat less and exercise more,” supplements, or birth control pills.

Dr. Faubion had no disclosures, and her study used no external funding. Dr. Pinkerton has run a trial funded by Bayer and is a consultant for Bayer and Pfizer. Ms. Donsky is the owner of Morphus. Ms. Meitiv had no disclosures. The poster on women’s experiences with providers was funded by Morphus Inc.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

CHICAGO — Less than 4% of American women aged 50-59 years use hormone therapy (HT) to treat menopausal symptoms today, approximately 10 times lower than the peak use of HT before the publication of the 2002 Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study that misguidedly cast doubt on the safety of HT. Though subsequent research has addressed the flaws of the WHI study and supports the use of HT in most menopausal women younger than 60 years, use of this therapy has never recovered, according to research presented at the annual meeting of The Menopause Society (formerly The North American Menopause Society).

“Despite evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of HT, usage rates of US Food and Drug Administration–approved HT remain low,” Stephanie Faubion, MD, MBA, director of the Mayo Clinic Women’s Health in Jacksonville, Florida, and medical director of The Menopause Society, told attendees. “Improved education of clinicians and patients is critically needed.”

Today, “there is more clarity on the risk/benefit ratio of HT use with the benefits typically outweighing the risks in women who initiate therapy under the age of 60 years and within 10 years of menopause onset.”

Using medical and pharmacy claims data from OptumLabs, Dr. Faubion and her colleagues examined utilization rates from 2007 to 2023 of transdermal vs oral estrogen and of conjugated estrogen vs estradiol in women aged 40 years or older. The data included more than 200 million people throughout the United States covered by commercial insurance or Medicare Advantage. The researchers defined annual rate of HT use as the proportion of women who had at least 180 days of a filled prescription for a systemic HT preparation with estrogen.

The study population increased from an estimated 2 million women in 2007 to 4.5 million women in 2023, and the average age of enrollees increased from 53 in 2007 to 66 in 2023. Starting at 4.6% in 2007, HT use steadily declined to a low of 1.8% in 2023 for the whole cohort of women aged 40 years or older.

Though rates remained highest in women aged 50-64 years, it still declined within each age group: From 6% in 2007 to 3.6% in 2023 among women aged 50-54 years, from 7.3% to 3.8% among women aged 55-59 years, and from 7.5% to 2.9% among women aged 60-64 years. It also declined in younger women, from 3.2% in 2007 to 1.5% in 2023 in those aged 45-50 years. Estradiol was the most common formulation used, and oral administration was the most common route.

The researchers also saw a gradual decline during the study period in the use of high-dose oral HT and an increase in the use of low-dose oral HT, whereas standard dosages remained fairly consistent as the most common dose prescribed. Similarly, the use of high transdermal doses declined, whereas low transdermal doses increased and surpassed the use of standard doses. Conjugated estrogen use plummeted during the study period across all age groups, from 2%-5% in most age groups to < 1% in all age groups by 2023.

One limitation of the study was that it could not examine rates of compounded HT use because those would not be reflected in insurance claims, pointed out JoAnn Pinkerton, MD, a professor of ob.gyn. at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia, who was not involved in the study. Dr. Pinkerton found it surprising that the numbers were so low, despite the fact that research estimates suggest less than 15% of menopausal women are receiving adequate treatment, she told this news organization. “You can see there’s a large unmet need to get treatment,” she said. “All major medical societies say the same thing: For healthy, symptomatic menopausal women, you can use hormone therapy safely and effectively.” 

The lack of education among providers is likely the biggest reason for the decline, Dr. Pinkerton says. “I think it’s because there’s a whole group of providers that did not receive any training, and that’s OB/GYNs, internal medicine, family practice, endocrinologists,” she said. “Now that people are starting to feel more confident that we can use it safely, we’re trying to get that training out to people about vasomotor symptoms, about hormone therapy, and now about new nonhormone therapies.”

Dr. Pinkerton noted that The Menopause Society has begun a new teaching program, Menopause Step-by-Step, aimed at providing short articles on the basics of menopause, HT, non-HT, and vaginal issues.

A separate poster presented at the conference provides insight into another potential factor contributing to low HT rates. A survey of 1050 American and Canadian women found that 90% discussed their symptoms with their healthcare providers, yet only 25% said their doctor identified the symptoms as likely due to perimenopause or menopause on their first visit — and only 10% of respondents said their doctor was the one to bring up perimenopause/menopause.

The respondents comprised a convenience sample of those who saw the survey on social media, in an email, or on the website of Morphus, a Toronto-based company aimed at providing support, information, and products related to menopause. Though the survey is ongoing, the analyzed responses are from March to May 2024.

Though 40% of the women said their provider attributed their symptoms to perimenopause or menopause on the second or third visit, 18% saw a provider four to five times, and 17% saw a provider more than five times before the provider considered menopause as a cause. About a third of the women (35%) brought it up to their doctor themselves and found their provider receptive, but 40% said the response was dismissive when they brought it up, and 15% said the topic was never broached at all.

Andrea Donsky, RHN, founder of Morphus who conducted the study, found these numbers surprising because she would have hoped that more doctors would have brought up perimenopause/menopause sooner. “We still have a lot of work to do to help educate women and healthcare providers,” Ms. Donsky told this news organization. “A lot of women spend years not knowing they’re in this phase of life, so they visit their doctors/HCPs [healthcare providers] many times because the connection isn’t made on the first visit.”

Danielle Meitiv, MS, a study co-author and health coach based in Silver Spring, Maryland, added, “Everyone wonders why we end up with Dr. Google; that’s the only doctor who’s talking to us about menopause.”

Dr. Pinkerton was less surprised by these survey findings. “As a menopause specialist, my most common new patient is a perimenopausal woman who feels like she hasn’t been listened to,” whether it’s her primary care doctor, her ob.gyn., or another clinician. “If the provider doesn’t ask or if the women doesn’t tell, then you don’t have the conversation,” Dr. Pinkerton said. “So many women in perimenopause are busy with work, families, partnerships, aging parents — all of the issues that they’re dealing with — that when they start to have sleep issues or mood issues or easy crying, they relate it to their life stressors, instead of recognizing that it’s fluctuating hormones.”

When Ms. Donsky examined the 1223 responses they had received through August 2024, the most common treatments advised for symptoms were antidepressants and HT, both recommended by 38% of providers. Other common recommendations were to “lose weight,” “eat less and exercise more,” supplements, or birth control pills.

Dr. Faubion had no disclosures, and her study used no external funding. Dr. Pinkerton has run a trial funded by Bayer and is a consultant for Bayer and Pfizer. Ms. Donsky is the owner of Morphus. Ms. Meitiv had no disclosures. The poster on women’s experiences with providers was funded by Morphus Inc.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Five years have passed since the member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) gathered at the 72nd World Health Assembly and decided that September 17 should be recognized as World Patient Safety Day, acknowledging it as a global health priority.

WHO data indicate the following findings related to medical safety:

• One in 10 patients is harmed while receiving healthcare, and 3 million die as a result.
• More than half of these incidents could be prevented.
• Indirect costs could amount to several billion US dollars annually.

Given the magnitude of preventable harm related to medication use, in 2017, the WHO launched the third Global Patient Safety Challenge: Medication Without Harm with the goal of reducing serious and preventable harm related to medication by 50%. In addition, considering the volume of medication packages prescribed in 2023 by physicians in Spain’s National Health System, it is necessary to understand the most common types of medication errors to provide an effective and efficient response.

According to Spain’s Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), the 10 types of medication errors detected in 2020 with the most serious consequences were the following:

• Errors due to omission or delay in medication.
• Administration of medication to the wrong patient.
• Errors related to allergies or known adverse effects of medications.
• Dosing errors in pediatric patients.
• Errors due to similarities in the labeling or packaging of marketed medications.
• Errors associated with the lack of use of smart infusion pumps.
• Errors due to accidental administration of neuromuscular blocking agents.
• Incorrect intravenous administration of oral liquid medications.
• Errors in medication reconciliation upon hospital admission and discharge.
• Errors due to patient misunderstandings regarding medication use.

I would like to focus on the fifth item, errors due to similarities in the labeling or packaging of marketed medications.

Medications with similar names or with similar labeling or packaging are known as “look alike–sound alike” medications. They are estimated to account for between 6.2% and 14.7% of all medication errors. Confusion can arise due to spelling and phonetic similarities.

As shown in bulletin no. 50 of the ISMP, difficulties in distinguishing different medications or different presentations of the same medication due to similar packaging and labeling have frequently been associated with reported incidents.

