Clozapine is considered the drug of choice for treatment-resistant schizophrenia in guidelines globally, but it remains significantly underutilized. This is largely due to its range of side effects, particularly its increased infection risk which prompted the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to mandate regular blood testing to monitor neutrophil counts.

The COVID-19 pandemic raised new concerns about the care of clozapine-treated patients, leading clinicians and patients to urge the FDA to relax prescription requirements for the drug under the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program.

As the FDA prepares for a public hearing in November on proposed adjustments to the drug’s REMS criteria, a growing body of research is challenging the previous understanding of clozapine and infection risk.
 

Clarifying the Risk

Research on the link between clozapine and respiratory infections has produced conflicting results. Some studies indicate little to no increased risk for mild COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses, while others have shown a higher likelihood of severe infection.

A recent nationwide Danish registry study of respiratory infections in people with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder could bring some clarity, Maxime Taquet, MD, a clinical lecturer at the University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, England, told this news organization.

By tracking periods when patients were on and off clozapine and other antipsychotics, the study offers more precise risk estimates, distinguishing the risks associated with the antipsychotic from those related to underlying schizophrenia, said Dr. Taquet, who authored an accompanying editorial on the study.

“It’s very important to try to disentangle the effects of schizophrenia, its severity, from the medication,” Dr. Taquet said. “I think that the Danish study is the first to try and really do that with as much precision as possible.”

After adjusting for key confounders including economic status and COVID-19 vaccination status, the researchers found that individuals taking antipsychotics had lower odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and similar rates of filled anti-infective prescriptions as those not taking the drugs.

Although antipsychotic use was not linked to higher rates of mild infection, it was linked to an increased risk for COVID-19 hospitalization in individuals older than 70 years, as well as hospitalization and death from other respiratory infections, mainly pneumonia, in those older than 40 years.

Notably, there was no excess risk for any outcome with clozapine vs other antipsychotics.
 

Strong Link to Pneumonia Risk

Results from a longitudinal Finnish study, just published in The American Journal of Psychiatry, also show an increased risk for severe outcomes from ileus and pneumonia among more than 2600 patients with schizophrenia taking clozapine.

Twenty years after initiating clozapine, the cumulative incidence estimate for ileus was 5.3% — more than sixfold higher than previously reported. The incidence of pneumonia was also high, at 29.5%.

Both illnesses were significantly associated with mortality, with odds ratios of 4.5 and 2.8, respectively.

These findings align with previous pharmacovigilance studies, with reported mortality rates for gastrointestinal hypomotility and pneumonia that were 4-10 times higher than those for agranulocytosis, the researchers said.

The study “really adds to a growing body of research suggesting a connection between clozapine use and a higher risk of developing pneumonia,” Robert O. Cotes, MD, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Emory University, Atlanta, who specializes in the use of clozapine, told this news organization.

“Additionally, when people on clozapine do contract pneumonia, there’s concern the condition may be more dangerous,” he added.
 

A Closer Look at Neutropenia Risk

Neutropenia receives the lion’s share of attention among clozapine’s potential side effects, but this focus may need to be re-evaluated, Dr. Cotes said.

He pointed out that recent data suggest the risk for severe neutropenia, 2-3 years after initiating clozapine, is comparable to that of other antipsychotics.

A study of 26,630 clozapine users in Australia and New Zealand showed that most cases of severe neutropenia leading to clozapine cessation peaked within 18 weeks and was negligible after 2 years. This suggests weekly hematologic monitoring could potentially be discontinued after the 2-year mark.

Another study reported earlier this year by this news organization showed a low risk for mild or moderate neutropenia and no severe cases in nearly 1000 people taking clozapine.

“I worry that we may be missing the forest for the trees by hyperfocusing on neutropenia and not considering clozapine’s other potential serious side effects like pneumonia, myocarditis, and gastrointestinal hypermotility,” Dr. Cotes said.
 

Importance of Vaccines

The findings of these studies highlight the importance of vaccines in this at-risk group, said Dr. Taquet, a point emphasized by investigators of the Danish study he reviewed.

“Inspired by the experience of COVID-19 vaccine prioritization in severe mental illness and based on our findings, there is momentum for preventive action,” the authors wrote. “Our findings do not suggest the avoidance of specific antipsychotics but rather a call for increased vigilance regarding this at-risk group.”

This includes recommending pneumococcal, influenza, COVID-19, and other anti-infective vaccines in those older than 40 years treated with, or due to start, an antipsychotic.

“It’s not mandatory, but we do recommend that patients on clozapine get the regular vaccines,” Dr. Taquet said.

Pointing to the recent study on pneumonia risk, Dr. Cotes said addressing underlying risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, and possibly sedation and excessive salivation caused by clozapine, is key.

“And to make sure that vaccinations are up to date, particularly heading into this fall,” he added.
 

Rethinking Clozapine REMS

One of the most challenging issues facing clinicians and researchers is how to help people understand the safety profile of clozapine and to use it with more confidence, Dr. Cotes said.

“A lot of people hear about clozapine and they think about neutropenia, they think about side effects, the REMS system, and all of these factors really drive down clozapine utilization,” he said.

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia affects about a quarter of those with schizophrenia, yet only 4% of these patients receive clozapine in the United States, Dr. Cotes said. That number may be even lower for its other indication of reducing suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

The clozapine REMS is viewed as a major barrier to utilization and requires certification of pharmacists and physicians and use of a central system to monitor absolute neutrophil counts for neutropenia in patients.

As previously reported by this news organization in November 2022, the FDA opted to temporarily exercise enforcement discretion for certain aspects of the drug safety program to ensure continuity of care for patients after concerns were raised by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) along with other professional organizations.

Even with that temporary enforcement discretion, “reports have shown that over half of those prescribed clozapine have trouble accessing the medication because of the REMS program,” a spokesperson for the APA told this news organization.

“Not only are patients having trouble accessing the medication, many have trouble finding a prescriber in their geographic locations and others because of the monitoring requirements have their treatment discontinued leading to negative outcomes,” the spokesperson said.

The FDA is currently reviewing the clozapine REMS and is holding a joint advisory committee meeting on November 19 to discuss the review and “possible changes to minimize burden on patients, pharmacies, and prescribers while maintaining safe use of clozapine.”

The APA plans to submit written and oral comments to the advisory committees.

“We are hopeful that the re-evaluation meeting in November will remove barriers and increase access to clozapine, which is currently highly underutilized, especially in marginalized communities,” the spokesperson said.

Dr. Cotes reported serving as a speaker and consultant for Saladax Biomedical and as a consultant for Syneos Health. Dr. Taquet reported having no competing interests.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Clozapine is considered the drug of choice for treatment-resistant schizophrenia in guidelines globally, but it remains significantly underutilized. This is largely due to its range of side effects, particularly its increased infection risk which prompted the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to mandate regular blood testing to monitor neutrophil counts.

The COVID-19 pandemic raised new concerns about the care of clozapine-treated patients, leading clinicians and patients to urge the FDA to relax prescription requirements for the drug under the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program.

As the FDA prepares for a public hearing in November on proposed adjustments to the drug’s REMS criteria, a growing body of research is challenging the previous understanding of clozapine and infection risk.
 

Clarifying the Risk

Research on the link between clozapine and respiratory infections has produced conflicting results. Some studies indicate little to no increased risk for mild COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses, while others have shown a higher likelihood of severe infection.

A recent nationwide Danish registry study of respiratory infections in people with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder could bring some clarity, Maxime Taquet, MD, a clinical lecturer at the University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, England, told this news organization.

By tracking periods when patients were on and off clozapine and other antipsychotics, the study offers more precise risk estimates, distinguishing the risks associated with the antipsychotic from those related to underlying schizophrenia, said Dr. Taquet, who authored an accompanying editorial on the study.

“It’s very important to try to disentangle the effects of schizophrenia, its severity, from the medication,” Dr. Taquet said. “I think that the Danish study is the first to try and really do that with as much precision as possible.”

After adjusting for key confounders including economic status and COVID-19 vaccination status, the researchers found that individuals taking antipsychotics had lower odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and similar rates of filled anti-infective prescriptions as those not taking the drugs.

Although antipsychotic use was not linked to higher rates of mild infection, it was linked to an increased risk for COVID-19 hospitalization in individuals older than 70 years, as well as hospitalization and death from other respiratory infections, mainly pneumonia, in those older than 40 years.

Notably, there was no excess risk for any outcome with clozapine vs other antipsychotics.
 

Strong Link to Pneumonia Risk

Results from a longitudinal Finnish study, just published in The American Journal of Psychiatry, also show an increased risk for severe outcomes from ileus and pneumonia among more than 2600 patients with schizophrenia taking clozapine.

Twenty years after initiating clozapine, the cumulative incidence estimate for ileus was 5.3% — more than sixfold higher than previously reported. The incidence of pneumonia was also high, at 29.5%.

Both illnesses were significantly associated with mortality, with odds ratios of 4.5 and 2.8, respectively.

These findings align with previous pharmacovigilance studies, with reported mortality rates for gastrointestinal hypomotility and pneumonia that were 4-10 times higher than those for agranulocytosis, the researchers said.

The study “really adds to a growing body of research suggesting a connection between clozapine use and a higher risk of developing pneumonia,” Robert O. Cotes, MD, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Emory University, Atlanta, who specializes in the use of clozapine, told this news organization.

“Additionally, when people on clozapine do contract pneumonia, there’s concern the condition may be more dangerous,” he added.
 

A Closer Look at Neutropenia Risk

Neutropenia receives the lion’s share of attention among clozapine’s potential side effects, but this focus may need to be re-evaluated, Dr. Cotes said.

He pointed out that recent data suggest the risk for severe neutropenia, 2-3 years after initiating clozapine, is comparable to that of other antipsychotics.

A study of 26,630 clozapine users in Australia and New Zealand showed that most cases of severe neutropenia leading to clozapine cessation peaked within 18 weeks and was negligible after 2 years. This suggests weekly hematologic monitoring could potentially be discontinued after the 2-year mark.

Another study reported earlier this year by this news organization showed a low risk for mild or moderate neutropenia and no severe cases in nearly 1000 people taking clozapine.

“I worry that we may be missing the forest for the trees by hyperfocusing on neutropenia and not considering clozapine’s other potential serious side effects like pneumonia, myocarditis, and gastrointestinal hypermotility,” Dr. Cotes said.
 

Importance of Vaccines

The findings of these studies highlight the importance of vaccines in this at-risk group, said Dr. Taquet, a point emphasized by investigators of the Danish study he reviewed.

“Inspired by the experience of COVID-19 vaccine prioritization in severe mental illness and based on our findings, there is momentum for preventive action,” the authors wrote. “Our findings do not suggest the avoidance of specific antipsychotics but rather a call for increased vigilance regarding this at-risk group.”

This includes recommending pneumococcal, influenza, COVID-19, and other anti-infective vaccines in those older than 40 years treated with, or due to start, an antipsychotic.

“It’s not mandatory, but we do recommend that patients on clozapine get the regular vaccines,” Dr. Taquet said.

Pointing to the recent study on pneumonia risk, Dr. Cotes said addressing underlying risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, and possibly sedation and excessive salivation caused by clozapine, is key.

“And to make sure that vaccinations are up to date, particularly heading into this fall,” he added.
 

Rethinking Clozapine REMS

One of the most challenging issues facing clinicians and researchers is how to help people understand the safety profile of clozapine and to use it with more confidence, Dr. Cotes said.

“A lot of people hear about clozapine and they think about neutropenia, they think about side effects, the REMS system, and all of these factors really drive down clozapine utilization,” he said.

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia affects about a quarter of those with schizophrenia, yet only 4% of these patients receive clozapine in the United States, Dr. Cotes said. That number may be even lower for its other indication of reducing suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

The clozapine REMS is viewed as a major barrier to utilization and requires certification of pharmacists and physicians and use of a central system to monitor absolute neutrophil counts for neutropenia in patients.

As previously reported by this news organization in November 2022, the FDA opted to temporarily exercise enforcement discretion for certain aspects of the drug safety program to ensure continuity of care for patients after concerns were raised by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) along with other professional organizations.

Even with that temporary enforcement discretion, “reports have shown that over half of those prescribed clozapine have trouble accessing the medication because of the REMS program,” a spokesperson for the APA told this news organization.

“Not only are patients having trouble accessing the medication, many have trouble finding a prescriber in their geographic locations and others because of the monitoring requirements have their treatment discontinued leading to negative outcomes,” the spokesperson said.

The FDA is currently reviewing the clozapine REMS and is holding a joint advisory committee meeting on November 19 to discuss the review and “possible changes to minimize burden on patients, pharmacies, and prescribers while maintaining safe use of clozapine.”

The APA plans to submit written and oral comments to the advisory committees.

“We are hopeful that the re-evaluation meeting in November will remove barriers and increase access to clozapine, which is currently highly underutilized, especially in marginalized communities,” the spokesperson said.

Dr. Cotes reported serving as a speaker and consultant for Saladax Biomedical and as a consultant for Syneos Health. Dr. Taquet reported having no competing interests.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Clozapine is considered the drug of choice for treatment-resistant schizophrenia in guidelines globally, but it remains significantly underutilized. This is largely due to its range of side effects, particularly its increased infection risk which prompted the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to mandate regular blood testing to monitor neutrophil counts.

The COVID-19 pandemic raised new concerns about the care of clozapine-treated patients, leading clinicians and patients to urge the FDA to relax prescription requirements for the drug under the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program.

As the FDA prepares for a public hearing in November on proposed adjustments to the drug’s REMS criteria, a growing body of research is challenging the previous understanding of clozapine and infection risk.
 

Clarifying the Risk

Research on the link between clozapine and respiratory infections has produced conflicting results. Some studies indicate little to no increased risk for mild COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses, while others have shown a higher likelihood of severe infection.

A recent nationwide Danish registry study of respiratory infections in people with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder could bring some clarity, Maxime Taquet, MD, a clinical lecturer at the University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, England, told this news organization.

By tracking periods when patients were on and off clozapine and other antipsychotics, the study offers more precise risk estimates, distinguishing the risks associated with the antipsychotic from those related to underlying schizophrenia, said Dr. Taquet, who authored an accompanying editorial on the study.

“It’s very important to try to disentangle the effects of schizophrenia, its severity, from the medication,” Dr. Taquet said. “I think that the Danish study is the first to try and really do that with as much precision as possible.”

After adjusting for key confounders including economic status and COVID-19 vaccination status, the researchers found that individuals taking antipsychotics had lower odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and similar rates of filled anti-infective prescriptions as those not taking the drugs.

Although antipsychotic use was not linked to higher rates of mild infection, it was linked to an increased risk for COVID-19 hospitalization in individuals older than 70 years, as well as hospitalization and death from other respiratory infections, mainly pneumonia, in those older than 40 years.

Notably, there was no excess risk for any outcome with clozapine vs other antipsychotics.
 

Strong Link to Pneumonia Risk

Results from a longitudinal Finnish study, just published in The American Journal of Psychiatry, also show an increased risk for severe outcomes from ileus and pneumonia among more than 2600 patients with schizophrenia taking clozapine.

Twenty years after initiating clozapine, the cumulative incidence estimate for ileus was 5.3% — more than sixfold higher than previously reported. The incidence of pneumonia was also high, at 29.5%.

Both illnesses were significantly associated with mortality, with odds ratios of 4.5 and 2.8, respectively.

These findings align with previous pharmacovigilance studies, with reported mortality rates for gastrointestinal hypomotility and pneumonia that were 4-10 times higher than those for agranulocytosis, the researchers said.

The study “really adds to a growing body of research suggesting a connection between clozapine use and a higher risk of developing pneumonia,” Robert O. Cotes, MD, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Emory University, Atlanta, who specializes in the use of clozapine, told this news organization.

“Additionally, when people on clozapine do contract pneumonia, there’s concern the condition may be more dangerous,” he added.
 

A Closer Look at Neutropenia Risk

Neutropenia receives the lion’s share of attention among clozapine’s potential side effects, but this focus may need to be re-evaluated, Dr. Cotes said.

He pointed out that recent data suggest the risk for severe neutropenia, 2-3 years after initiating clozapine, is comparable to that of other antipsychotics.

A study of 26,630 clozapine users in Australia and New Zealand showed that most cases of severe neutropenia leading to clozapine cessation peaked within 18 weeks and was negligible after 2 years. This suggests weekly hematologic monitoring could potentially be discontinued after the 2-year mark.

Another study reported earlier this year by this news organization showed a low risk for mild or moderate neutropenia and no severe cases in nearly 1000 people taking clozapine.

“I worry that we may be missing the forest for the trees by hyperfocusing on neutropenia and not considering clozapine’s other potential serious side effects like pneumonia, myocarditis, and gastrointestinal hypermotility,” Dr. Cotes said.
 

Importance of Vaccines

The findings of these studies highlight the importance of vaccines in this at-risk group, said Dr. Taquet, a point emphasized by investigators of the Danish study he reviewed.

“Inspired by the experience of COVID-19 vaccine prioritization in severe mental illness and based on our findings, there is momentum for preventive action,” the authors wrote. “Our findings do not suggest the avoidance of specific antipsychotics but rather a call for increased vigilance regarding this at-risk group.”

This includes recommending pneumococcal, influenza, COVID-19, and other anti-infective vaccines in those older than 40 years treated with, or due to start, an antipsychotic.

“It’s not mandatory, but we do recommend that patients on clozapine get the regular vaccines,” Dr. Taquet said.

Pointing to the recent study on pneumonia risk, Dr. Cotes said addressing underlying risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, and possibly sedation and excessive salivation caused by clozapine, is key.

“And to make sure that vaccinations are up to date, particularly heading into this fall,” he added.
 

Rethinking Clozapine REMS

One of the most challenging issues facing clinicians and researchers is how to help people understand the safety profile of clozapine and to use it with more confidence, Dr. Cotes said.

“A lot of people hear about clozapine and they think about neutropenia, they think about side effects, the REMS system, and all of these factors really drive down clozapine utilization,” he said.

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia affects about a quarter of those with schizophrenia, yet only 4% of these patients receive clozapine in the United States, Dr. Cotes said. That number may be even lower for its other indication of reducing suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

The clozapine REMS is viewed as a major barrier to utilization and requires certification of pharmacists and physicians and use of a central system to monitor absolute neutrophil counts for neutropenia in patients.

As previously reported by this news organization in November 2022, the FDA opted to temporarily exercise enforcement discretion for certain aspects of the drug safety program to ensure continuity of care for patients after concerns were raised by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) along with other professional organizations.

Even with that temporary enforcement discretion, “reports have shown that over half of those prescribed clozapine have trouble accessing the medication because of the REMS program,” a spokesperson for the APA told this news organization.

“Not only are patients having trouble accessing the medication, many have trouble finding a prescriber in their geographic locations and others because of the monitoring requirements have their treatment discontinued leading to negative outcomes,” the spokesperson said.

The FDA is currently reviewing the clozapine REMS and is holding a joint advisory committee meeting on November 19 to discuss the review and “possible changes to minimize burden on patients, pharmacies, and prescribers while maintaining safe use of clozapine.”

The APA plans to submit written and oral comments to the advisory committees.

“We are hopeful that the re-evaluation meeting in November will remove barriers and increase access to clozapine, which is currently highly underutilized, especially in marginalized communities,” the spokesperson said.

Dr. Cotes reported serving as a speaker and consultant for Saladax Biomedical and as a consultant for Syneos Health. Dr. Taquet reported having no competing interests.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Acute otitis media (AOM) is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) shifts in the proportion of these three bacteria as causes of AOM and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles and strain diversity have occurred due to multiple factors including the PCVs and antibiotic selection pressure.

The 7-valent PCV (PCV7) was introduced in 2000 and was proven to be efficacious in preventing AOM, but no subsequent PCV has received an indication for prevention of AOM because the FDA required a tympanocentesis study to prove efficacy and that approval was not achieved for PCV13, PCV15, or PCV20. This is a little known fact. After introduction of PCV7, replacement pneumococcal strains expressing serotypes not in PCV7 emerged and antibiotic non-susceptible strains became predominant causes of AOM, especially antibiotic-resistant serotype 19A. To address the phenomena of pneumococcal serotype replacement, PCV13 was introduced in 2010. But serotype replacement continued to occur under PCV13 pressure, replacement serotypes increasingly caused AOM, and antibiotic-resistant serotype 35B emerged. Now we have two new higher valency PCVs: PCV15 (Merck) where serotypes 22F and 33F were added to the PCV13 serotypes and PCV20 (Pfizer) where 22F, 33F, 8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B were added to PCV13. Note that neither PCV15 nor PCV20 includes the most common serotype causing AOM – serotype 35B.¹

While PCV15 and PCV20 should provide protection against more pneumococcal serotypes, increasing serotypes in both vaccines decreased immunogenicity of certain shared serotypes, more so with the addition of seven more in PCV20 than two more in PCV15, compared with PCV13. Whether lower antibody concentrations will make a difference clinically in terms of vaccine failure to prevent nasopharyngeal colonization, AOM, and/or invasive pneumococcal infections is currently unknown.

Our group from greater Rochester, New York, is the only one in the United States performing tympanocentesis to determine the etiology of AOM infections. Children between ages 6 and 36 months are studied. We recently reported our results for the time span September 2021 to September 2023, the immediate 2 years prior to recommendations for use of PCV15 and PCV20 in young children.² Tympanocentesis was performed in 139 (78%) of 179 episodes of AOM, yielding 216 middle ear fluid samples (the higher number of middle ear fluids was due to bilateral tympanocentesis in some children). H. influenzae (40%) was the most common bacterial isolate, followed by S. pneumonia (19%) and M. catarrhalis (17%), with the remainder no growth. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) was positive in many of those culture negative samples, suggesting prior use of antibiotics before tympanocentesis was performed. Among the pneumococcal isolates, 46% were oxacillin non-susceptible. Among the H. influenzae isolates, 27% were beta-lactamase producing and all M. catarrhalis were beta-lactamase-producing.

As we previously reported,¹ we once again found that serotype 35B was the most frequent non-PCV15, non-PCV20, serotype. Other frequently detected non-PCV20 pneumococcal serotypes were 23A, 23B, 35D, 35F and 15C.²
 

Projected Pneumococcal Serotype Coverage by PCV15 and PCV20

PCV13 serotypes were identified in 9% of middle ear fluids, consistent with vaccine failure. As we commence use of PCV15 and PCV20 in the United States, our data provide insights regarding estimation of the projected effects of these vaccines on AOM. Assuming 100% vaccine-type effectiveness, PCV15 will provide about 11% coverage of pneumococci causing AOM, the same PCV13 and PCV20 will provide 30% coverage, leaving 70% of pneumococci causing AOM in young children uncovered (Figure).

MDedge News

Dr. Pichichero is a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and director of the Research Institute, at Rochester (N.Y.) General Hospital. He has no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

1. Kaur R et al. Dynamic Changes in Otopathogens Colonizing the Nasopharynx and Causing Acute Otitis Media in Children After 13-Valent (PCV13) Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination During 2015-2019. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;41(1):37-44. doi: 10.1007/s10096-021-04324-0.

2. Kaur R et al. Anticipated Effects of Higher-valency Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Colonization and Acute Otitis Media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2024 Oct 1;43(10):1004-1010. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000004413.

3. King LM et al. Pediatric Outpatient Visits and Antibiotic Use Attributable to Higher Valency Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Serotypes. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2023 Aug 25:2023.08.24.23294570. doi: 10.1101/2023.08.24.23294570.

4. Ahmed S et al. Incremental Health Care Utilization and Costs for Acute Otitis Media in Children. Laryngoscope. 2014 Jan;124(1):301-5. doi: 10.1002/lary.24190.

5. Pichichero ME et al. Pathogens Causing Recurrent and Difficult-to-Treat Acute Otitis Media, 2003-2006. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008 Nov;47(9):901-6. doi: 10.1177/0009922808319966.

Acute otitis media (AOM) is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) shifts in the proportion of these three bacteria as causes of AOM and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles and strain diversity have occurred due to multiple factors including the PCVs and antibiotic selection pressure.

The 7-valent PCV (PCV7) was introduced in 2000 and was proven to be efficacious in preventing AOM, but no subsequent PCV has received an indication for prevention of AOM because the FDA required a tympanocentesis study to prove efficacy and that approval was not achieved for PCV13, PCV15, or PCV20. This is a little known fact. After introduction of PCV7, replacement pneumococcal strains expressing serotypes not in PCV7 emerged and antibiotic non-susceptible strains became predominant causes of AOM, especially antibiotic-resistant serotype 19A. To address the phenomena of pneumococcal serotype replacement, PCV13 was introduced in 2010. But serotype replacement continued to occur under PCV13 pressure, replacement serotypes increasingly caused AOM, and antibiotic-resistant serotype 35B emerged. Now we have two new higher valency PCVs: PCV15 (Merck) where serotypes 22F and 33F were added to the PCV13 serotypes and PCV20 (Pfizer) where 22F, 33F, 8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B were added to PCV13. Note that neither PCV15 nor PCV20 includes the most common serotype causing AOM – serotype 35B.¹

While PCV15 and PCV20 should provide protection against more pneumococcal serotypes, increasing serotypes in both vaccines decreased immunogenicity of certain shared serotypes, more so with the addition of seven more in PCV20 than two more in PCV15, compared with PCV13. Whether lower antibody concentrations will make a difference clinically in terms of vaccine failure to prevent nasopharyngeal colonization, AOM, and/or invasive pneumococcal infections is currently unknown.

Our group from greater Rochester, New York, is the only one in the United States performing tympanocentesis to determine the etiology of AOM infections. Children between ages 6 and 36 months are studied. We recently reported our results for the time span September 2021 to September 2023, the immediate 2 years prior to recommendations for use of PCV15 and PCV20 in young children.² Tympanocentesis was performed in 139 (78%) of 179 episodes of AOM, yielding 216 middle ear fluid samples (the higher number of middle ear fluids was due to bilateral tympanocentesis in some children). H. influenzae (40%) was the most common bacterial isolate, followed by S. pneumonia (19%) and M. catarrhalis (17%), with the remainder no growth. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) was positive in many of those culture negative samples, suggesting prior use of antibiotics before tympanocentesis was performed. Among the pneumococcal isolates, 46% were oxacillin non-susceptible. Among the H. influenzae isolates, 27% were beta-lactamase producing and all M. catarrhalis were beta-lactamase-producing.