Most cases involve either medications marketed by the same laboratory with a design based on brand image or different medications marketed by different laboratories in screen-printed ampoules used in the same settings.

In 2020, the ISMP published 11 new cases of labeling or packaging that may promote errors on its website. It reported 49 incidents to the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices.

Shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have further contributed to these incidents, as healthcare facilities sometimes had to change the medications they usually acquired and purchase whatever was available, without being able to select products that would not be confused with existing medications in the facility.

The ISMP recommends the following general practices for healthcare institutions, professionals, and patients to prevent these errors:

• Develop short lists of easily confused medication names and distribute them among all healthcare professionals.
• Prioritize medication names by active ingredient instead of brand name.
• For similar names, highlight the differences in capital letters, eg, DOBUTamine, DOPamine.
• For similar active ingredients, use brand names.
• Avoid placing similar medications near each other.
• Prescribe all medications electronically to minimize the risk of selecting the wrong medication.
• Make manual prescriptions legible, with clearly written dosages and pharmaceutical forms.
• Encourage patients to actively participate in their treatment and consult a clinician if they have any questions about the medications they are receiving.
• Raise awareness among patients, family members, and caregivers about the issues caused by medication name confusion and inform them about how to avoid these errors.
• Instruct patients to focus on and always use the active ingredient name as an identifying element for the medications they are taking.
• Review treatments with patients to ensure they know the medications they are taking.
•  

Julia María Ruiz Redondo is the regional nursing advisor inspector of Spanish Society of General and Family Physicians of Castilla-La Mancha (SEMG-CLM), coordinator of the National Working Group on Public Health in the SEMG, and director of the international public health master’s degree at TECH Technological University. This article is the result of an editorial collaboration between the SEMG and Univadis, which you can access here. 

This story was translated from Univadis Spain, which is part of the Medscape professional network, using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Five years have passed since the member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) gathered at the 72nd World Health Assembly and decided that September 17 should be recognized as World Patient Safety Day, acknowledging it as a global health priority.

WHO data indicate the following findings related to medical safety:

• One in 10 patients is harmed while receiving healthcare, and 3 million die as a result.
• More than half of these incidents could be prevented.
• Indirect costs could amount to several billion US dollars annually.

Given the magnitude of preventable harm related to medication use, in 2017, the WHO launched the third Global Patient Safety Challenge: Medication Without Harm with the goal of reducing serious and preventable harm related to medication by 50%. In addition, considering the volume of medication packages prescribed in 2023 by physicians in Spain’s National Health System, it is necessary to understand the most common types of medication errors to provide an effective and efficient response.

According to Spain’s Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), the 10 types of medication errors detected in 2020 with the most serious consequences were the following:

• Errors due to omission or delay in medication.
• Administration of medication to the wrong patient.
• Errors related to allergies or known adverse effects of medications.
• Dosing errors in pediatric patients.
• Errors due to similarities in the labeling or packaging of marketed medications.
• Errors associated with the lack of use of smart infusion pumps.
• Errors due to accidental administration of neuromuscular blocking agents.
• Incorrect intravenous administration of oral liquid medications.
• Errors in medication reconciliation upon hospital admission and discharge.
• Errors due to patient misunderstandings regarding medication use.

I would like to focus on the fifth item, errors due to similarities in the labeling or packaging of marketed medications.

Medications with similar names or with similar labeling or packaging are known as “look alike–sound alike” medications. They are estimated to account for between 6.2% and 14.7% of all medication errors. Confusion can arise due to spelling and phonetic similarities.

As shown in bulletin no. 50 of the ISMP, difficulties in distinguishing different medications or different presentations of the same medication due to similar packaging and labeling have frequently been associated with reported incidents.

Most cases involve either medications marketed by the same laboratory with a design based on brand image or different medications marketed by different laboratories in screen-printed ampoules used in the same settings.

In 2020, the ISMP published 11 new cases of labeling or packaging that may promote errors on its website. It reported 49 incidents to the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices.

Shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have further contributed to these incidents, as healthcare facilities sometimes had to change the medications they usually acquired and purchase whatever was available, without being able to select products that would not be confused with existing medications in the facility.

The ISMP recommends the following general practices for healthcare institutions, professionals, and patients to prevent these errors:

• Develop short lists of easily confused medication names and distribute them among all healthcare professionals.
• Prioritize medication names by active ingredient instead of brand name.
• For similar names, highlight the differences in capital letters, eg, DOBUTamine, DOPamine.
• For similar active ingredients, use brand names.
• Avoid placing similar medications near each other.
• Prescribe all medications electronically to minimize the risk of selecting the wrong medication.
• Make manual prescriptions legible, with clearly written dosages and pharmaceutical forms.
• Encourage patients to actively participate in their treatment and consult a clinician if they have any questions about the medications they are receiving.
• Raise awareness among patients, family members, and caregivers about the issues caused by medication name confusion and inform them about how to avoid these errors.
• Instruct patients to focus on and always use the active ingredient name as an identifying element for the medications they are taking.
• Review treatments with patients to ensure they know the medications they are taking.
•  

Julia María Ruiz Redondo is the regional nursing advisor inspector of Spanish Society of General and Family Physicians of Castilla-La Mancha (SEMG-CLM), coordinator of the National Working Group on Public Health in the SEMG, and director of the international public health master’s degree at TECH Technological University. This article is the result of an editorial collaboration between the SEMG and Univadis, which you can access here. 

This story was translated from Univadis Spain, which is part of the Medscape professional network, using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Five years have passed since the member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) gathered at the 72nd World Health Assembly and decided that September 17 should be recognized as World Patient Safety Day, acknowledging it as a global health priority.

WHO data indicate the following findings related to medical safety:

• One in 10 patients is harmed while receiving healthcare, and 3 million die as a result.
• More than half of these incidents could be prevented.
• Indirect costs could amount to several billion US dollars annually.

Given the magnitude of preventable harm related to medication use, in 2017, the WHO launched the third Global Patient Safety Challenge: Medication Without Harm with the goal of reducing serious and preventable harm related to medication by 50%. In addition, considering the volume of medication packages prescribed in 2023 by physicians in Spain’s National Health System, it is necessary to understand the most common types of medication errors to provide an effective and efficient response.

According to Spain’s Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), the 10 types of medication errors detected in 2020 with the most serious consequences were the following:

• Errors due to omission or delay in medication.
• Administration of medication to the wrong patient.
• Errors related to allergies or known adverse effects of medications.
• Dosing errors in pediatric patients.
• Errors due to similarities in the labeling or packaging of marketed medications.
• Errors associated with the lack of use of smart infusion pumps.
• Errors due to accidental administration of neuromuscular blocking agents.
• Incorrect intravenous administration of oral liquid medications.
• Errors in medication reconciliation upon hospital admission and discharge.
• Errors due to patient misunderstandings regarding medication use.

I would like to focus on the fifth item, errors due to similarities in the labeling or packaging of marketed medications.

Medications with similar names or with similar labeling or packaging are known as “look alike–sound alike” medications. They are estimated to account for between 6.2% and 14.7% of all medication errors. Confusion can arise due to spelling and phonetic similarities.

As shown in bulletin no. 50 of the ISMP, difficulties in distinguishing different medications or different presentations of the same medication due to similar packaging and labeling have frequently been associated with reported incidents.

Most cases involve either medications marketed by the same laboratory with a design based on brand image or different medications marketed by different laboratories in screen-printed ampoules used in the same settings.

In 2020, the ISMP published 11 new cases of labeling or packaging that may promote errors on its website. It reported 49 incidents to the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices.

Shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have further contributed to these incidents, as healthcare facilities sometimes had to change the medications they usually acquired and purchase whatever was available, without being able to select products that would not be confused with existing medications in the facility.

The ISMP recommends the following general practices for healthcare institutions, professionals, and patients to prevent these errors:

• Develop short lists of easily confused medication names and distribute them among all healthcare professionals.
• Prioritize medication names by active ingredient instead of brand name.
• For similar names, highlight the differences in capital letters, eg, DOBUTamine, DOPamine.
• For similar active ingredients, use brand names.
• Avoid placing similar medications near each other.
• Prescribe all medications electronically to minimize the risk of selecting the wrong medication.
• Make manual prescriptions legible, with clearly written dosages and pharmaceutical forms.
• Encourage patients to actively participate in their treatment and consult a clinician if they have any questions about the medications they are receiving.
• Raise awareness among patients, family members, and caregivers about the issues caused by medication name confusion and inform them about how to avoid these errors.
• Instruct patients to focus on and always use the active ingredient name as an identifying element for the medications they are taking.
• Review treatments with patients to ensure they know the medications they are taking.
•  

Julia María Ruiz Redondo is the regional nursing advisor inspector of Spanish Society of General and Family Physicians of Castilla-La Mancha (SEMG-CLM), coordinator of the National Working Group on Public Health in the SEMG, and director of the international public health master’s degree at TECH Technological University. This article is the result of an editorial collaboration between the SEMG and Univadis, which you can access here. 