As we previously reported,¹ we once again found that serotype 35B was the most frequent non-PCV15, non-PCV20, serotype. Other frequently detected non-PCV20 pneumococcal serotypes were 23A, 23B, 35D, 35F and 15C.²
 

Projected Pneumococcal Serotype Coverage by PCV15 and PCV20

PCV13 serotypes were identified in 9% of middle ear fluids, consistent with vaccine failure. As we commence use of PCV15 and PCV20 in the United States, our data provide insights regarding estimation of the projected effects of these vaccines on AOM. Assuming 100% vaccine-type effectiveness, PCV15 will provide about 11% coverage of pneumococci causing AOM, the same PCV13 and PCV20 will provide 30% coverage, leaving 70% of pneumococci causing AOM in young children uncovered (Figure).

MDedge News

Dr. Pichichero is a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and director of the Research Institute, at Rochester (N.Y.) General Hospital. He has no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

1. Kaur R et al. Dynamic Changes in Otopathogens Colonizing the Nasopharynx and Causing Acute Otitis Media in Children After 13-Valent (PCV13) Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination During 2015-2019. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;41(1):37-44. doi: 10.1007/s10096-021-04324-0.

2. Kaur R et al. Anticipated Effects of Higher-valency Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Colonization and Acute Otitis Media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2024 Oct 1;43(10):1004-1010. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000004413.

3. King LM et al. Pediatric Outpatient Visits and Antibiotic Use Attributable to Higher Valency Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Serotypes. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2023 Aug 25:2023.08.24.23294570. doi: 10.1101/2023.08.24.23294570.

4. Ahmed S et al. Incremental Health Care Utilization and Costs for Acute Otitis Media in Children. Laryngoscope. 2014 Jan;124(1):301-5. doi: 10.1002/lary.24190.

5. Pichichero ME et al. Pathogens Causing Recurrent and Difficult-to-Treat Acute Otitis Media, 2003-2006. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008 Nov;47(9):901-6. doi: 10.1177/0009922808319966.

Acute otitis media (AOM) is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) shifts in the proportion of these three bacteria as causes of AOM and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles and strain diversity have occurred due to multiple factors including the PCVs and antibiotic selection pressure.

The 7-valent PCV (PCV7) was introduced in 2000 and was proven to be efficacious in preventing AOM, but no subsequent PCV has received an indication for prevention of AOM because the FDA required a tympanocentesis study to prove efficacy and that approval was not achieved for PCV13, PCV15, or PCV20. This is a little known fact. After introduction of PCV7, replacement pneumococcal strains expressing serotypes not in PCV7 emerged and antibiotic non-susceptible strains became predominant causes of AOM, especially antibiotic-resistant serotype 19A. To address the phenomena of pneumococcal serotype replacement, PCV13 was introduced in 2010. But serotype replacement continued to occur under PCV13 pressure, replacement serotypes increasingly caused AOM, and antibiotic-resistant serotype 35B emerged. Now we have two new higher valency PCVs: PCV15 (Merck) where serotypes 22F and 33F were added to the PCV13 serotypes and PCV20 (Pfizer) where 22F, 33F, 8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B were added to PCV13. Note that neither PCV15 nor PCV20 includes the most common serotype causing AOM – serotype 35B.¹

While PCV15 and PCV20 should provide protection against more pneumococcal serotypes, increasing serotypes in both vaccines decreased immunogenicity of certain shared serotypes, more so with the addition of seven more in PCV20 than two more in PCV15, compared with PCV13. Whether lower antibody concentrations will make a difference clinically in terms of vaccine failure to prevent nasopharyngeal colonization, AOM, and/or invasive pneumococcal infections is currently unknown.

Our group from greater Rochester, New York, is the only one in the United States performing tympanocentesis to determine the etiology of AOM infections. Children between ages 6 and 36 months are studied. We recently reported our results for the time span September 2021 to September 2023, the immediate 2 years prior to recommendations for use of PCV15 and PCV20 in young children.² Tympanocentesis was performed in 139 (78%) of 179 episodes of AOM, yielding 216 middle ear fluid samples (the higher number of middle ear fluids was due to bilateral tympanocentesis in some children). H. influenzae (40%) was the most common bacterial isolate, followed by S. pneumonia (19%) and M. catarrhalis (17%), with the remainder no growth. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) was positive in many of those culture negative samples, suggesting prior use of antibiotics before tympanocentesis was performed. Among the pneumococcal isolates, 46% were oxacillin non-susceptible. Among the H. influenzae isolates, 27% were beta-lactamase producing and all M. catarrhalis were beta-lactamase-producing.

As we previously reported,¹ we once again found that serotype 35B was the most frequent non-PCV15, non-PCV20, serotype. Other frequently detected non-PCV20 pneumococcal serotypes were 23A, 23B, 35D, 35F and 15C.²
 

Projected Pneumococcal Serotype Coverage by PCV15 and PCV20

PCV13 serotypes were identified in 9% of middle ear fluids, consistent with vaccine failure. As we commence use of PCV15 and PCV20 in the United States, our data provide insights regarding estimation of the projected effects of these vaccines on AOM. Assuming 100% vaccine-type effectiveness, PCV15 will provide about 11% coverage of pneumococci causing AOM, the same PCV13 and PCV20 will provide 30% coverage, leaving 70% of pneumococci causing AOM in young children uncovered (Figure).

MDedge News

Dr. Pichichero is a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and director of the Research Institute, at Rochester (N.Y.) General Hospital. He has no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

1. Kaur R et al. Dynamic Changes in Otopathogens Colonizing the Nasopharynx and Causing Acute Otitis Media in Children After 13-Valent (PCV13) Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination During 2015-2019. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;41(1):37-44. doi: 10.1007/s10096-021-04324-0.

2. Kaur R et al. Anticipated Effects of Higher-valency Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Colonization and Acute Otitis Media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2024 Oct 1;43(10):1004-1010. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000004413.

3. King LM et al. Pediatric Outpatient Visits and Antibiotic Use Attributable to Higher Valency Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Serotypes. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2023 Aug 25:2023.08.24.23294570. doi: 10.1101/2023.08.24.23294570.

4. Ahmed S et al. Incremental Health Care Utilization and Costs for Acute Otitis Media in Children. Laryngoscope. 2014 Jan;124(1):301-5. doi: 10.1002/lary.24190.

5. Pichichero ME et al. Pathogens Causing Recurrent and Difficult-to-Treat Acute Otitis Media, 2003-2006. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008 Nov;47(9):901-6. doi: 10.1177/0009922808319966.

On October 2, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Drug Shortage Database showed that the tirzepatide injection (Zepbound, Mounjaro/Lilly) shortage is now “resolved.” The agency wrote in a clarification aimed at compounders that Lilly said it can meet the “present and projected national demand” and that compounders are restricted from making the products. 

Nevertheless, patients and prescribers may still see “intermittent localized supply disruptions as the products move through the supply chain,” the FDA noted.

The Alliance for Pharmacy Compounding (APC) responded swiftly, alerting its members and the public to the resolved shortage and stating that compounders “must immediately cease preparing and dispensing compounded copies” of the two drugs.

However, APC CEO Scott Brunner added it often takes a long time for FDA-approved versions of the drug to become widely available to wholesalers, hospitals, and clinics. Even after Lilly announced greater availability for the drugs, including in a new vial format for low doses, “for most pharmacies, they’re lucky to get two or three boxes of Zepbound a day from their wholesaler — for a patient waiting list that can number in the hundreds.”

“We have already heard this morning from APC members that they are unable to fill orders for their patients,” he said.

Furthermore, he contended, “I suspect plenty of patients taking compounded tirzepatide are going to be caught flat-footed by this. They are being cut off cold turkey, their prescription no longer fillable. They’ll need to get in to see their provider to get a new prescription, and that will take some time. It’s possible that so many patients presently taking compounded GLP-1s [glucagon-like peptide 1] will be eventually switched to the FDA-approved versions — if they can afford them, of course — that it will push tirzepatide injection back into shortage.”

Commenting on the shortage resolution, endocrinologist Beverly Tchang, MD, DABOM, an assistant professor of clinical medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City told this news organization, “we are not yet experiencing relief from the shortages, but I hope this resolves at least one barrier to access for our patients.”

“I don’t think it will create confusion,” she said. “Fortunately or unfortunately, patients and clinicians are adept by now with therapeutic transitions because we’ve been forced to do so whenever insurance withdraws coverage or a shortage recurs or a coupon expires. It’s obviously not ideal but patients are motivated and clinicians don’t give up.”

This news organization has previously reported on the impact of the shortages and how endocrinologists and obesity medicine specialists were handling them, in light of concerns about compounding pharmacies that may or may not be well founded. 

Dr. Tchang declared that she is an adviser to Novo Nordisk.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

On October 2, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Drug Shortage Database showed that the tirzepatide injection (Zepbound, Mounjaro/Lilly) shortage is now “resolved.” The agency wrote in a clarification aimed at compounders that Lilly said it can meet the “present and projected national demand” and that compounders are restricted from making the products. 

Nevertheless, patients and prescribers may still see “intermittent localized supply disruptions as the products move through the supply chain,” the FDA noted.

The Alliance for Pharmacy Compounding (APC) responded swiftly, alerting its members and the public to the resolved shortage and stating that compounders “must immediately cease preparing and dispensing compounded copies” of the two drugs.

However, APC CEO Scott Brunner added it often takes a long time for FDA-approved versions of the drug to become widely available to wholesalers, hospitals, and clinics. Even after Lilly announced greater availability for the drugs, including in a new vial format for low doses, “for most pharmacies, they’re lucky to get two or three boxes of Zepbound a day from their wholesaler — for a patient waiting list that can number in the hundreds.”

“We have already heard this morning from APC members that they are unable to fill orders for their patients,” he said.

Furthermore, he contended, “I suspect plenty of patients taking compounded tirzepatide are going to be caught flat-footed by this. They are being cut off cold turkey, their prescription no longer fillable. They’ll need to get in to see their provider to get a new prescription, and that will take some time. It’s possible that so many patients presently taking compounded GLP-1s [glucagon-like peptide 1] will be eventually switched to the FDA-approved versions — if they can afford them, of course — that it will push tirzepatide injection back into shortage.”

Commenting on the shortage resolution, endocrinologist Beverly Tchang, MD, DABOM, an assistant professor of clinical medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City told this news organization, “we are not yet experiencing relief from the shortages, but I hope this resolves at least one barrier to access for our patients.”

“I don’t think it will create confusion,” she said. “Fortunately or unfortunately, patients and clinicians are adept by now with therapeutic transitions because we’ve been forced to do so whenever insurance withdraws coverage or a shortage recurs or a coupon expires. It’s obviously not ideal but patients are motivated and clinicians don’t give up.”

This news organization has previously reported on the impact of the shortages and how endocrinologists and obesity medicine specialists were handling them, in light of concerns about compounding pharmacies that may or may not be well founded. 

Dr. Tchang declared that she is an adviser to Novo Nordisk.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

On October 2, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Drug Shortage Database showed that the tirzepatide injection (Zepbound, Mounjaro/Lilly) shortage is now “resolved.” The agency wrote in a clarification aimed at compounders that Lilly said it can meet the “present and projected national demand” and that compounders are restricted from making the products. 

Nevertheless, patients and prescribers may still see “intermittent localized supply disruptions as the products move through the supply chain,” the FDA noted.

The Alliance for Pharmacy Compounding (APC) responded swiftly, alerting its members and the public to the resolved shortage and stating that compounders “must immediately cease preparing and dispensing compounded copies” of the two drugs.

However, APC CEO Scott Brunner added it often takes a long time for FDA-approved versions of the drug to become widely available to wholesalers, hospitals, and clinics. Even after Lilly announced greater availability for the drugs, including in a new vial format for low doses, “for most pharmacies, they’re lucky to get two or three boxes of Zepbound a day from their wholesaler — for a patient waiting list that can number in the hundreds.”

“We have already heard this morning from APC members that they are unable to fill orders for their patients,” he said.

Furthermore, he contended, “I suspect plenty of patients taking compounded tirzepatide are going to be caught flat-footed by this. They are being cut off cold turkey, their prescription no longer fillable. They’ll need to get in to see their provider to get a new prescription, and that will take some time. It’s possible that so many patients presently taking compounded GLP-1s [glucagon-like peptide 1] will be eventually switched to the FDA-approved versions — if they can afford them, of course — that it will push tirzepatide injection back into shortage.”

Commenting on the shortage resolution, endocrinologist Beverly Tchang, MD, DABOM, an assistant professor of clinical medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City told this news organization, “we are not yet experiencing relief from the shortages, but I hope this resolves at least one barrier to access for our patients.”

“I don’t think it will create confusion,” she said. “Fortunately or unfortunately, patients and clinicians are adept by now with therapeutic transitions because we’ve been forced to do so whenever insurance withdraws coverage or a shortage recurs or a coupon expires. It’s obviously not ideal but patients are motivated and clinicians don’t give up.”

This news organization has previously reported on the impact of the shortages and how endocrinologists and obesity medicine specialists were handling them, in light of concerns about compounding pharmacies that may or may not be well founded. 

Dr. Tchang declared that she is an adviser to Novo Nordisk.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

A higher rate of weight loss within 1 year of initiating orlistat is associated with lower risks for incident gout and recurrent gout flares in individuals with body mass index (BMI) > 25, particularly if they have obesity or high baseline serum urate levels.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a population-based cohort study using data from The Health Improvement Network in the United Kingdom to examine the association between weight loss rates after the initiation of anti-obesity medication (orlistat) and the risk for incident gout and recurrent gout flares in patients with overweight or obesity.
• The risk for incident gout was analyzed in 131,000 patients with overweight or obesity (mean age, 45 years; 77.3% women; mean BMI, 37.2) who did not have gout before initiating orlistat.
• The risk for recurrent gout flares was evaluated in 3847 individuals with overweight or obesity (mean age, 56.6 years; 29.4% women; mean BMI, 38.5), who had gout before initiating orlistat.
• Participants were divided into four groups based on their rate of weight loss during the first year of orlistat use: Weight gain or stable (< 2%), slow (2% to < 5%), moderate (5% to < 10%), and fast (≥ 10%).
• The primary outcome was incident gout, and the secondary outcome was the rate of recurrent gout flares during the 5-year follow-up period after initiating orlistat.

TAKEAWAY:

• The 5-year risk for incident gout was the lowest among patients in the fast weight loss group (1.2%) and highest among those in the weight gain or stable weight group (1.6%).
• The risk for incident gout was lower in the fast (hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.62-0.86) and moderate (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.92) weight loss groups than in the weight gain or stable weight group.
• Similarly, faster weight loss rates were linked to lower rates of recurrent gout flares, with risk ratios of 0.71 (95% CI, 0.60-0.84) and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.71-0.96) in the fast and moderate weight loss groups, respectively.
• This study found that weight loss after initiating orlistat was particularly beneficial for individuals with obesity and those with high baseline serum urate levels.

IN PRACTICE:

“Pharmacologic treatments, such as orlistat, present an alternative strategy for managing overweight and obesity. Our study provides empirical evidence of a dose-response effect of weight loss after initiating orlistat within 1 year lowers the risk of incident gout and recurrent gout flares,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Jie Wei, PhD, Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, and was published online on September 19, 2024, in Arthritis & Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Despite adjustment for many variables, factors such as disease severity, exercise levels, and diet were not fully captured, which might have influenced the results. The lack of hospitalization data could have resulted in recurrent gout flares being underreported. The current study may have been subjected to bias due to potential exposure misclassification resulting from the timing of weight measurements and missing updated weight data.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Project Program of National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, and other sources. No disclosures of interest were reported by the authors.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

A higher rate of weight loss within 1 year of initiating orlistat is associated with lower risks for incident gout and recurrent gout flares in individuals with body mass index (BMI) > 25, particularly if they have obesity or high baseline serum urate levels.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a population-based cohort study using data from The Health Improvement Network in the United Kingdom to examine the association between weight loss rates after the initiation of anti-obesity medication (orlistat) and the risk for incident gout and recurrent gout flares in patients with overweight or obesity.
• The risk for incident gout was analyzed in 131,000 patients with overweight or obesity (mean age, 45 years; 77.3% women; mean BMI, 37.2) who did not have gout before initiating orlistat.
• The risk for recurrent gout flares was evaluated in 3847 individuals with overweight or obesity (mean age, 56.6 years; 29.4% women; mean BMI, 38.5), who had gout before initiating orlistat.
• Participants were divided into four groups based on their rate of weight loss during the first year of orlistat use: Weight gain or stable (< 2%), slow (2% to < 5%), moderate (5% to < 10%), and fast (≥ 10%).
• The primary outcome was incident gout, and the secondary outcome was the rate of recurrent gout flares during the 5-year follow-up period after initiating orlistat.

TAKEAWAY:

• The 5-year risk for incident gout was the lowest among patients in the fast weight loss group (1.2%) and highest among those in the weight gain or stable weight group (1.6%).
• The risk for incident gout was lower in the fast (hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.62-0.86) and moderate (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.92) weight loss groups than in the weight gain or stable weight group.
• Similarly, faster weight loss rates were linked to lower rates of recurrent gout flares, with risk ratios of 0.71 (95% CI, 0.60-0.84) and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.71-0.96) in the fast and moderate weight loss groups, respectively.
• This study found that weight loss after initiating orlistat was particularly beneficial for individuals with obesity and those with high baseline serum urate levels.

IN PRACTICE:

“Pharmacologic treatments, such as orlistat, present an alternative strategy for managing overweight and obesity. Our study provides empirical evidence of a dose-response effect of weight loss after initiating orlistat within 1 year lowers the risk of incident gout and recurrent gout flares,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Jie Wei, PhD, Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, and was published online on September 19, 2024, in Arthritis & Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Despite adjustment for many variables, factors such as disease severity, exercise levels, and diet were not fully captured, which might have influenced the results. The lack of hospitalization data could have resulted in recurrent gout flares being underreported. The current study may have been subjected to bias due to potential exposure misclassification resulting from the timing of weight measurements and missing updated weight data.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Project Program of National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, and other sources. No disclosures of interest were reported by the authors.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

A higher rate of weight loss within 1 year of initiating orlistat is associated with lower risks for incident gout and recurrent gout flares in individuals with body mass index (BMI) > 25, particularly if they have obesity or high baseline serum urate levels.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a population-based cohort study using data from The Health Improvement Network in the United Kingdom to examine the association between weight loss rates after the initiation of anti-obesity medication (orlistat) and the risk for incident gout and recurrent gout flares in patients with overweight or obesity.
• The risk for incident gout was analyzed in 131,000 patients with overweight or obesity (mean age, 45 years; 77.3% women; mean BMI, 37.2) who did not have gout before initiating orlistat.
• The risk for recurrent gout flares was evaluated in 3847 individuals with overweight or obesity (mean age, 56.6 years; 29.4% women; mean BMI, 38.5), who had gout before initiating orlistat.
• Participants were divided into four groups based on their rate of weight loss during the first year of orlistat use: Weight gain or stable (< 2%), slow (2% to < 5%), moderate (5% to < 10%), and fast (≥ 10%).
• The primary outcome was incident gout, and the secondary outcome was the rate of recurrent gout flares during the 5-year follow-up period after initiating orlistat.

TAKEAWAY:

• The 5-year risk for incident gout was the lowest among patients in the fast weight loss group (1.2%) and highest among those in the weight gain or stable weight group (1.6%).
• The risk for incident gout was lower in the fast (hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.62-0.86) and moderate (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.92) weight loss groups than in the weight gain or stable weight group.
• Similarly, faster weight loss rates were linked to lower rates of recurrent gout flares, with risk ratios of 0.71 (95% CI, 0.60-0.84) and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.71-0.96) in the fast and moderate weight loss groups, respectively.
• This study found that weight loss after initiating orlistat was particularly beneficial for individuals with obesity and those with high baseline serum urate levels.

IN PRACTICE:

“Pharmacologic treatments, such as orlistat, present an alternative strategy for managing overweight and obesity. Our study provides empirical evidence of a dose-response effect of weight loss after initiating orlistat within 1 year lowers the risk of incident gout and recurrent gout flares,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Jie Wei, PhD, Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, and was published online on September 19, 2024, in Arthritis & Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Despite adjustment for many variables, factors such as disease severity, exercise levels, and diet were not fully captured, which might have influenced the results. The lack of hospitalization data could have resulted in recurrent gout flares being underreported. The current study may have been subjected to bias due to potential exposure misclassification resulting from the timing of weight measurements and missing updated weight data.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Project Program of National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, and other sources. No disclosures of interest were reported by the authors.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

In a stunning verdict against Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana, a New Orleans jury has awarded $421 million in damages to a surgery center over the insurer’s alleged failure to fully pay out-of-network charges.

Insurance specialists told this news organization that the September 20 verdict is unusual. If upheld on appeal, one said, it could give out-of-network providers more power to decide how much insurers must pay them.

The case, which the St. Charles Surgical Hospital and Center for Restorative Breast Surgery first filed in 2017 in Louisiana state court, will be appealed and could ultimately land in federal court. The center has seen mixed results from a similar case it filed in federal court, legal documents show. Physicians from the center declined comment.

At issue: Did Blue Cross fail to fully pay the surgery center for about 7000 out-of-network procedures that it authorized? 

The lawsuit claimed that the insurer’s online system confirmed that claims would be paid and noted the percentage of patient bills that would be reimbursed.

However, “Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana either slow-paid, low-paid, or no-paid all their bills over an eight-year period, hoping to pressure the doctors and hospital to either come into the network or fail and close down,” the surgery center’s attorney, James Williams, said in a statement.

Blue Cross denied that it acted fraudulently, “arguing that because the hospital is not a member of its provider network, it had no contractual obligation to pay anything,” the Times-Picayune newspaper reported. Authorization of a procedure doesn’t guarantee payment, the insurer argued in court.

In a statement to the media, Blue Cross said it disagrees with the verdict and will appeal.
 

Out-of-Network Free For All

Paul B. Ginsburg, PhD, professor of the Practice of Health Policy at the Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, said out-of-network care doesn’t come with a contractual relationship.

Without a contract, he said, “providers can charge whatever they want, and the insurers will pay them whatever they want, and then it’s up to the provider to see how much additional balance bill they can collect from the patients.” (Some states and the federal government have laws partly protecting patients from balance billing when doctors and insurers conflict over payment.)

He added that “if insurance companies were on the hook to pay whatever any provider charges, nobody would ever belong to a network, and rates would be sky high. Many fewer people would buy insurance. Providers would [then] charge as much as they think they can get from the patients.”

What about the insurer’s apparent authorization of the out-of-network procedures? “They’re authorizing them because they believe the procedures are medically warranted,” Dr. Ginsburg said. “That’s totally separate from how much they’ll pay.”

Dr. Ginsburg added that juries in the South are known for imposing high penalties against companies. “They often come up with crazy verdicts.”

Mark V. Pauly, PhD, MA, professor emeritus of health care management at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, questioned why the clinic kept accepting Blue Cross patients.

“Once it became apparent that Blue Cross wasn’t going to pay them well or would give them a lot of grief,” Dr. Pauly said, “the simplest thing would have been to tell patients that we’re going to go back to the old-fashioned way of doing things: You pay us up front, or assure us that you’re going to pay.”

Lawton Robert Burns, PhD, MBA, professor of health care management at the Wharton School, said the case and the verdict are unusual. He noted that insurer contracts with employers often state that out-of-network care will be covered at a specific rate, such as 70% of “reasonable charges.”

A 2020 analysis found that initial breast reconstruction surgeries in the United States cost a median of $24,600-$38,000 from 2009 to 2016. According to the Times-Picayune, the New Orleans clinic billed Blue Cross for $506.7 million, averaging more than $72,385 per procedure.

Dr. Ginsburg, Dr. Pauly, and Dr. Burns had no disclosures.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

In a stunning verdict against Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana, a New Orleans jury has awarded $421 million in damages to a surgery center over the insurer’s alleged failure to fully pay out-of-network charges.

Insurance specialists told this news organization that the September 20 verdict is unusual. If upheld on appeal, one said, it could give out-of-network providers more power to decide how much insurers must pay them.

The case, which the St. Charles Surgical Hospital and Center for Restorative Breast Surgery first filed in 2017 in Louisiana state court, will be appealed and could ultimately land in federal court. The center has seen mixed results from a similar case it filed in federal court, legal documents show. Physicians from the center declined comment.

At issue: Did Blue Cross fail to fully pay the surgery center for about 7000 out-of-network procedures that it authorized? 

The lawsuit claimed that the insurer’s online system confirmed that claims would be paid and noted the percentage of patient bills that would be reimbursed.

However, “Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana either slow-paid, low-paid, or no-paid all their bills over an eight-year period, hoping to pressure the doctors and hospital to either come into the network or fail and close down,” the surgery center’s attorney, James Williams, said in a statement.

Blue Cross denied that it acted fraudulently, “arguing that because the hospital is not a member of its provider network, it had no contractual obligation to pay anything,” the Times-Picayune newspaper reported. Authorization of a procedure doesn’t guarantee payment, the insurer argued in court.

In a statement to the media, Blue Cross said it disagrees with the verdict and will appeal.
 

Out-of-Network Free For All

Paul B. Ginsburg, PhD, professor of the Practice of Health Policy at the Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, said out-of-network care doesn’t come with a contractual relationship.

Without a contract, he said, “providers can charge whatever they want, and the insurers will pay them whatever they want, and then it’s up to the provider to see how much additional balance bill they can collect from the patients.” (Some states and the federal government have laws partly protecting patients from balance billing when doctors and insurers conflict over payment.)

He added that “if insurance companies were on the hook to pay whatever any provider charges, nobody would ever belong to a network, and rates would be sky high. Many fewer people would buy insurance. Providers would [then] charge as much as they think they can get from the patients.”

What about the insurer’s apparent authorization of the out-of-network procedures? “They’re authorizing them because they believe the procedures are medically warranted,” Dr. Ginsburg said. “That’s totally separate from how much they’ll pay.”