This story was translated from Univadis Spain, which is part of the Medscape professional network, using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Pesticides have transformed modern agriculture by boosting production yields and helping alleviate food insecurity amid rapid global population growth. However, from a public health perspective, exposure to pesticides has been linked to numerous harmful effects, including neurologic disorders like Parkinson’s disease, weakened immune function, and an increased risk for cancer.

Pesticide exposure has been associated with cancers such as colorectal cancer, lung cancer, leukemia (in children and adults), lymphoma, and pancreatic cancer. But these studies primarily have focused on specific groups of individuals with known exposure to certain pesticides or cancer types, thus offering a limited perspective.

A comprehensive assessment of how pesticide use affects cancer risk across a broader population has yet to be conducted.

A recent population-level study aimed to address this gap by evaluating cancer risks in the US population using a model that accounts for pesticide use and adjusts for various factors. The goal was to identify regional disparities in exposure and contribute to the development of public health policies that protect populations from potential harm.
 

Calculating Cancer Risk

Researchers developed a model using several data sources to estimate the additional cancer risk from agricultural pesticide use. Key data included:

• Pesticide use data from the US Geological Survey in 2019, which covered 69 agricultural pesticides across 3143 counties
• Cancer incidence rates per 100,000 people, which were collected between 2015 and 2019 by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; these data covered various cancers, including bladder, colorectal, leukemia, lung, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and pancreatic cancers
• Covariates, including smoking prevalence, the Social Vulnerability Index, agricultural land use, and total US population in 2019

Pesticide use profile patterns were developed using latent class analysis, a statistical method used to identify homogeneous subgroups within a heterogeneous population. A generalized linear model then estimated how these pesticide use patterns and the covariates affected cancer incidence.

The model highlighted regions with the highest and lowest “additional” cancer risks linked to pesticide exposure, calculating the estimated increase in cancer cases per year that resulted from variations in agricultural pesticide use.
 

Midwest Most Affected

While this model doesn’t establish causality or assess individual risk, it reveals regional trends in the association between pesticide use patterns and cancer incidence from a population-based perspective.

The Midwest, known for its high corn production, emerged as the region most affected by pesticide use. Compared with regions with the lowest risk, the Midwest faced an additional 154,541 cancer cases annually across all types. For colorectal and pancreatic cancers, the yearly increases were 20,927 and 3835 cases, respectively. Similar trends were observed for leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
 

Pesticides vs Smoking

The researchers also estimated the additional cancer risk related to smoking, using the same model. They found that pesticides contributed to a higher risk for cancer than smoking in several cases.

The most significant difference was observed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, where pesticides were linked to 154.1% more cases than smoking. For all cancers combined, as well as bladder cancer and leukemia, the increases were moderate: 18.7%, 19.3%, and 21.0%, respectively.

This result highlights the importance of considering pesticide exposure alongside smoking when studying cancer risks.
 

Expanding Scope of Research

Some limitations of this study should be noted. Certain counties lacked complete data, and there was heterogeneity in the size and population of the counties studied. The research also did not account for seasonal and migrant workers, who are likely to be heavily exposed. In addition, the data used in the study were not independently validated, and they could not be used to assess individual risk.

The effect of pesticides on human health is a vast and critical field of research, often focusing on a limited range of pesticides or specific cancers. This study stands out by taking a broader, more holistic approach, aiming to highlight regional inequalities and identify less-studied pesticides that could be future research priorities.

Given the significant public health impact, the authors encouraged the authorities to share these findings with the most vulnerable communities to raise awareness.
 

This story was translated from JIM using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Pesticides have transformed modern agriculture by boosting production yields and helping alleviate food insecurity amid rapid global population growth. However, from a public health perspective, exposure to pesticides has been linked to numerous harmful effects, including neurologic disorders like Parkinson’s disease, weakened immune function, and an increased risk for cancer.

Pesticide exposure has been associated with cancers such as colorectal cancer, lung cancer, leukemia (in children and adults), lymphoma, and pancreatic cancer. But these studies primarily have focused on specific groups of individuals with known exposure to certain pesticides or cancer types, thus offering a limited perspective.

A comprehensive assessment of how pesticide use affects cancer risk across a broader population has yet to be conducted.

A recent population-level study aimed to address this gap by evaluating cancer risks in the US population using a model that accounts for pesticide use and adjusts for various factors. The goal was to identify regional disparities in exposure and contribute to the development of public health policies that protect populations from potential harm.
 

Calculating Cancer Risk

Researchers developed a model using several data sources to estimate the additional cancer risk from agricultural pesticide use. Key data included:

• Pesticide use data from the US Geological Survey in 2019, which covered 69 agricultural pesticides across 3143 counties
• Cancer incidence rates per 100,000 people, which were collected between 2015 and 2019 by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; these data covered various cancers, including bladder, colorectal, leukemia, lung, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and pancreatic cancers
• Covariates, including smoking prevalence, the Social Vulnerability Index, agricultural land use, and total US population in 2019

Pesticide use profile patterns were developed using latent class analysis, a statistical method used to identify homogeneous subgroups within a heterogeneous population. A generalized linear model then estimated how these pesticide use patterns and the covariates affected cancer incidence.

The model highlighted regions with the highest and lowest “additional” cancer risks linked to pesticide exposure, calculating the estimated increase in cancer cases per year that resulted from variations in agricultural pesticide use.
 

Midwest Most Affected

While this model doesn’t establish causality or assess individual risk, it reveals regional trends in the association between pesticide use patterns and cancer incidence from a population-based perspective.

The Midwest, known for its high corn production, emerged as the region most affected by pesticide use. Compared with regions with the lowest risk, the Midwest faced an additional 154,541 cancer cases annually across all types. For colorectal and pancreatic cancers, the yearly increases were 20,927 and 3835 cases, respectively. Similar trends were observed for leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
 

Pesticides vs Smoking

The researchers also estimated the additional cancer risk related to smoking, using the same model. They found that pesticides contributed to a higher risk for cancer than smoking in several cases.

The most significant difference was observed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, where pesticides were linked to 154.1% more cases than smoking. For all cancers combined, as well as bladder cancer and leukemia, the increases were moderate: 18.7%, 19.3%, and 21.0%, respectively.

This result highlights the importance of considering pesticide exposure alongside smoking when studying cancer risks.
 

Expanding Scope of Research

Some limitations of this study should be noted. Certain counties lacked complete data, and there was heterogeneity in the size and population of the counties studied. The research also did not account for seasonal and migrant workers, who are likely to be heavily exposed. In addition, the data used in the study were not independently validated, and they could not be used to assess individual risk.

The effect of pesticides on human health is a vast and critical field of research, often focusing on a limited range of pesticides or specific cancers. This study stands out by taking a broader, more holistic approach, aiming to highlight regional inequalities and identify less-studied pesticides that could be future research priorities.

Given the significant public health impact, the authors encouraged the authorities to share these findings with the most vulnerable communities to raise awareness.
 

This story was translated from JIM using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Pesticides have transformed modern agriculture by boosting production yields and helping alleviate food insecurity amid rapid global population growth. However, from a public health perspective, exposure to pesticides has been linked to numerous harmful effects, including neurologic disorders like Parkinson’s disease, weakened immune function, and an increased risk for cancer.

Pesticide exposure has been associated with cancers such as colorectal cancer, lung cancer, leukemia (in children and adults), lymphoma, and pancreatic cancer. But these studies primarily have focused on specific groups of individuals with known exposure to certain pesticides or cancer types, thus offering a limited perspective.

A comprehensive assessment of how pesticide use affects cancer risk across a broader population has yet to be conducted.

A recent population-level study aimed to address this gap by evaluating cancer risks in the US population using a model that accounts for pesticide use and adjusts for various factors. The goal was to identify regional disparities in exposure and contribute to the development of public health policies that protect populations from potential harm.
 