Dr. Ginsburg added that juries in the South are known for imposing high penalties against companies. “They often come up with crazy verdicts.”

Mark V. Pauly, PhD, MA, professor emeritus of health care management at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, questioned why the clinic kept accepting Blue Cross patients.

“Once it became apparent that Blue Cross wasn’t going to pay them well or would give them a lot of grief,” Dr. Pauly said, “the simplest thing would have been to tell patients that we’re going to go back to the old-fashioned way of doing things: You pay us up front, or assure us that you’re going to pay.”

Lawton Robert Burns, PhD, MBA, professor of health care management at the Wharton School, said the case and the verdict are unusual. He noted that insurer contracts with employers often state that out-of-network care will be covered at a specific rate, such as 70% of “reasonable charges.”

A 2020 analysis found that initial breast reconstruction surgeries in the United States cost a median of $24,600-$38,000 from 2009 to 2016. According to the Times-Picayune, the New Orleans clinic billed Blue Cross for $506.7 million, averaging more than $72,385 per procedure.

Dr. Ginsburg, Dr. Pauly, and Dr. Burns had no disclosures.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

In a stunning verdict against Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana, a New Orleans jury has awarded $421 million in damages to a surgery center over the insurer’s alleged failure to fully pay out-of-network charges.

Insurance specialists told this news organization that the September 20 verdict is unusual. If upheld on appeal, one said, it could give out-of-network providers more power to decide how much insurers must pay them.

The case, which the St. Charles Surgical Hospital and Center for Restorative Breast Surgery first filed in 2017 in Louisiana state court, will be appealed and could ultimately land in federal court. The center has seen mixed results from a similar case it filed in federal court, legal documents show. Physicians from the center declined comment.

At issue: Did Blue Cross fail to fully pay the surgery center for about 7000 out-of-network procedures that it authorized? 

The lawsuit claimed that the insurer’s online system confirmed that claims would be paid and noted the percentage of patient bills that would be reimbursed.

However, “Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana either slow-paid, low-paid, or no-paid all their bills over an eight-year period, hoping to pressure the doctors and hospital to either come into the network or fail and close down,” the surgery center’s attorney, James Williams, said in a statement.

Blue Cross denied that it acted fraudulently, “arguing that because the hospital is not a member of its provider network, it had no contractual obligation to pay anything,” the Times-Picayune newspaper reported. Authorization of a procedure doesn’t guarantee payment, the insurer argued in court.

In a statement to the media, Blue Cross said it disagrees with the verdict and will appeal.
 

Out-of-Network Free For All

Paul B. Ginsburg, PhD, professor of the Practice of Health Policy at the Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, said out-of-network care doesn’t come with a contractual relationship.

Without a contract, he said, “providers can charge whatever they want, and the insurers will pay them whatever they want, and then it’s up to the provider to see how much additional balance bill they can collect from the patients.” (Some states and the federal government have laws partly protecting patients from balance billing when doctors and insurers conflict over payment.)

He added that “if insurance companies were on the hook to pay whatever any provider charges, nobody would ever belong to a network, and rates would be sky high. Many fewer people would buy insurance. Providers would [then] charge as much as they think they can get from the patients.”

What about the insurer’s apparent authorization of the out-of-network procedures? “They’re authorizing them because they believe the procedures are medically warranted,” Dr. Ginsburg said. “That’s totally separate from how much they’ll pay.”

Dr. Ginsburg added that juries in the South are known for imposing high penalties against companies. “They often come up with crazy verdicts.”

Mark V. Pauly, PhD, MA, professor emeritus of health care management at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, questioned why the clinic kept accepting Blue Cross patients.

“Once it became apparent that Blue Cross wasn’t going to pay them well or would give them a lot of grief,” Dr. Pauly said, “the simplest thing would have been to tell patients that we’re going to go back to the old-fashioned way of doing things: You pay us up front, or assure us that you’re going to pay.”

Lawton Robert Burns, PhD, MBA, professor of health care management at the Wharton School, said the case and the verdict are unusual. He noted that insurer contracts with employers often state that out-of-network care will be covered at a specific rate, such as 70% of “reasonable charges.”

A 2020 analysis found that initial breast reconstruction surgeries in the United States cost a median of $24,600-$38,000 from 2009 to 2016. According to the Times-Picayune, the New Orleans clinic billed Blue Cross for $506.7 million, averaging more than $72,385 per procedure.

Dr. Ginsburg, Dr. Pauly, and Dr. Burns had no disclosures.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Primary care clinicians understand that addressing lifestyle-related chronic disease health disparities in minority and lower-income communities is a significant opportunity to alleviate unnecessary suffering. Disparate health outcomes associated with underlying comorbidities during the COVID pandemic exposed the urgency of this problem.

When it comes to delivering evidence-based therapeutic lifestyle behavior interventions to these populations, however, there is a misconception that lifestyle medicine is only for the wealthy. Such a misconception needlessly widens the gap in health disparities because the truth is that everyone deserves access to lifestyle medicine. Fortunately, there are numerous successful examples of delivering these services to underresourced patients. We can all contribute to narrowing health inequities by sourcing increasingly abundant lifestyle medicine resources.

All patients’ lived experiences are unique, and there is a wide range of potential challenges to achieving lifestyle behavior change. Lack of access to nutritious food or transportation, a shortage of safe green spaces, unstable housing, and low health literacy are examples of social determinants of health (SDOH) that affect lifestyle choices. Ignoring these obstacles is a disservice to patients and almost certainly results in treatment failure. Requirements to document SDOH have been a tremendous initial step. 

The next step is to have conversations with every patient about the powerful outcomes of even small lifestyle changes. All too often, clinicians forgo conversations on lifestyle change with patients affected by adverse SDOH and assume that social obstacles automatically mean that patients are neither willing nor able to attempt behavior modification. Instead, it is an opportunity for clinicians, particularly those certified in lifestyle medicine, to meet patients where they are, work with them to identify solutions, and provide referrals to community-based organizations with resources to help.
 

Small Steps to Big Changes

Not all lifestyle behavior interventions need to be programmatic or time intensive. Clinicians can guide patients toward simple but specific actions that can make a difference in health outcomes over time. Small steps, like eating one can of beans or two bags of frozen leafy greens each week, are a good start toward adjusted eating patterns. The American College of Lifestyle Medicine offers a whole-food, plant-predominant meal guide to share with patients. 

Individuals can increase their physical activity in their living rooms by doing sit-to-stands or balancing on one leg. Deep breathing and establishing a sleep routine are other lifestyle behavior changes without a price tag.

It is true that early adopters of lifestyle medicine often had difficulty practicing in underresourced communities. Those practitioners were forced to operate on a cash-pay basis, making access to care cost-prohibitive for many patients. However, board certification has been available since 2017, and lifestyle medicine is being integrated into medical schools and residency programs. Many such board-certified clinicians now work in large health systems and bill under the usual methods. There are also frameworks, such as the community-engaged lifestyle medicine model, showing how to treat patients affected by adverse SDOH effectively.

For example, patients at risk for malnutrition because of illnesses like chronic kidney disease, cancer, and heart failure receive medically tailored meals and access to a registered dietitian through a partnership between UC San Diego Health and Mama’s Kitchen. In Pennsylvania’s Lehigh Valley, where 1 in 10 of the approximately 700,000 residents face food insecurity, the Kellyn Foundation delivers fresh food through the Eat Real Food Mobile Market and offers whole-food, plant-predominant cooking classes, interactive elementary school programs focused on healthy lifestyle choices, and therapeutic lifestyle-change programs in community locations. Three months after launching new mobile market sites in Allentown, 1200 households were utilizing $15 weekly food vouchers through the program. Lifestyle medicine clinicians serve inner-city and rural areas in independent practices, large health systems, and community-based practice activities.

To improve access to lifestyle medicine in underresourced communities, more clinicians trained and certified in lifestyle medicine are needed. The Health Equity Achieved through Lifestyle Medicine Initiative supports a diverse lifestyle medicine workforce by offering scholarships to clinicians underrepresented in medicine and is working to train and certify at least one physician within each of the 1400 federally qualified health centers where clinicians are on the front lines of delivering care to the most underserved populations.

A meaningful first step for clinicians to address health disparities is to screen patients for and document SDOH. The American Academy of Family Physicians offers useful tools to screen patients, identify community-based resources, and help patients create action plans to overcome health risks and improve outcomes. In a promising trend to better support addressing SDOH in clinical care, the 2024 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule final rule included new codes to support this effort. 

Not every patient will be ready or willing to begin a lifestyle medicine treatment plan. Still, all of them will be grateful for the opportunity to decide for themselves. If we are invested in narrowing health inequities, lifestyle medicine and behavior change must be a topic in clinical encounters with all our patients.

Dr. Collings, director of lifestyle medicine, Silicon Valley Medical Development, and past president, American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Mountain View, California, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Primary care clinicians understand that addressing lifestyle-related chronic disease health disparities in minority and lower-income communities is a significant opportunity to alleviate unnecessary suffering. Disparate health outcomes associated with underlying comorbidities during the COVID pandemic exposed the urgency of this problem.

When it comes to delivering evidence-based therapeutic lifestyle behavior interventions to these populations, however, there is a misconception that lifestyle medicine is only for the wealthy. Such a misconception needlessly widens the gap in health disparities because the truth is that everyone deserves access to lifestyle medicine. Fortunately, there are numerous successful examples of delivering these services to underresourced patients. We can all contribute to narrowing health inequities by sourcing increasingly abundant lifestyle medicine resources.

All patients’ lived experiences are unique, and there is a wide range of potential challenges to achieving lifestyle behavior change. Lack of access to nutritious food or transportation, a shortage of safe green spaces, unstable housing, and low health literacy are examples of social determinants of health (SDOH) that affect lifestyle choices. Ignoring these obstacles is a disservice to patients and almost certainly results in treatment failure. Requirements to document SDOH have been a tremendous initial step. 

The next step is to have conversations with every patient about the powerful outcomes of even small lifestyle changes. All too often, clinicians forgo conversations on lifestyle change with patients affected by adverse SDOH and assume that social obstacles automatically mean that patients are neither willing nor able to attempt behavior modification. Instead, it is an opportunity for clinicians, particularly those certified in lifestyle medicine, to meet patients where they are, work with them to identify solutions, and provide referrals to community-based organizations with resources to help.
 

Small Steps to Big Changes

Not all lifestyle behavior interventions need to be programmatic or time intensive. Clinicians can guide patients toward simple but specific actions that can make a difference in health outcomes over time. Small steps, like eating one can of beans or two bags of frozen leafy greens each week, are a good start toward adjusted eating patterns. The American College of Lifestyle Medicine offers a whole-food, plant-predominant meal guide to share with patients. 

Individuals can increase their physical activity in their living rooms by doing sit-to-stands or balancing on one leg. Deep breathing and establishing a sleep routine are other lifestyle behavior changes without a price tag.

It is true that early adopters of lifestyle medicine often had difficulty practicing in underresourced communities. Those practitioners were forced to operate on a cash-pay basis, making access to care cost-prohibitive for many patients. However, board certification has been available since 2017, and lifestyle medicine is being integrated into medical schools and residency programs. Many such board-certified clinicians now work in large health systems and bill under the usual methods. There are also frameworks, such as the community-engaged lifestyle medicine model, showing how to treat patients affected by adverse SDOH effectively.

For example, patients at risk for malnutrition because of illnesses like chronic kidney disease, cancer, and heart failure receive medically tailored meals and access to a registered dietitian through a partnership between UC San Diego Health and Mama’s Kitchen. In Pennsylvania’s Lehigh Valley, where 1 in 10 of the approximately 700,000 residents face food insecurity, the Kellyn Foundation delivers fresh food through the Eat Real Food Mobile Market and offers whole-food, plant-predominant cooking classes, interactive elementary school programs focused on healthy lifestyle choices, and therapeutic lifestyle-change programs in community locations. Three months after launching new mobile market sites in Allentown, 1200 households were utilizing $15 weekly food vouchers through the program. Lifestyle medicine clinicians serve inner-city and rural areas in independent practices, large health systems, and community-based practice activities.

To improve access to lifestyle medicine in underresourced communities, more clinicians trained and certified in lifestyle medicine are needed. The Health Equity Achieved through Lifestyle Medicine Initiative supports a diverse lifestyle medicine workforce by offering scholarships to clinicians underrepresented in medicine and is working to train and certify at least one physician within each of the 1400 federally qualified health centers where clinicians are on the front lines of delivering care to the most underserved populations.

A meaningful first step for clinicians to address health disparities is to screen patients for and document SDOH. The American Academy of Family Physicians offers useful tools to screen patients, identify community-based resources, and help patients create action plans to overcome health risks and improve outcomes. In a promising trend to better support addressing SDOH in clinical care, the 2024 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule final rule included new codes to support this effort. 

Not every patient will be ready or willing to begin a lifestyle medicine treatment plan. Still, all of them will be grateful for the opportunity to decide for themselves. If we are invested in narrowing health inequities, lifestyle medicine and behavior change must be a topic in clinical encounters with all our patients.

Dr. Collings, director of lifestyle medicine, Silicon Valley Medical Development, and past president, American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Mountain View, California, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Primary care clinicians understand that addressing lifestyle-related chronic disease health disparities in minority and lower-income communities is a significant opportunity to alleviate unnecessary suffering. Disparate health outcomes associated with underlying comorbidities during the COVID pandemic exposed the urgency of this problem.

When it comes to delivering evidence-based therapeutic lifestyle behavior interventions to these populations, however, there is a misconception that lifestyle medicine is only for the wealthy. Such a misconception needlessly widens the gap in health disparities because the truth is that everyone deserves access to lifestyle medicine. Fortunately, there are numerous successful examples of delivering these services to underresourced patients. We can all contribute to narrowing health inequities by sourcing increasingly abundant lifestyle medicine resources.

All patients’ lived experiences are unique, and there is a wide range of potential challenges to achieving lifestyle behavior change. Lack of access to nutritious food or transportation, a shortage of safe green spaces, unstable housing, and low health literacy are examples of social determinants of health (SDOH) that affect lifestyle choices. Ignoring these obstacles is a disservice to patients and almost certainly results in treatment failure. Requirements to document SDOH have been a tremendous initial step. 

The next step is to have conversations with every patient about the powerful outcomes of even small lifestyle changes. All too often, clinicians forgo conversations on lifestyle change with patients affected by adverse SDOH and assume that social obstacles automatically mean that patients are neither willing nor able to attempt behavior modification. Instead, it is an opportunity for clinicians, particularly those certified in lifestyle medicine, to meet patients where they are, work with them to identify solutions, and provide referrals to community-based organizations with resources to help.
 

Small Steps to Big Changes

Not all lifestyle behavior interventions need to be programmatic or time intensive. Clinicians can guide patients toward simple but specific actions that can make a difference in health outcomes over time. Small steps, like eating one can of beans or two bags of frozen leafy greens each week, are a good start toward adjusted eating patterns. The American College of Lifestyle Medicine offers a whole-food, plant-predominant meal guide to share with patients. 

Individuals can increase their physical activity in their living rooms by doing sit-to-stands or balancing on one leg. Deep breathing and establishing a sleep routine are other lifestyle behavior changes without a price tag.

It is true that early adopters of lifestyle medicine often had difficulty practicing in underresourced communities. Those practitioners were forced to operate on a cash-pay basis, making access to care cost-prohibitive for many patients. However, board certification has been available since 2017, and lifestyle medicine is being integrated into medical schools and residency programs. Many such board-certified clinicians now work in large health systems and bill under the usual methods. There are also frameworks, such as the community-engaged lifestyle medicine model, showing how to treat patients affected by adverse SDOH effectively.

For example, patients at risk for malnutrition because of illnesses like chronic kidney disease, cancer, and heart failure receive medically tailored meals and access to a registered dietitian through a partnership between UC San Diego Health and Mama’s Kitchen. In Pennsylvania’s Lehigh Valley, where 1 in 10 of the approximately 700,000 residents face food insecurity, the Kellyn Foundation delivers fresh food through the Eat Real Food Mobile Market and offers whole-food, plant-predominant cooking classes, interactive elementary school programs focused on healthy lifestyle choices, and therapeutic lifestyle-change programs in community locations. Three months after launching new mobile market sites in Allentown, 1200 households were utilizing $15 weekly food vouchers through the program. Lifestyle medicine clinicians serve inner-city and rural areas in independent practices, large health systems, and community-based practice activities.

To improve access to lifestyle medicine in underresourced communities, more clinicians trained and certified in lifestyle medicine are needed. The Health Equity Achieved through Lifestyle Medicine Initiative supports a diverse lifestyle medicine workforce by offering scholarships to clinicians underrepresented in medicine and is working to train and certify at least one physician within each of the 1400 federally qualified health centers where clinicians are on the front lines of delivering care to the most underserved populations.

A meaningful first step for clinicians to address health disparities is to screen patients for and document SDOH. The American Academy of Family Physicians offers useful tools to screen patients, identify community-based resources, and help patients create action plans to overcome health risks and improve outcomes. In a promising trend to better support addressing SDOH in clinical care, the 2024 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule final rule included new codes to support this effort. 

Not every patient will be ready or willing to begin a lifestyle medicine treatment plan. Still, all of them will be grateful for the opportunity to decide for themselves. If we are invested in narrowing health inequities, lifestyle medicine and behavior change must be a topic in clinical encounters with all our patients.

Dr. Collings, director of lifestyle medicine, Silicon Valley Medical Development, and past president, American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Mountain View, California, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The rate of congenital heart defects is higher in newborns conceived using assisted reproductive technologies (ART) than in newborns conceived without assistance. This finding comes from a population-based cohort study led by Dr. Nona Sargisian, a gynecologist at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and colleagues, which was published in the European Heart Journal.

The researchers analyzed more than 7 million results of all live-born children in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway between 1984 and 2015. They found that congenital heart defects occurred more frequently in the ART newborn group (1.85%) than in naturally conceived newborns (1.15%).

The study also revealed that the risk for congenital heart defects in multiple births is higher than in single births, with and without the use of ART. However, the result that congenital heart defects occur more often in ART newborns remained significant when comparing single births from both groups (1.62% vs 1.11%).
 

Relatively Low Prevalence

Barbara Sonntag, MD, PhD, a gynecologist at Amedes Fertility Center in Hamburg, Germany, referred to a “clinically relevant risk increase” with a relatively low prevalence of the condition.

“When 1000 children are born, an abnormality occurs in 18 children after ART, compared with 11 children born after natural conception,” she told the Science Media Center.

Dr. Sonntag emphasized that the risk is particularly increased by a multiple pregnancy. A statement about causality is not possible based on the study, but multiple pregnancies are generally associated with increased risks during pregnancy and for the children.

The large and robust dataset confirms long-known findings, said Georg Griesinger, MD, PhD, medical director of the fertility centers of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein in Lübeck and Manhagen, Germany.

The key figures can be found in single births, he explained. “Among single births conceived by ART, the rate of severe congenital heart defects was 1.62% compared with 1.11% in spontaneously conceived single births, an increase in risk by 1.19 times. For severe heart defects, the rate was 0.31% in ART single births, compared with 0.25% in spontaneously conceived single births.”

The increased risks are consistent with existing literature. Therefore, the current study does not reveal any new risk signals, said Dr. Griesinger.
 

Single Embryo Transfer

The “risks are small but present,” according to Michael von Wolff, MD, head of gynecological endocrinology and reproductive medicine at Bern University Hospital in Switzerland. “Therefore, ART therapy should only be carried out after exhausting conservative treatments,” he recommended. For example, ovarian stimulation with low-dose hormone preparations could be an option.

Dr. Griesinger pointed out that, in absolute numbers, all maternal and fetal or neonatal risks are significantly increased in twins and higher-order multiples, compared with the estimated risk association within the actual ART treatment.

“For this reason, reproductive medicine specialists have been advocating for single-embryo transfer for years to promote the occurrence of single pregnancies through ART,” said Dr. Griesinger.

The study “emphasizes the importance of single embryo transfer to avoid the higher risks associated with multiple pregnancies,” according to Rocío Núñez Calonge, PhD, scientific director of the International Reproduction Unit in Alicante, Spain.

Dr. Sonntag also sees a “strong additional call to avoid multiple pregnancies through a predominant strategy of single-embryo transfer in the data. The increased rate of childhood birth defects is already part of the information provided before assisted reproduction.”

This story was translated from the Medscape German edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The rate of congenital heart defects is higher in newborns conceived using assisted reproductive technologies (ART) than in newborns conceived without assistance. This finding comes from a population-based cohort study led by Dr. Nona Sargisian, a gynecologist at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and colleagues, which was published in the European Heart Journal.

The researchers analyzed more than 7 million results of all live-born children in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway between 1984 and 2015. They found that congenital heart defects occurred more frequently in the ART newborn group (1.85%) than in naturally conceived newborns (1.15%).

The study also revealed that the risk for congenital heart defects in multiple births is higher than in single births, with and without the use of ART. However, the result that congenital heart defects occur more often in ART newborns remained significant when comparing single births from both groups (1.62% vs 1.11%).
 

Relatively Low Prevalence

Barbara Sonntag, MD, PhD, a gynecologist at Amedes Fertility Center in Hamburg, Germany, referred to a “clinically relevant risk increase” with a relatively low prevalence of the condition.

“When 1000 children are born, an abnormality occurs in 18 children after ART, compared with 11 children born after natural conception,” she told the Science Media Center.

Dr. Sonntag emphasized that the risk is particularly increased by a multiple pregnancy. A statement about causality is not possible based on the study, but multiple pregnancies are generally associated with increased risks during pregnancy and for the children.

The large and robust dataset confirms long-known findings, said Georg Griesinger, MD, PhD, medical director of the fertility centers of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein in Lübeck and Manhagen, Germany.

The key figures can be found in single births, he explained. “Among single births conceived by ART, the rate of severe congenital heart defects was 1.62% compared with 1.11% in spontaneously conceived single births, an increase in risk by 1.19 times. For severe heart defects, the rate was 0.31% in ART single births, compared with 0.25% in spontaneously conceived single births.”

The increased risks are consistent with existing literature. Therefore, the current study does not reveal any new risk signals, said Dr. Griesinger.
 

Single Embryo Transfer

The “risks are small but present,” according to Michael von Wolff, MD, head of gynecological endocrinology and reproductive medicine at Bern University Hospital in Switzerland. “Therefore, ART therapy should only be carried out after exhausting conservative treatments,” he recommended. For example, ovarian stimulation with low-dose hormone preparations could be an option.

Dr. Griesinger pointed out that, in absolute numbers, all maternal and fetal or neonatal risks are significantly increased in twins and higher-order multiples, compared with the estimated risk association within the actual ART treatment.

“For this reason, reproductive medicine specialists have been advocating for single-embryo transfer for years to promote the occurrence of single pregnancies through ART,” said Dr. Griesinger.

The study “emphasizes the importance of single embryo transfer to avoid the higher risks associated with multiple pregnancies,” according to Rocío Núñez Calonge, PhD, scientific director of the International Reproduction Unit in Alicante, Spain.

Dr. Sonntag also sees a “strong additional call to avoid multiple pregnancies through a predominant strategy of single-embryo transfer in the data. The increased rate of childhood birth defects is already part of the information provided before assisted reproduction.”

This story was translated from the Medscape German edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The rate of congenital heart defects is higher in newborns conceived using assisted reproductive technologies (ART) than in newborns conceived without assistance. This finding comes from a population-based cohort study led by Dr. Nona Sargisian, a gynecologist at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and colleagues, which was published in the European Heart Journal.

The researchers analyzed more than 7 million results of all live-born children in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway between 1984 and 2015. They found that congenital heart defects occurred more frequently in the ART newborn group (1.85%) than in naturally conceived newborns (1.15%).

The study also revealed that the risk for congenital heart defects in multiple births is higher than in single births, with and without the use of ART. However, the result that congenital heart defects occur more often in ART newborns remained significant when comparing single births from both groups (1.62% vs 1.11%).
 

Relatively Low Prevalence

Barbara Sonntag, MD, PhD, a gynecologist at Amedes Fertility Center in Hamburg, Germany, referred to a “clinically relevant risk increase” with a relatively low prevalence of the condition.

“When 1000 children are born, an abnormality occurs in 18 children after ART, compared with 11 children born after natural conception,” she told the Science Media Center.

Dr. Sonntag emphasized that the risk is particularly increased by a multiple pregnancy. A statement about causality is not possible based on the study, but multiple pregnancies are generally associated with increased risks during pregnancy and for the children.

The large and robust dataset confirms long-known findings, said Georg Griesinger, MD, PhD, medical director of the fertility centers of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein in Lübeck and Manhagen, Germany.

The key figures can be found in single births, he explained. “Among single births conceived by ART, the rate of severe congenital heart defects was 1.62% compared with 1.11% in spontaneously conceived single births, an increase in risk by 1.19 times. For severe heart defects, the rate was 0.31% in ART single births, compared with 0.25% in spontaneously conceived single births.”

The increased risks are consistent with existing literature. Therefore, the current study does not reveal any new risk signals, said Dr. Griesinger.
 

Single Embryo Transfer

The “risks are small but present,” according to Michael von Wolff, MD, head of gynecological endocrinology and reproductive medicine at Bern University Hospital in Switzerland. “Therefore, ART therapy should only be carried out after exhausting conservative treatments,” he recommended. For example, ovarian stimulation with low-dose hormone preparations could be an option.

Dr. Griesinger pointed out that, in absolute numbers, all maternal and fetal or neonatal risks are significantly increased in twins and higher-order multiples, compared with the estimated risk association within the actual ART treatment.

“For this reason, reproductive medicine specialists have been advocating for single-embryo transfer for years to promote the occurrence of single pregnancies through ART,” said Dr. Griesinger.

The study “emphasizes the importance of single embryo transfer to avoid the higher risks associated with multiple pregnancies,” according to Rocío Núñez Calonge, PhD, scientific director of the International Reproduction Unit in Alicante, Spain.

Dr. Sonntag also sees a “strong additional call to avoid multiple pregnancies through a predominant strategy of single-embryo transfer in the data. The increased rate of childhood birth defects is already part of the information provided before assisted reproduction.”