Calculating Cancer Risk

Researchers developed a model using several data sources to estimate the additional cancer risk from agricultural pesticide use. Key data included:

• Pesticide use data from the US Geological Survey in 2019, which covered 69 agricultural pesticides across 3143 counties
• Cancer incidence rates per 100,000 people, which were collected between 2015 and 2019 by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; these data covered various cancers, including bladder, colorectal, leukemia, lung, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and pancreatic cancers
• Covariates, including smoking prevalence, the Social Vulnerability Index, agricultural land use, and total US population in 2019

Pesticide use profile patterns were developed using latent class analysis, a statistical method used to identify homogeneous subgroups within a heterogeneous population. A generalized linear model then estimated how these pesticide use patterns and the covariates affected cancer incidence.

The model highlighted regions with the highest and lowest “additional” cancer risks linked to pesticide exposure, calculating the estimated increase in cancer cases per year that resulted from variations in agricultural pesticide use.
 

Midwest Most Affected

While this model doesn’t establish causality or assess individual risk, it reveals regional trends in the association between pesticide use patterns and cancer incidence from a population-based perspective.

The Midwest, known for its high corn production, emerged as the region most affected by pesticide use. Compared with regions with the lowest risk, the Midwest faced an additional 154,541 cancer cases annually across all types. For colorectal and pancreatic cancers, the yearly increases were 20,927 and 3835 cases, respectively. Similar trends were observed for leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
 

Pesticides vs Smoking

The researchers also estimated the additional cancer risk related to smoking, using the same model. They found that pesticides contributed to a higher risk for cancer than smoking in several cases.

The most significant difference was observed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, where pesticides were linked to 154.1% more cases than smoking. For all cancers combined, as well as bladder cancer and leukemia, the increases were moderate: 18.7%, 19.3%, and 21.0%, respectively.

This result highlights the importance of considering pesticide exposure alongside smoking when studying cancer risks.
 

Expanding Scope of Research

Some limitations of this study should be noted. Certain counties lacked complete data, and there was heterogeneity in the size and population of the counties studied. The research also did not account for seasonal and migrant workers, who are likely to be heavily exposed. In addition, the data used in the study were not independently validated, and they could not be used to assess individual risk.

The effect of pesticides on human health is a vast and critical field of research, often focusing on a limited range of pesticides or specific cancers. This study stands out by taking a broader, more holistic approach, aiming to highlight regional inequalities and identify less-studied pesticides that could be future research priorities.

Given the significant public health impact, the authors encouraged the authorities to share these findings with the most vulnerable communities to raise awareness.
 

This story was translated from JIM using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Primary care physicians frequently offer postexposure prophylaxis for various infections, including influenza, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis, and Lyme disease, among others. However, the scope of postexposure prophylaxis in primary care is expanding, presenting an opportunity to further integrate it into patient care. As primary care providers, we have the unique advantage of being involved in both preventive care and immediate response, particularly in urgent care or triage scenarios. This dual role is crucial, as timely administration of postexposure prophylaxis can prevent infections from taking hold, especially following high-risk exposures.

Recently, the use of doxycycline as a form of postexposure prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has gained attention. Traditionally, doxycycline has been used as preexposure or postexposure prophylaxis for conditions like malaria and Lyme disease but has not been widely employed for STI prevention until now. Doxycycline is a relatively common medication, generally safe with side effects that typically resolve upon discontinuation. Several open-label studies have shown that taking 200 mg of doxycycline within 72 hours of condomless sex significantly reduces the incidence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, as well as transgender women who have previously had a bacterial STI. However, these benefits have not been consistently observed among cisgender women and heterosexual men.

Given these findings, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends that clinicians discuss the risks and benefits of doxycycline PEP (Doxy PEP) with gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, as well as transgender women who have had a bacterial STI in the past 12 months. This discussion should be part of a shared decision-making process, advising the use of 200 mg of doxycycline within 72 hours of oral, vaginal, or anal sex, with the recommendation not to exceed 200 mg every 24 hours and to reassess the need for continued use every 3-6 months. Doxy PEP can be safely prescribed with preexposure prophylaxis for HIV (PrEP). Patients who receive PrEP may often be eligible for Doxy PEP, though the groups are not always the same.

The shared decision-making process is essential when considering Doxy PEP. While cost-effective and proven to reduce the risk of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, its benefits vary among different populations. Moreover, some patients may experience side effects such as photosensitivity and gastrointestinal discomfort. Since the effectiveness of prophylaxis is closely tied to the timing of exposure and the patient’s current risk factors, it is important to regularly evaluate whether Doxy PEP remains beneficial. As there is not yet clear benefit to heterosexual men and cisgender women, opportunities still need to be explored for them.

Integrating Doxy PEP into a primary care practice can be done efficiently. A standing order protocol could be established for telehealth visits or nurse triage, allowing timely administration when patients report an exposure within 72 hours. It could also be incorporated into electronic medical records as part of a smart set for easy access to orders and as standard educational material in after-visit instructions. As this option is new, it is also important to discuss it with patients before they may need it so that they are aware should the need arise. While concerns about antibiotic resistance are valid, studies have not yet shown significant resistance issues related to Doxy PEP use, though ongoing monitoring is necessary.

You might wonder why primary care should prioritize this intervention. As the first point of contact, primary care providers are well-positioned to identify the need for prophylaxis, particularly since its effectiveness diminishes over time. Furthermore, the established, trusting relationships that primary care physicians often have with their patients create a nonjudgmental environment that encourages disclosure of potential exposures. This trust, combined with easier access to care, can make a significant difference in the timely provision of postexposure prophylaxis. By offering comprehensive, holistic care, including prophylaxis, primary care physicians can prevent infections and address conditions before they lead to serious complications. Therefore, family medicine physicians should consider incorporating Doxy PEP into their practices as a standard of care.
 

Dr. Wheat is vice chair of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Department of Family and Community Medicine, and associate professor, Family and Community Medicine, at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago. She has no relevant financial disclosures.

References

Bachmann LH et al. CDC Clinical Guidelines on the Use of Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis for Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep 2024;73(No. RR-2):1-8.

Traeger MW et al. Potential Impact of Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis Prescribing Strategies on Incidence of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections. (Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Aug 18. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad488).

Primary care physicians frequently offer postexposure prophylaxis for various infections, including influenza, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis, and Lyme disease, among others. However, the scope of postexposure prophylaxis in primary care is expanding, presenting an opportunity to further integrate it into patient care. As primary care providers, we have the unique advantage of being involved in both preventive care and immediate response, particularly in urgent care or triage scenarios. This dual role is crucial, as timely administration of postexposure prophylaxis can prevent infections from taking hold, especially following high-risk exposures.

Recently, the use of doxycycline as a form of postexposure prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has gained attention. Traditionally, doxycycline has been used as preexposure or postexposure prophylaxis for conditions like malaria and Lyme disease but has not been widely employed for STI prevention until now. Doxycycline is a relatively common medication, generally safe with side effects that typically resolve upon discontinuation. Several open-label studies have shown that taking 200 mg of doxycycline within 72 hours of condomless sex significantly reduces the incidence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, as well as transgender women who have previously had a bacterial STI. However, these benefits have not been consistently observed among cisgender women and heterosexual men.

Given these findings, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends that clinicians discuss the risks and benefits of doxycycline PEP (Doxy PEP) with gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, as well as transgender women who have had a bacterial STI in the past 12 months. This discussion should be part of a shared decision-making process, advising the use of 200 mg of doxycycline within 72 hours of oral, vaginal, or anal sex, with the recommendation not to exceed 200 mg every 24 hours and to reassess the need for continued use every 3-6 months. Doxy PEP can be safely prescribed with preexposure prophylaxis for HIV (PrEP). Patients who receive PrEP may often be eligible for Doxy PEP, though the groups are not always the same.

The shared decision-making process is essential when considering Doxy PEP. While cost-effective and proven to reduce the risk of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, its benefits vary among different populations. Moreover, some patients may experience side effects such as photosensitivity and gastrointestinal discomfort. Since the effectiveness of prophylaxis is closely tied to the timing of exposure and the patient’s current risk factors, it is important to regularly evaluate whether Doxy PEP remains beneficial. As there is not yet clear benefit to heterosexual men and cisgender women, opportunities still need to be explored for them.

Integrating Doxy PEP into a primary care practice can be done efficiently. A standing order protocol could be established for telehealth visits or nurse triage, allowing timely administration when patients report an exposure within 72 hours. It could also be incorporated into electronic medical records as part of a smart set for easy access to orders and as standard educational material in after-visit instructions. As this option is new, it is also important to discuss it with patients before they may need it so that they are aware should the need arise. While concerns about antibiotic resistance are valid, studies have not yet shown significant resistance issues related to Doxy PEP use, though ongoing monitoring is necessary.