This story was translated from the Medscape German edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Wildfire-related air pollution in Europe kills more than non-wildfire air pollution. As climate change exacerbates the frequency and violence of wildfires, researchers are studying the health implications of mitigation methods such as prescribed fires.

Presenting at the annual congress of the European Respiratory Society (ERS), Cathryn Tonne, PhD, an environmental epidemiologist at the Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Spain, said wildfire-related PM^2.5 is more toxic than general PM^2.5, leading to significantly higher mortality rates.

Prescribed, controlled fires have been employed worldwide to reduce the chance of uncontrolled, catastrophic fires. However, researchers wonder whether the techniques reduce the overall fire-related PM^2.5 or add up to it. “Prescribed fire increases ecosystem resilience and can reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire,” said Jason Sacks, MPH, an epidemiologist in the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment in the Office of Research and Development at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), at the congress. “But it also leads to poorer air quality and health impacts, and we still don’t know what this means at a regional scale.”
 

Wildfire Pollution Kills More Than Other Air Pollution

Researchers at the Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona used a large dataset of daily mortality data from 32 European countries collected through the EARLY-ADAPT project. They utilized the SILAM model to derive daily average concentrations of wildfire-related PM^2.5, non-fire PM^2.5, and total PM^2.5 levels. They also employed GEOSTAT population grids at a 1-km resolution to calculate the attributable number of deaths across different regions, specifically focusing on data from 2006, 2011, and 2018.

The data analysis indicated that the relative risk per unit of PM^2.5 is substantially larger for wildfire-related PM2.5, compared with non-fire PM2.5. “We essentially assume that wildfire smoke PM^2.5 has the same toxicity as total PM2.5, but it’s increasingly clear that’s likely not the case,” Dr. Tonne said, presenting the study.

When employing exposure-response functions (ERFs) specific to wildfire smoke, researchers found that the attributable deaths from all causes of wildfire PM^2.5 were approximately 10 times larger than those calculated using total PM^2.5 exposure estimates. Dr. Tonne explained that this stark difference highlights the critical need for tailored ERFs that accurately reflect the unique health risks posed by wildfire smoke.

“Respiratory mortality usually has the strongest relative risks, and we’re seeing that in this study as well,” Dr. Tonne said. “Wildfire smoke seems to operate through quite immediate mechanisms, likely through inflammation and oxidative stress.”

One significant challenge of the study was the lack of uniform spatial resolution across all countries involved in the analysis. This inconsistency may affect how accurately mortality estimates can be attributed to specific PM^2.5 sources. Additionally, the study had limited statistical power for generating age- and sex-specific mortality estimates, which could obscure important demographic differences in vulnerability to wildfire smoke exposure. The analysis was also constrained to data available only up to 2020, thereby excluding critical wildfire events from subsequent years, such as those in 2022 and 2023, which may have further elucidated the health impacts of wildfire smoke in Europe.
 

Fires Prescription

Prescribed fires or controlled burns are intentional fires set by land managers under carefully managed conditions.

Historically, many forested areas have been subjected to fire suppression practices, which allow combustible materials like dry leaves, twigs, and shrubs to accumulate over time. This buildup leads to a higher likelihood of severe, uncontrollable wildfires. Prescribed fires can reduce these fuel loads and improve the health and resilience of ecosystems.

They release fewer pollutants and emissions than the large-scale, unmanageable wildfires they help prevent because they happen at lower temperatures. But they still introduce pollutants in the air that can negatively affect nearby communities’ health.

People with preexisting respiratory conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are particularly vulnerable to smoke, which can trigger health issues like breathing difficulties, coughing, and eye irritation. The cumulative impact of increased burns raises concerns about long-term air quality, especially in densely populated areas. “We need to understand if we’re actually tipping the scale to having less wildfire smoke or just increasing the total amount of smoke.”

Mitigation strategies include accurately picking the right timing and weather conditions to determine when and where to conduct controlled burns and effective and timely communication to inform local communities about upcoming burns, the potential for smoke exposure, and how to protect themselves.

There is a growing need to improve public messaging around prescribed fires, Mr. Sacks said, because often the message communicated is oversimplified, such as “there will be smoke, but don’t worry. But that’s not the message we want to convey, especially for people with asthma or COPD.”

Instead, he said public health agencies should provide clearer, science-based guidance on the risks for smoke exposure and practical steps people can take to reduce their risk.
 

What Can Doctors Do?

Chris Carlsten, MD, director of the Centre for Lung Health and professor and head of the Respiratory Medicine Division at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, told this news organization that determining whether an exacerbation of a respiratory condition is caused by fire exposure or other factors, such as viral infections, is complex because both can trigger similar responses and may complement each other. “It’s very difficult for any individual to know whether, when they’re having an exacerbation of asthma or COPD, that’s due to the fire,” he said. Fire smoke also increases infection risks, further complicating diagnosis.

Dr. Carlsten suggested that physicians could recommend preventative use of inhalers for at-risk patients when wildfires occur rather than waiting for symptoms to worsen. “That is a really interesting idea that could be practical.” Still, he advises caution, stressing that patients should consult their providers because not all may react well to increased inhaler use.

He also highlighted a significant shift in the healthcare landscape, noting that traditionally, the focus has been on the cardiovascular impacts of pollution, particularly traffic-related pollution. However, as wildfire smoke becomes a growing issue, the focus is shifting back to respiratory problems, with profound implications for healthcare resources, budgets, and drug approvals based on the burden of respiratory disease. “Fire smoke is becoming more of a problem. This swing back to respiratory has huge implications for healthcare systems and respiratory disease burden.”

Mr. Sacks and Dr. Carlsten reported no relevant financial relationships. The study presented by Dr. Tonne received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 101057131.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Wildfire-related air pollution in Europe kills more than non-wildfire air pollution. As climate change exacerbates the frequency and violence of wildfires, researchers are studying the health implications of mitigation methods such as prescribed fires.

Presenting at the annual congress of the European Respiratory Society (ERS), Cathryn Tonne, PhD, an environmental epidemiologist at the Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Spain, said wildfire-related PM^2.5 is more toxic than general PM^2.5, leading to significantly higher mortality rates.

Prescribed, controlled fires have been employed worldwide to reduce the chance of uncontrolled, catastrophic fires. However, researchers wonder whether the techniques reduce the overall fire-related PM^2.5 or add up to it. “Prescribed fire increases ecosystem resilience and can reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire,” said Jason Sacks, MPH, an epidemiologist in the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment in the Office of Research and Development at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), at the congress. “But it also leads to poorer air quality and health impacts, and we still don’t know what this means at a regional scale.”
 

Wildfire Pollution Kills More Than Other Air Pollution

Researchers at the Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona used a large dataset of daily mortality data from 32 European countries collected through the EARLY-ADAPT project. They utilized the SILAM model to derive daily average concentrations of wildfire-related PM^2.5, non-fire PM^2.5, and total PM^2.5 levels. They also employed GEOSTAT population grids at a 1-km resolution to calculate the attributable number of deaths across different regions, specifically focusing on data from 2006, 2011, and 2018.

The data analysis indicated that the relative risk per unit of PM^2.5 is substantially larger for wildfire-related PM2.5, compared with non-fire PM2.5. “We essentially assume that wildfire smoke PM^2.5 has the same toxicity as total PM2.5, but it’s increasingly clear that’s likely not the case,” Dr. Tonne said, presenting the study.

When employing exposure-response functions (ERFs) specific to wildfire smoke, researchers found that the attributable deaths from all causes of wildfire PM^2.5 were approximately 10 times larger than those calculated using total PM^2.5 exposure estimates. Dr. Tonne explained that this stark difference highlights the critical need for tailored ERFs that accurately reflect the unique health risks posed by wildfire smoke.

“Respiratory mortality usually has the strongest relative risks, and we’re seeing that in this study as well,” Dr. Tonne said. “Wildfire smoke seems to operate through quite immediate mechanisms, likely through inflammation and oxidative stress.”

One significant challenge of the study was the lack of uniform spatial resolution across all countries involved in the analysis. This inconsistency may affect how accurately mortality estimates can be attributed to specific PM^2.5 sources. Additionally, the study had limited statistical power for generating age- and sex-specific mortality estimates, which could obscure important demographic differences in vulnerability to wildfire smoke exposure. The analysis was also constrained to data available only up to 2020, thereby excluding critical wildfire events from subsequent years, such as those in 2022 and 2023, which may have further elucidated the health impacts of wildfire smoke in Europe.
 

Fires Prescription

Prescribed fires or controlled burns are intentional fires set by land managers under carefully managed conditions.

Historically, many forested areas have been subjected to fire suppression practices, which allow combustible materials like dry leaves, twigs, and shrubs to accumulate over time. This buildup leads to a higher likelihood of severe, uncontrollable wildfires. Prescribed fires can reduce these fuel loads and improve the health and resilience of ecosystems.

They release fewer pollutants and emissions than the large-scale, unmanageable wildfires they help prevent because they happen at lower temperatures. But they still introduce pollutants in the air that can negatively affect nearby communities’ health.

People with preexisting respiratory conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are particularly vulnerable to smoke, which can trigger health issues like breathing difficulties, coughing, and eye irritation. The cumulative impact of increased burns raises concerns about long-term air quality, especially in densely populated areas. “We need to understand if we’re actually tipping the scale to having less wildfire smoke or just increasing the total amount of smoke.”

Mitigation strategies include accurately picking the right timing and weather conditions to determine when and where to conduct controlled burns and effective and timely communication to inform local communities about upcoming burns, the potential for smoke exposure, and how to protect themselves.

There is a growing need to improve public messaging around prescribed fires, Mr. Sacks said, because often the message communicated is oversimplified, such as “there will be smoke, but don’t worry. But that’s not the message we want to convey, especially for people with asthma or COPD.”

Instead, he said public health agencies should provide clearer, science-based guidance on the risks for smoke exposure and practical steps people can take to reduce their risk.
 

What Can Doctors Do?

Chris Carlsten, MD, director of the Centre for Lung Health and professor and head of the Respiratory Medicine Division at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, told this news organization that determining whether an exacerbation of a respiratory condition is caused by fire exposure or other factors, such as viral infections, is complex because both can trigger similar responses and may complement each other. “It’s very difficult for any individual to know whether, when they’re having an exacerbation of asthma or COPD, that’s due to the fire,” he said. Fire smoke also increases infection risks, further complicating diagnosis.

Dr. Carlsten suggested that physicians could recommend preventative use of inhalers for at-risk patients when wildfires occur rather than waiting for symptoms to worsen. “That is a really interesting idea that could be practical.” Still, he advises caution, stressing that patients should consult their providers because not all may react well to increased inhaler use.

He also highlighted a significant shift in the healthcare landscape, noting that traditionally, the focus has been on the cardiovascular impacts of pollution, particularly traffic-related pollution. However, as wildfire smoke becomes a growing issue, the focus is shifting back to respiratory problems, with profound implications for healthcare resources, budgets, and drug approvals based on the burden of respiratory disease. “Fire smoke is becoming more of a problem. This swing back to respiratory has huge implications for healthcare systems and respiratory disease burden.”

Mr. Sacks and Dr. Carlsten reported no relevant financial relationships. The study presented by Dr. Tonne received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 101057131.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Wildfire-related air pollution in Europe kills more than non-wildfire air pollution. As climate change exacerbates the frequency and violence of wildfires, researchers are studying the health implications of mitigation methods such as prescribed fires.

Presenting at the annual congress of the European Respiratory Society (ERS), Cathryn Tonne, PhD, an environmental epidemiologist at the Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Spain, said wildfire-related PM^2.5 is more toxic than general PM^2.5, leading to significantly higher mortality rates.

Prescribed, controlled fires have been employed worldwide to reduce the chance of uncontrolled, catastrophic fires. However, researchers wonder whether the techniques reduce the overall fire-related PM^2.5 or add up to it. “Prescribed fire increases ecosystem resilience and can reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire,” said Jason Sacks, MPH, an epidemiologist in the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment in the Office of Research and Development at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), at the congress. “But it also leads to poorer air quality and health impacts, and we still don’t know what this means at a regional scale.”
 

Wildfire Pollution Kills More Than Other Air Pollution

Researchers at the Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona used a large dataset of daily mortality data from 32 European countries collected through the EARLY-ADAPT project. They utilized the SILAM model to derive daily average concentrations of wildfire-related PM^2.5, non-fire PM^2.5, and total PM^2.5 levels. They also employed GEOSTAT population grids at a 1-km resolution to calculate the attributable number of deaths across different regions, specifically focusing on data from 2006, 2011, and 2018.

The data analysis indicated that the relative risk per unit of PM^2.5 is substantially larger for wildfire-related PM2.5, compared with non-fire PM2.5. “We essentially assume that wildfire smoke PM^2.5 has the same toxicity as total PM2.5, but it’s increasingly clear that’s likely not the case,” Dr. Tonne said, presenting the study.

When employing exposure-response functions (ERFs) specific to wildfire smoke, researchers found that the attributable deaths from all causes of wildfire PM^2.5 were approximately 10 times larger than those calculated using total PM^2.5 exposure estimates. Dr. Tonne explained that this stark difference highlights the critical need for tailored ERFs that accurately reflect the unique health risks posed by wildfire smoke.