You might wonder why primary care should prioritize this intervention. As the first point of contact, primary care providers are well-positioned to identify the need for prophylaxis, particularly since its effectiveness diminishes over time. Furthermore, the established, trusting relationships that primary care physicians often have with their patients create a nonjudgmental environment that encourages disclosure of potential exposures. This trust, combined with easier access to care, can make a significant difference in the timely provision of postexposure prophylaxis. By offering comprehensive, holistic care, including prophylaxis, primary care physicians can prevent infections and address conditions before they lead to serious complications. Therefore, family medicine physicians should consider incorporating Doxy PEP into their practices as a standard of care.
 

Dr. Wheat is vice chair of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Department of Family and Community Medicine, and associate professor, Family and Community Medicine, at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago. She has no relevant financial disclosures.

References

Bachmann LH et al. CDC Clinical Guidelines on the Use of Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis for Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep 2024;73(No. RR-2):1-8.

Traeger MW et al. Potential Impact of Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis Prescribing Strategies on Incidence of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections. (Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Aug 18. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad488).

Primary care physicians frequently offer postexposure prophylaxis for various infections, including influenza, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis, and Lyme disease, among others. However, the scope of postexposure prophylaxis in primary care is expanding, presenting an opportunity to further integrate it into patient care. As primary care providers, we have the unique advantage of being involved in both preventive care and immediate response, particularly in urgent care or triage scenarios. This dual role is crucial, as timely administration of postexposure prophylaxis can prevent infections from taking hold, especially following high-risk exposures.

Recently, the use of doxycycline as a form of postexposure prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has gained attention. Traditionally, doxycycline has been used as preexposure or postexposure prophylaxis for conditions like malaria and Lyme disease but has not been widely employed for STI prevention until now. Doxycycline is a relatively common medication, generally safe with side effects that typically resolve upon discontinuation. Several open-label studies have shown that taking 200 mg of doxycycline within 72 hours of condomless sex significantly reduces the incidence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, as well as transgender women who have previously had a bacterial STI. However, these benefits have not been consistently observed among cisgender women and heterosexual men.

Given these findings, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends that clinicians discuss the risks and benefits of doxycycline PEP (Doxy PEP) with gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, as well as transgender women who have had a bacterial STI in the past 12 months. This discussion should be part of a shared decision-making process, advising the use of 200 mg of doxycycline within 72 hours of oral, vaginal, or anal sex, with the recommendation not to exceed 200 mg every 24 hours and to reassess the need for continued use every 3-6 months. Doxy PEP can be safely prescribed with preexposure prophylaxis for HIV (PrEP). Patients who receive PrEP may often be eligible for Doxy PEP, though the groups are not always the same.

The shared decision-making process is essential when considering Doxy PEP. While cost-effective and proven to reduce the risk of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, its benefits vary among different populations. Moreover, some patients may experience side effects such as photosensitivity and gastrointestinal discomfort. Since the effectiveness of prophylaxis is closely tied to the timing of exposure and the patient’s current risk factors, it is important to regularly evaluate whether Doxy PEP remains beneficial. As there is not yet clear benefit to heterosexual men and cisgender women, opportunities still need to be explored for them.

Integrating Doxy PEP into a primary care practice can be done efficiently. A standing order protocol could be established for telehealth visits or nurse triage, allowing timely administration when patients report an exposure within 72 hours. It could also be incorporated into electronic medical records as part of a smart set for easy access to orders and as standard educational material in after-visit instructions. As this option is new, it is also important to discuss it with patients before they may need it so that they are aware should the need arise. While concerns about antibiotic resistance are valid, studies have not yet shown significant resistance issues related to Doxy PEP use, though ongoing monitoring is necessary.

You might wonder why primary care should prioritize this intervention. As the first point of contact, primary care providers are well-positioned to identify the need for prophylaxis, particularly since its effectiveness diminishes over time. Furthermore, the established, trusting relationships that primary care physicians often have with their patients create a nonjudgmental environment that encourages disclosure of potential exposures. This trust, combined with easier access to care, can make a significant difference in the timely provision of postexposure prophylaxis. By offering comprehensive, holistic care, including prophylaxis, primary care physicians can prevent infections and address conditions before they lead to serious complications. Therefore, family medicine physicians should consider incorporating Doxy PEP into their practices as a standard of care.
 

Dr. Wheat is vice chair of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Department of Family and Community Medicine, and associate professor, Family and Community Medicine, at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago. She has no relevant financial disclosures.

References

Bachmann LH et al. CDC Clinical Guidelines on the Use of Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis for Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep 2024;73(No. RR-2):1-8.

Traeger MW et al. Potential Impact of Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis Prescribing Strategies on Incidence of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections. (Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Aug 18. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad488).

Earlier this year, I wrote a Medscape commentary to explain my disagreement with the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)’s updated recommendation that all women at average risk for breast cancer start screening mammography at age 40. The bottom line is that when the evidence doesn’t change, the guidelines shouldn’t change. Since then, other screening experts have criticized the USPSTF guideline on similar grounds, and a national survey reported that nearly 4 out of 10 women in their 40s preferred to delay breast cancer screening after viewing a decision aid and a personalized breast cancer risk estimate.

The decision analysis performed for the USPSTF guideline estimated that compared with having mammography beginning at age 50, 1000 women who begin at age 40 experience 519 more false-positive results and 62 more benign breast biopsies. Another study suggested that anxiety and other psychosocial harms resulting from a false-positive test are similar between patients who require a biopsy vs additional imaging only. Of greater concern, women who have false-positive results are less likely to return for their next scheduled screening exam.

A recent analysis of 2005-2017 data from the US Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium found that about 1 in 10 mammograms had a false-positive result. Sixty percent of these patients underwent immediate additional imaging, 27% were recalled for diagnostic imaging within the next few days to weeks, and 13% were advised to have a biopsy. While patients who had additional imaging at the same visit were only 1.9% less likely to return for screening mammography within 30 months compared with those with normal mammograms, women who were recalled for short-interval follow-up or recommended for biopsy were 15.9% and 10% less likely to return, respectively. For unclear reasons, women who identified as Asian or Hispanic had even lower rates of return screening after false-positive results.

These differences matter because women in their 40s, with the lowest incidence of breast cancer among those undergoing screening, have a lot of false positives. A patient who follows the USPSTF recommendation and starts screening at age 40 has a 42% chance of having at least one false positive with every-other-year screening, or a 61% chance with annual screening, by the time she turns 50. If some of these patients are so turned off by false positives that they don’t return for regular mammography in their 50s and 60s, when screening is the most likely to catch clinically significant cancers at treatable stages, then moving up the starting age may backfire and cause net harm.

The recently implemented FDA rule requiring mammography reports to include breast density could compound this problem. Because younger women are more likely to have dense breasts, more of them will probably decide to have supplemental imaging for cancer. I previously pointed out that we don’t know whether supplemental imaging with breast ultrasonography or MRI reduces cancer deaths, but we do know that it increases false-positive results.

I have personally cared for several patients who abandoned screening mammography for long stretches, or permanently, after having endured one or more benign biopsies prompted by a false-positive result. I vividly recall one woman in her 60s who was very reluctant to have screening tests in general, and mammography in particular, for that reason. After she had been my patient for a few years, I finally persuaded her to resume screening. We were both surprised when her first mammogram in more than a decade revealed an early-stage breast cancer. Fortunately, the tumor was successfully treated, but for her, an earlier false-positive result nearly ended up having critical health consequences.

Dr. Lin is associate director, Family Medicine Residency Program, Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He blogs at Common Sense Family Doctor. He has no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Earlier this year, I wrote a Medscape commentary to explain my disagreement with the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)’s updated recommendation that all women at average risk for breast cancer start screening mammography at age 40. The bottom line is that when the evidence doesn’t change, the guidelines shouldn’t change. Since then, other screening experts have criticized the USPSTF guideline on similar grounds, and a national survey reported that nearly 4 out of 10 women in their 40s preferred to delay breast cancer screening after viewing a decision aid and a personalized breast cancer risk estimate.

The decision analysis performed for the USPSTF guideline estimated that compared with having mammography beginning at age 50, 1000 women who begin at age 40 experience 519 more false-positive results and 62 more benign breast biopsies. Another study suggested that anxiety and other psychosocial harms resulting from a false-positive test are similar between patients who require a biopsy vs additional imaging only. Of greater concern, women who have false-positive results are less likely to return for their next scheduled screening exam.

A recent analysis of 2005-2017 data from the US Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium found that about 1 in 10 mammograms had a false-positive result. Sixty percent of these patients underwent immediate additional imaging, 27% were recalled for diagnostic imaging within the next few days to weeks, and 13% were advised to have a biopsy. While patients who had additional imaging at the same visit were only 1.9% less likely to return for screening mammography within 30 months compared with those with normal mammograms, women who were recalled for short-interval follow-up or recommended for biopsy were 15.9% and 10% less likely to return, respectively. For unclear reasons, women who identified as Asian or Hispanic had even lower rates of return screening after false-positive results.

These differences matter because women in their 40s, with the lowest incidence of breast cancer among those undergoing screening, have a lot of false positives. A patient who follows the USPSTF recommendation and starts screening at age 40 has a 42% chance of having at least one false positive with every-other-year screening, or a 61% chance with annual screening, by the time she turns 50. If some of these patients are so turned off by false positives that they don’t return for regular mammography in their 50s and 60s, when screening is the most likely to catch clinically significant cancers at treatable stages, then moving up the starting age may backfire and cause net harm.

The recently implemented FDA rule requiring mammography reports to include breast density could compound this problem. Because younger women are more likely to have dense breasts, more of them will probably decide to have supplemental imaging for cancer. I previously pointed out that we don’t know whether supplemental imaging with breast ultrasonography or MRI reduces cancer deaths, but we do know that it increases false-positive results.

I have personally cared for several patients who abandoned screening mammography for long stretches, or permanently, after having endured one or more benign biopsies prompted by a false-positive result. I vividly recall one woman in her 60s who was very reluctant to have screening tests in general, and mammography in particular, for that reason. After she had been my patient for a few years, I finally persuaded her to resume screening. We were both surprised when her first mammogram in more than a decade revealed an early-stage breast cancer. Fortunately, the tumor was successfully treated, but for her, an earlier false-positive result nearly ended up having critical health consequences.

Dr. Lin is associate director, Family Medicine Residency Program, Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He blogs at Common Sense Family Doctor. He has no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Earlier this year, I wrote a Medscape commentary to explain my disagreement with the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)’s updated recommendation that all women at average risk for breast cancer start screening mammography at age 40. The bottom line is that when the evidence doesn’t change, the guidelines shouldn’t change. Since then, other screening experts have criticized the USPSTF guideline on similar grounds, and a national survey reported that nearly 4 out of 10 women in their 40s preferred to delay breast cancer screening after viewing a decision aid and a personalized breast cancer risk estimate.

The decision analysis performed for the USPSTF guideline estimated that compared with having mammography beginning at age 50, 1000 women who begin at age 40 experience 519 more false-positive results and 62 more benign breast biopsies. Another study suggested that anxiety and other psychosocial harms resulting from a false-positive test are similar between patients who require a biopsy vs additional imaging only. Of greater concern, women who have false-positive results are less likely to return for their next scheduled screening exam.

A recent analysis of 2005-2017 data from the US Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium found that about 1 in 10 mammograms had a false-positive result. Sixty percent of these patients underwent immediate additional imaging, 27% were recalled for diagnostic imaging within the next few days to weeks, and 13% were advised to have a biopsy. While patients who had additional imaging at the same visit were only 1.9% less likely to return for screening mammography within 30 months compared with those with normal mammograms, women who were recalled for short-interval follow-up or recommended for biopsy were 15.9% and 10% less likely to return, respectively. For unclear reasons, women who identified as Asian or Hispanic had even lower rates of return screening after false-positive results.

These differences matter because women in their 40s, with the lowest incidence of breast cancer among those undergoing screening, have a lot of false positives. A patient who follows the USPSTF recommendation and starts screening at age 40 has a 42% chance of having at least one false positive with every-other-year screening, or a 61% chance with annual screening, by the time she turns 50. If some of these patients are so turned off by false positives that they don’t return for regular mammography in their 50s and 60s, when screening is the most likely to catch clinically significant cancers at treatable stages, then moving up the starting age may backfire and cause net harm.

The recently implemented FDA rule requiring mammography reports to include breast density could compound this problem. Because younger women are more likely to have dense breasts, more of them will probably decide to have supplemental imaging for cancer. I previously pointed out that we don’t know whether supplemental imaging with breast ultrasonography or MRI reduces cancer deaths, but we do know that it increases false-positive results.

I have personally cared for several patients who abandoned screening mammography for long stretches, or permanently, after having endured one or more benign biopsies prompted by a false-positive result. I vividly recall one woman in her 60s who was very reluctant to have screening tests in general, and mammography in particular, for that reason. After she had been my patient for a few years, I finally persuaded her to resume screening. We were both surprised when her first mammogram in more than a decade revealed an early-stage breast cancer. Fortunately, the tumor was successfully treated, but for her, an earlier false-positive result nearly ended up having critical health consequences.

Dr. Lin is associate director, Family Medicine Residency Program, Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He blogs at Common Sense Family Doctor. He has no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity. 

I’d like to pose a question: When should doctors retire? When, as practicing physicians or surgeons, do we become too old to deliver competent service? 

You will be amazed to hear, those of you who have listened to my videos before — and although it is a matter of public knowledge — that I’m 68. I know it’s impossible to imagine, due to this youthful appearance, visage, and so on, but I am. I’ve been a cancer doctor for 40 years; therefore, I need to think a little about retirement. 

There are two elements of this for me. I’m a university professor, and in Oxford we did vote, as a democracy of scholars, to have a mandatory retirement age around 68. This is so that we can bring new blood forward so that we can create the space to promote new professors, to bring youngsters in to make new ideas, and to get rid of us fusty old lot. 

The other argument would be, of course, that we are wise, we’re experienced, we are world-weary, and we’re successful — otherwise, we wouldn’t have lasted as academics as long. Nevertheless, we voted to do that. 

It’s possible to have a discussion with the university to extend this, and for those of us who are clinical academics, I have an honorary appointment as a consultant cancer physician in the hospital and my university professorial appointment, too.

I can extend it probably until I’m about 70. It feels like a nice, round number at which to retire — somewhat arbitrarily, one would admit. But does that feel right? 

In the United States, more than 25% of the physician workforce is over the age of 65. There are many studies showing that there is a 20% cognitive decline for most individuals between the ages of 45 and 65.

Are we as capable as an elderly workforce as once we were? Clearly, it’s hardly individualistic. It depends on each of our own health status, where we started from, and so on, but are there any general rules that we can apply? I think these are starting to creep in around the sense of revalidation.

In the United Kingdom, we have a General Medical Council (GMC). I need to have a license to practice from the GMC and a sense of fitness to practice. I have annual appraisals within the hospital system, in which I explore delivery of care, how I’m doing as a mentor, am I reaching the milestones I’ve set in terms of academic achievements, and so on.

This is a peer-to-peer process. We have senior physicians — people like myself — who act as appraisers to support our colleagues and to maintain that sense of fitness to practice. Every 5 years, I’m revalidated by the GMC. They take account of the annual appraisals and a report made by the senior physician within my hospital network who’s a so-called designated person.

These two elements come together with patient feedback, with 360-degree feedback from colleagues, and so on. This is quite a firmly regulated system that I think works. Our mandatory retirement age of 65 has gone. That was phased out by the government. In fact, our NHS is making an effort to retain older elders in the workforce.

They see the benefits of mentorship, experience, leadership, and networks. At a time when the majority of NHS are actively seeking to retire when 65, the NHS is trying to retain and pull back those of us who have been around for that wee bit longer and who still feel committed to doing it. 

I’d be really interested to see what you think. There’s variation from country to country. I know that, in Australia, they’re talking about annual appraisals of doctors over the age of 70. I’d be very interested to hear what you think is likely to happen in the United States. 

I think our system works pretty well, as long as you’re within the NHS and hospital system. If you wanted to still practice, but practice privately, you would still have to find somebody who’d be prepared to conduct appraisals and so on outside of the NHS. It’s an interesting area. 

For myself, I still feel competent. Patients seem to like me. That’s an objective assessment by this 360-degree thing in which patients reflected very positively, indeed, in my approach to the delivery of the care and so on, as did colleagues. I’m still publishing, I go to meetings, I cheer things, bits and bobs. I’d say I’m a wee bit unusual in terms of still having a strong academic profile in doing stuff.

It’s an interesting question. Richard Doll, one of the world’s great epidemiologists who, of course, was the dominant discoverer of the link between smoking and lung cancer, was attending seminars, sitting in the front row, and coming into university 3 days a week at age 90, continuing to be contributory with his extraordinarily sharp intellect and vast, vast experience.

When I think of experience, all young cancer doctors are now immunologists. When I was a young doctor, I was a clinical pharmacologist. There are many lessons and tricks that I learned which I do need to pass on to the younger generation of today. What do you think? Should there be a mandatory retirement age? How do we best measure, assess, and revalidate elderly physicians and surgeons? How can we continue to contribute to those who choose to do so? For the time being, as always, thanks for listening.
 

Dr. Kerr is professor, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, and professor of cancer medicine, Oxford Cancer Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom. He has disclosed ties with Celleron Therapeutics, Oxford Cancer Biomarkers (Board of Directors); Afrox (charity; Trustee); GlaxoSmithKline and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (Consultant), Genomic Health; Merck Serono, and Roche.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity. 

I’d like to pose a question: When should doctors retire? When, as practicing physicians or surgeons, do we become too old to deliver competent service? 

You will be amazed to hear, those of you who have listened to my videos before — and although it is a matter of public knowledge — that I’m 68. I know it’s impossible to imagine, due to this youthful appearance, visage, and so on, but I am. I’ve been a cancer doctor for 40 years; therefore, I need to think a little about retirement. 

There are two elements of this for me. I’m a university professor, and in Oxford we did vote, as a democracy of scholars, to have a mandatory retirement age around 68. This is so that we can bring new blood forward so that we can create the space to promote new professors, to bring youngsters in to make new ideas, and to get rid of us fusty old lot. 

The other argument would be, of course, that we are wise, we’re experienced, we are world-weary, and we’re successful — otherwise, we wouldn’t have lasted as academics as long. Nevertheless, we voted to do that. 

It’s possible to have a discussion with the university to extend this, and for those of us who are clinical academics, I have an honorary appointment as a consultant cancer physician in the hospital and my university professorial appointment, too.

I can extend it probably until I’m about 70. It feels like a nice, round number at which to retire — somewhat arbitrarily, one would admit. But does that feel right? 

In the United States, more than 25% of the physician workforce is over the age of 65. There are many studies showing that there is a 20% cognitive decline for most individuals between the ages of 45 and 65.

Are we as capable as an elderly workforce as once we were? Clearly, it’s hardly individualistic. It depends on each of our own health status, where we started from, and so on, but are there any general rules that we can apply? I think these are starting to creep in around the sense of revalidation.

In the United Kingdom, we have a General Medical Council (GMC). I need to have a license to practice from the GMC and a sense of fitness to practice. I have annual appraisals within the hospital system, in which I explore delivery of care, how I’m doing as a mentor, am I reaching the milestones I’ve set in terms of academic achievements, and so on.

This is a peer-to-peer process. We have senior physicians — people like myself — who act as appraisers to support our colleagues and to maintain that sense of fitness to practice. Every 5 years, I’m revalidated by the GMC. They take account of the annual appraisals and a report made by the senior physician within my hospital network who’s a so-called designated person.

These two elements come together with patient feedback, with 360-degree feedback from colleagues, and so on. This is quite a firmly regulated system that I think works. Our mandatory retirement age of 65 has gone. That was phased out by the government. In fact, our NHS is making an effort to retain older elders in the workforce.

They see the benefits of mentorship, experience, leadership, and networks. At a time when the majority of NHS are actively seeking to retire when 65, the NHS is trying to retain and pull back those of us who have been around for that wee bit longer and who still feel committed to doing it. 

I’d be really interested to see what you think. There’s variation from country to country. I know that, in Australia, they’re talking about annual appraisals of doctors over the age of 70. I’d be very interested to hear what you think is likely to happen in the United States. 

I think our system works pretty well, as long as you’re within the NHS and hospital system. If you wanted to still practice, but practice privately, you would still have to find somebody who’d be prepared to conduct appraisals and so on outside of the NHS. It’s an interesting area. 

For myself, I still feel competent. Patients seem to like me. That’s an objective assessment by this 360-degree thing in which patients reflected very positively, indeed, in my approach to the delivery of the care and so on, as did colleagues. I’m still publishing, I go to meetings, I cheer things, bits and bobs. I’d say I’m a wee bit unusual in terms of still having a strong academic profile in doing stuff.

It’s an interesting question. Richard Doll, one of the world’s great epidemiologists who, of course, was the dominant discoverer of the link between smoking and lung cancer, was attending seminars, sitting in the front row, and coming into university 3 days a week at age 90, continuing to be contributory with his extraordinarily sharp intellect and vast, vast experience.

When I think of experience, all young cancer doctors are now immunologists. When I was a young doctor, I was a clinical pharmacologist. There are many lessons and tricks that I learned which I do need to pass on to the younger generation of today. What do you think? Should there be a mandatory retirement age? How do we best measure, assess, and revalidate elderly physicians and surgeons? How can we continue to contribute to those who choose to do so? For the time being, as always, thanks for listening.
 

Dr. Kerr is professor, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, and professor of cancer medicine, Oxford Cancer Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom. He has disclosed ties with Celleron Therapeutics, Oxford Cancer Biomarkers (Board of Directors); Afrox (charity; Trustee); GlaxoSmithKline and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (Consultant), Genomic Health; Merck Serono, and Roche.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity. 

I’d like to pose a question: When should doctors retire? When, as practicing physicians or surgeons, do we become too old to deliver competent service? 

You will be amazed to hear, those of you who have listened to my videos before — and although it is a matter of public knowledge — that I’m 68. I know it’s impossible to imagine, due to this youthful appearance, visage, and so on, but I am. I’ve been a cancer doctor for 40 years; therefore, I need to think a little about retirement. 

There are two elements of this for me. I’m a university professor, and in Oxford we did vote, as a democracy of scholars, to have a mandatory retirement age around 68. This is so that we can bring new blood forward so that we can create the space to promote new professors, to bring youngsters in to make new ideas, and to get rid of us fusty old lot. 

The other argument would be, of course, that we are wise, we’re experienced, we are world-weary, and we’re successful — otherwise, we wouldn’t have lasted as academics as long. Nevertheless, we voted to do that. 

It’s possible to have a discussion with the university to extend this, and for those of us who are clinical academics, I have an honorary appointment as a consultant cancer physician in the hospital and my university professorial appointment, too.

I can extend it probably until I’m about 70. It feels like a nice, round number at which to retire — somewhat arbitrarily, one would admit. But does that feel right? 

In the United States, more than 25% of the physician workforce is over the age of 65. There are many studies showing that there is a 20% cognitive decline for most individuals between the ages of 45 and 65.

Are we as capable as an elderly workforce as once we were? Clearly, it’s hardly individualistic. It depends on each of our own health status, where we started from, and so on, but are there any general rules that we can apply? I think these are starting to creep in around the sense of revalidation.

In the United Kingdom, we have a General Medical Council (GMC). I need to have a license to practice from the GMC and a sense of fitness to practice. I have annual appraisals within the hospital system, in which I explore delivery of care, how I’m doing as a mentor, am I reaching the milestones I’ve set in terms of academic achievements, and so on.

This is a peer-to-peer process. We have senior physicians — people like myself — who act as appraisers to support our colleagues and to maintain that sense of fitness to practice. Every 5 years, I’m revalidated by the GMC. They take account of the annual appraisals and a report made by the senior physician within my hospital network who’s a so-called designated person.

These two elements come together with patient feedback, with 360-degree feedback from colleagues, and so on. This is quite a firmly regulated system that I think works. Our mandatory retirement age of 65 has gone. That was phased out by the government. In fact, our NHS is making an effort to retain older elders in the workforce.

They see the benefits of mentorship, experience, leadership, and networks. At a time when the majority of NHS are actively seeking to retire when 65, the NHS is trying to retain and pull back those of us who have been around for that wee bit longer and who still feel committed to doing it. 

I’d be really interested to see what you think. There’s variation from country to country. I know that, in Australia, they’re talking about annual appraisals of doctors over the age of 70. I’d be very interested to hear what you think is likely to happen in the United States. 

I think our system works pretty well, as long as you’re within the NHS and hospital system. If you wanted to still practice, but practice privately, you would still have to find somebody who’d be prepared to conduct appraisals and so on outside of the NHS. It’s an interesting area. 

For myself, I still feel competent. Patients seem to like me. That’s an objective assessment by this 360-degree thing in which patients reflected very positively, indeed, in my approach to the delivery of the care and so on, as did colleagues. I’m still publishing, I go to meetings, I cheer things, bits and bobs. I’d say I’m a wee bit unusual in terms of still having a strong academic profile in doing stuff.

It’s an interesting question. Richard Doll, one of the world’s great epidemiologists who, of course, was the dominant discoverer of the link between smoking and lung cancer, was attending seminars, sitting in the front row, and coming into university 3 days a week at age 90, continuing to be contributory with his extraordinarily sharp intellect and vast, vast experience.

When I think of experience, all young cancer doctors are now immunologists. When I was a young doctor, I was a clinical pharmacologist. There are many lessons and tricks that I learned which I do need to pass on to the younger generation of today. What do you think? Should there be a mandatory retirement age? How do we best measure, assess, and revalidate elderly physicians and surgeons? How can we continue to contribute to those who choose to do so? For the time being, as always, thanks for listening.
 

Dr. Kerr is professor, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, and professor of cancer medicine, Oxford Cancer Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom. He has disclosed ties with Celleron Therapeutics, Oxford Cancer Biomarkers (Board of Directors); Afrox (charity; Trustee); GlaxoSmithKline and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (Consultant), Genomic Health; Merck Serono, and Roche.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Metformin significantly improved symptoms and resulted in hair regrowth in Black women with treatment-refractory central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), in a retrospective case series.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a case series involving 12 Black women in their 30s, 40s, and 50s, with biopsy-confirmed, treatment-refractory CCCA, a chronic inflammatory hair disorder characterized by permanent hair loss, from the Johns Hopkins University alopecia clinic.
• Participants received CCCA treatment for at least 6 months and had stagnant or worsening symptoms before oral extended-release metformin (500 mg daily) was added to treatment. (Treatments included topical clobetasol, compounded minoxidil, and platelet-rich plasma injections.)
• Scalp biopsies were collected from four patients before and after metformin treatment to evaluate gene expression changes.
• Changes in clinical symptoms were assessed, including pruritus, inflammation, pain, scalp resistance, and hair regrowth, following initiation of metformin treatment.

TAKEAWAY:

• Metformin led to significant clinical improvement in eight patients, which included reductions in scalp pain, scalp resistance, pruritus, and inflammation. However, two patients experienced worsening symptoms.
• Six patients showed clinical evidence of hair regrowth after at least 6 months of metformin treatment with one experiencing hair loss again 3 months after discontinuing treatment.
• Transcriptomic analysis revealed 34 up-regulated genes, which included up-regulated of 23 hair keratin–associated proteins, and pathways related to keratinization, epidermis development, and the hair cycle. In addition, eight genes were down-regulated, with pathways that included those associated with extracellular matrix organization, collagen fibril organization, and collagen metabolism.
• Gene set variation analysis showed reduced expression of T helper 17 cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways and elevated adenosine monophosphate kinase signaling and keratin-associated proteins after treatment with metformin.

IN PRACTICE:

“Metformin’s ability to concomitantly target fibrosis and inflammation provides a plausible mechanism for its therapeutic effects in CCCA and other fibrosing alopecia disorders,” the authors concluded. But, they added, “larger prospective, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials are needed to rigorously evaluate metformin’s efficacy and optimal dosing for treatment of cicatricial alopecias.”

SOURCE:

The study was led by Aaron Bao, Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and was published online on September 4 in JAMA Dermatology.

LIMITATIONS:

A small sample size, retrospective design, lack of a placebo control group, and the single-center setting limited the generalizability of the study findings. Additionally, the absence of a validated activity or severity scale for CCCA and the single posttreatment sampling limit the assessment and comparison of clinical symptoms and transcriptomic changes.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by the American Academy of Dermatology. One author reported several ties with pharmaceutical companies, a pending patent, and authorship for the UpToDate section on CCCA.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Metformin significantly improved symptoms and resulted in hair regrowth in Black women with treatment-refractory central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), in a retrospective case series.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a case series involving 12 Black women in their 30s, 40s, and 50s, with biopsy-confirmed, treatment-refractory CCCA, a chronic inflammatory hair disorder characterized by permanent hair loss, from the Johns Hopkins University alopecia clinic.
• Participants received CCCA treatment for at least 6 months and had stagnant or worsening symptoms before oral extended-release metformin (500 mg daily) was added to treatment. (Treatments included topical clobetasol, compounded minoxidil, and platelet-rich plasma injections.)
• Scalp biopsies were collected from four patients before and after metformin treatment to evaluate gene expression changes.
• Changes in clinical symptoms were assessed, including pruritus, inflammation, pain, scalp resistance, and hair regrowth, following initiation of metformin treatment.

TAKEAWAY:

• Metformin led to significant clinical improvement in eight patients, which included reductions in scalp pain, scalp resistance, pruritus, and inflammation. However, two patients experienced worsening symptoms.
• Six patients showed clinical evidence of hair regrowth after at least 6 months of metformin treatment with one experiencing hair loss again 3 months after discontinuing treatment.
• Transcriptomic analysis revealed 34 up-regulated genes, which included up-regulated of 23 hair keratin–associated proteins, and pathways related to keratinization, epidermis development, and the hair cycle. In addition, eight genes were down-regulated, with pathways that included those associated with extracellular matrix organization, collagen fibril organization, and collagen metabolism.
• Gene set variation analysis showed reduced expression of T helper 17 cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways and elevated adenosine monophosphate kinase signaling and keratin-associated proteins after treatment with metformin.

IN PRACTICE:

“Metformin’s ability to concomitantly target fibrosis and inflammation provides a plausible mechanism for its therapeutic effects in CCCA and other fibrosing alopecia disorders,” the authors concluded. But, they added, “larger prospective, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials are needed to rigorously evaluate metformin’s efficacy and optimal dosing for treatment of cicatricial alopecias.”

SOURCE:

The study was led by Aaron Bao, Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and was published online on September 4 in JAMA Dermatology.

LIMITATIONS:

A small sample size, retrospective design, lack of a placebo control group, and the single-center setting limited the generalizability of the study findings. Additionally, the absence of a validated activity or severity scale for CCCA and the single posttreatment sampling limit the assessment and comparison of clinical symptoms and transcriptomic changes.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by the American Academy of Dermatology. One author reported several ties with pharmaceutical companies, a pending patent, and authorship for the UpToDate section on CCCA.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Metformin significantly improved symptoms and resulted in hair regrowth in Black women with treatment-refractory central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), in a retrospective case series.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a case series involving 12 Black women in their 30s, 40s, and 50s, with biopsy-confirmed, treatment-refractory CCCA, a chronic inflammatory hair disorder characterized by permanent hair loss, from the Johns Hopkins University alopecia clinic.
• Participants received CCCA treatment for at least 6 months and had stagnant or worsening symptoms before oral extended-release metformin (500 mg daily) was added to treatment. (Treatments included topical clobetasol, compounded minoxidil, and platelet-rich plasma injections.)
• Scalp biopsies were collected from four patients before and after metformin treatment to evaluate gene expression changes.
• Changes in clinical symptoms were assessed, including pruritus, inflammation, pain, scalp resistance, and hair regrowth, following initiation of metformin treatment.

TAKEAWAY:

• Metformin led to significant clinical improvement in eight patients, which included reductions in scalp pain, scalp resistance, pruritus, and inflammation. However, two patients experienced worsening symptoms.
• Six patients showed clinical evidence of hair regrowth after at least 6 months of metformin treatment with one experiencing hair loss again 3 months after discontinuing treatment.
• Transcriptomic analysis revealed 34 up-regulated genes, which included up-regulated of 23 hair keratin–associated proteins, and pathways related to keratinization, epidermis development, and the hair cycle. In addition, eight genes were down-regulated, with pathways that included those associated with extracellular matrix organization, collagen fibril organization, and collagen metabolism.
• Gene set variation analysis showed reduced expression of T helper 17 cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways and elevated adenosine monophosphate kinase signaling and keratin-associated proteins after treatment with metformin.

IN PRACTICE:

“Metformin’s ability to concomitantly target fibrosis and inflammation provides a plausible mechanism for its therapeutic effects in CCCA and other fibrosing alopecia disorders,” the authors concluded. But, they added, “larger prospective, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials are needed to rigorously evaluate metformin’s efficacy and optimal dosing for treatment of cicatricial alopecias.”

SOURCE:

The study was led by Aaron Bao, Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and was published online on September 4 in JAMA Dermatology.

LIMITATIONS:

A small sample size, retrospective design, lack of a placebo control group, and the single-center setting limited the generalizability of the study findings. Additionally, the absence of a validated activity or severity scale for CCCA and the single posttreatment sampling limit the assessment and comparison of clinical symptoms and transcriptomic changes.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by the American Academy of Dermatology. One author reported several ties with pharmaceutical companies, a pending patent, and authorship for the UpToDate section on CCCA.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.