“Respiratory mortality usually has the strongest relative risks, and we’re seeing that in this study as well,” Dr. Tonne said. “Wildfire smoke seems to operate through quite immediate mechanisms, likely through inflammation and oxidative stress.”

One significant challenge of the study was the lack of uniform spatial resolution across all countries involved in the analysis. This inconsistency may affect how accurately mortality estimates can be attributed to specific PM^2.5 sources. Additionally, the study had limited statistical power for generating age- and sex-specific mortality estimates, which could obscure important demographic differences in vulnerability to wildfire smoke exposure. The analysis was also constrained to data available only up to 2020, thereby excluding critical wildfire events from subsequent years, such as those in 2022 and 2023, which may have further elucidated the health impacts of wildfire smoke in Europe.
 

Fires Prescription

Prescribed fires or controlled burns are intentional fires set by land managers under carefully managed conditions.

Historically, many forested areas have been subjected to fire suppression practices, which allow combustible materials like dry leaves, twigs, and shrubs to accumulate over time. This buildup leads to a higher likelihood of severe, uncontrollable wildfires. Prescribed fires can reduce these fuel loads and improve the health and resilience of ecosystems.

They release fewer pollutants and emissions than the large-scale, unmanageable wildfires they help prevent because they happen at lower temperatures. But they still introduce pollutants in the air that can negatively affect nearby communities’ health.

People with preexisting respiratory conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are particularly vulnerable to smoke, which can trigger health issues like breathing difficulties, coughing, and eye irritation. The cumulative impact of increased burns raises concerns about long-term air quality, especially in densely populated areas. “We need to understand if we’re actually tipping the scale to having less wildfire smoke or just increasing the total amount of smoke.”

Mitigation strategies include accurately picking the right timing and weather conditions to determine when and where to conduct controlled burns and effective and timely communication to inform local communities about upcoming burns, the potential for smoke exposure, and how to protect themselves.

There is a growing need to improve public messaging around prescribed fires, Mr. Sacks said, because often the message communicated is oversimplified, such as “there will be smoke, but don’t worry. But that’s not the message we want to convey, especially for people with asthma or COPD.”

Instead, he said public health agencies should provide clearer, science-based guidance on the risks for smoke exposure and practical steps people can take to reduce their risk.
 

What Can Doctors Do?

Chris Carlsten, MD, director of the Centre for Lung Health and professor and head of the Respiratory Medicine Division at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, told this news organization that determining whether an exacerbation of a respiratory condition is caused by fire exposure or other factors, such as viral infections, is complex because both can trigger similar responses and may complement each other. “It’s very difficult for any individual to know whether, when they’re having an exacerbation of asthma or COPD, that’s due to the fire,” he said. Fire smoke also increases infection risks, further complicating diagnosis.

Dr. Carlsten suggested that physicians could recommend preventative use of inhalers for at-risk patients when wildfires occur rather than waiting for symptoms to worsen. “That is a really interesting idea that could be practical.” Still, he advises caution, stressing that patients should consult their providers because not all may react well to increased inhaler use.

He also highlighted a significant shift in the healthcare landscape, noting that traditionally, the focus has been on the cardiovascular impacts of pollution, particularly traffic-related pollution. However, as wildfire smoke becomes a growing issue, the focus is shifting back to respiratory problems, with profound implications for healthcare resources, budgets, and drug approvals based on the burden of respiratory disease. “Fire smoke is becoming more of a problem. This swing back to respiratory has huge implications for healthcare systems and respiratory disease burden.”

Mr. Sacks and Dr. Carlsten reported no relevant financial relationships. The study presented by Dr. Tonne received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 101057131.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

When Kimberly Fisher, MD, was a junior doctor, she got fired up when patients showed hesitancy about vaccines. She responded by providing numbers, data, and facts that proved vaccines were safe and effective in preventing life-threatening diseases. But she soon realized that regurgitating scientific evidence wasn’t a winning strategy. “I’ve made the mistake of launching into a let me tell you all the things that I know that you don’t know kind of lecture,” Dr. Fisher, now an associate professor of medicine at UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, a pulmonary physician, and a researcher interested in patient-provider communication, told this news organization. “Through experience and research, I have learned that when you do that, they stop listening.”

She said when patients give reasons for not getting vaccinated that are factually wrong and rooted in misinformation, the most common reaction is to correct that information and not let it stand. “That is important; it just can’t be the first thing you do,” she said.

Diane Arnaout, MD, a pediatrician at Cook Children’s Pediatrics in Fort Worth, Texas, said listening to some patients explaining why vaccine injections are poisonous or a conspiracy can be exhausting and frustrating, but she agrees that presenting scientific facts alone won’t change people’s minds. “Even in my worst days, I take the time to stop talking for a moment and let the parents talk about what concerns them because if you just get mad and put a wall up, then that trust is gone, possibly forever, not just about vaccines.”
 

The Default Option

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Dr. Fisher has dedicated much of her time researching vaccine hesitancy. One of the most “fascinating and unexpected” findings of her work was that people are more likely to get vaccinated if a healthcare provider recommends that they get vaccinated in a “presumptive style,” which means that the provider uses language that presupposes that the person’s going to get vaccinated. “Rather than asking whether they wanted to get the vaccine conveying that the option of not getting it is just as valid, you make vaccination the default option,” she suggested.

The strategy wins many undecided, but it might not work on the most reluctant. “The presumptive recommendation is very directive, and if that works, great, but if it doesn’t, you need to shift to almost the opposite strategy, showing empathy and understanding about the person’s reasons for not wanting to be vaccinated,” Dr. Fisher said.
 

Find One Thing to Agree On

During a focus group on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy that Dr. Fisher conducted in December 2021, most physicians expressed frustration that some patients remained resistant despite their best efforts. However, one participant shared an approach she found effective with even the most hesitant patients. The physician would listen carefully and express understanding, and even if what the patient said wasn’t accurate, she would find a kernel of truth to agree with and align herself with the patient. By doing this, she made patients feel like they were a team.

The example she gave was if a patient said, “I don’t know. I’ve heard different things and don’t feel comfortable taking the vaccine,” she might respond with something like, “I think it’s great that you’re thinking critically about this before making a decision. I was the same way — I wanted to fully understand the data before getting vaccinated. I also wouldn’t want to take something if I thought it wasn’t safe. It’s good that you’re being thorough.” Acknowledging their careful thought process, the physician helped patients feel seen and understood only after she introduced additional information to guide them toward understanding why the vaccine might be beneficial.
 

Focus on the Disease

Dr. Arnaout’s frustration grows when at the end of an appointment some parents object to vaccines with irrational and misguided concerns. “You’ve trusted me with everything else we’ve discussed today — whether it’s a diaper rash or an ear infection — so why wouldn’t you trust me on this? Sometimes it feels almost offensive — why trust my medical expertise on everything else but not vaccines?” she said.

The answer, she believes, is that vaccines are preventive, and when the threat of disease feels distant, it’s hard to see the necessity of a painful shot for your healthy child. “But if your baby were dying from meningitis, the needles we use to deliver life-saving medications in the hospital would feel absolutely necessary. It’s hard as a parent to inflict pain for something you’ve never personally seen.”

Dr. Arnaout thinks it is important to bring the focus on the disease the vaccine prevents. “Let’s talk about measles — how if a baby in my waiting room has measles and coughs, the virus can stay suspended in the air for 2 hours, and 100% of unvaccinated people in that room will get measles.”

She said sharing personal stories can also help physicians connect with their patients. “I talk to parents every day about their vaccine concerns, and I’ve found that if I take the time to explain why we vaccinate, they start to understand. I also tell them, ‘I vaccinated my children for everything on time and give them the flu shot every year. Why would I offer your child something I wouldn’t give my own?’ That personal decision, made without hesitation, resonates with parents.”
 

Wired for Stories

Medical professionals have a professional necessity to think and speak with precision. Their training is based on analyzing studies and data, and they develop a specialized vocabulary to describe their findings accurately.

But the human brain is naturally inclined to process and make sense of information through the structure and narrative of stories. We instinctively organize reality into a “shape of a story” rather than just isolated facts, explained Ben Riggs, senior communications specialist at Kettering Health, Dayton, Ohio, a nonfiction writing coach and author. Storytelling also taps into the emotional, rather than just the rational, parts of the brain. This emotional connection helps make the information more memorable and impactful for the listener.

Mr. Riggs said that moving from this world of precision and accuracy to one that also requires effective communication with those who haven’t had that same training is much like learning a new language. “If they can’t speak in a way that non-scientists understand, it’s like the old saying: If a tree falls in the woods and no one hears it, does it make a sound?”

Metaphors can help doctors translate scientific facts into language that meets people where they are, allowing patients to make informed decisions about their health. They can help physicians transform abstract concepts into vivid, tangible mental images that are easier for people to understand and relate to, Mr. Riggs explained. “We are predominantly concrete thinkers. Metaphors can create concrete scenes and do much of the heavy lifting when communicating complex ideas.”

“It’s important to align yourself with the other person by showing that you care, that you’re truly listening, and understand their perspective,” concluded Dr. Fisher. “Acknowledge their point of view and emphasize that they have autonomy in the decision-making process. This can open people up to hearing your perspective. You also need to know when to let go don’t cause a rift in the relationship.”

Dr. Fisher, Dr. Arnaout, and Mr. Riggs reported no relevant financial relationships.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

When Kimberly Fisher, MD, was a junior doctor, she got fired up when patients showed hesitancy about vaccines. She responded by providing numbers, data, and facts that proved vaccines were safe and effective in preventing life-threatening diseases. But she soon realized that regurgitating scientific evidence wasn’t a winning strategy. “I’ve made the mistake of launching into a let me tell you all the things that I know that you don’t know kind of lecture,” Dr. Fisher, now an associate professor of medicine at UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, a pulmonary physician, and a researcher interested in patient-provider communication, told this news organization. “Through experience and research, I have learned that when you do that, they stop listening.”

She said when patients give reasons for not getting vaccinated that are factually wrong and rooted in misinformation, the most common reaction is to correct that information and not let it stand. “That is important; it just can’t be the first thing you do,” she said.

Diane Arnaout, MD, a pediatrician at Cook Children’s Pediatrics in Fort Worth, Texas, said listening to some patients explaining why vaccine injections are poisonous or a conspiracy can be exhausting and frustrating, but she agrees that presenting scientific facts alone won’t change people’s minds. “Even in my worst days, I take the time to stop talking for a moment and let the parents talk about what concerns them because if you just get mad and put a wall up, then that trust is gone, possibly forever, not just about vaccines.”
 

The Default Option

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Dr. Fisher has dedicated much of her time researching vaccine hesitancy. One of the most “fascinating and unexpected” findings of her work was that people are more likely to get vaccinated if a healthcare provider recommends that they get vaccinated in a “presumptive style,” which means that the provider uses language that presupposes that the person’s going to get vaccinated. “Rather than asking whether they wanted to get the vaccine conveying that the option of not getting it is just as valid, you make vaccination the default option,” she suggested.

The strategy wins many undecided, but it might not work on the most reluctant. “The presumptive recommendation is very directive, and if that works, great, but if it doesn’t, you need to shift to almost the opposite strategy, showing empathy and understanding about the person’s reasons for not wanting to be vaccinated,” Dr. Fisher said.
 

Find One Thing to Agree On

During a focus group on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy that Dr. Fisher conducted in December 2021, most physicians expressed frustration that some patients remained resistant despite their best efforts. However, one participant shared an approach she found effective with even the most hesitant patients. The physician would listen carefully and express understanding, and even if what the patient said wasn’t accurate, she would find a kernel of truth to agree with and align herself with the patient. By doing this, she made patients feel like they were a team.

The example she gave was if a patient said, “I don’t know. I’ve heard different things and don’t feel comfortable taking the vaccine,” she might respond with something like, “I think it’s great that you’re thinking critically about this before making a decision. I was the same way — I wanted to fully understand the data before getting vaccinated. I also wouldn’t want to take something if I thought it wasn’t safe. It’s good that you’re being thorough.” Acknowledging their careful thought process, the physician helped patients feel seen and understood only after she introduced additional information to guide them toward understanding why the vaccine might be beneficial.
 

Focus on the Disease

Dr. Arnaout’s frustration grows when at the end of an appointment some parents object to vaccines with irrational and misguided concerns. “You’ve trusted me with everything else we’ve discussed today — whether it’s a diaper rash or an ear infection — so why wouldn’t you trust me on this? Sometimes it feels almost offensive — why trust my medical expertise on everything else but not vaccines?” she said.

The answer, she believes, is that vaccines are preventive, and when the threat of disease feels distant, it’s hard to see the necessity of a painful shot for your healthy child. “But if your baby were dying from meningitis, the needles we use to deliver life-saving medications in the hospital would feel absolutely necessary. It’s hard as a parent to inflict pain for something you’ve never personally seen.”

Dr. Arnaout thinks it is important to bring the focus on the disease the vaccine prevents. “Let’s talk about measles — how if a baby in my waiting room has measles and coughs, the virus can stay suspended in the air for 2 hours, and 100% of unvaccinated people in that room will get measles.”

She said sharing personal stories can also help physicians connect with their patients. “I talk to parents every day about their vaccine concerns, and I’ve found that if I take the time to explain why we vaccinate, they start to understand. I also tell them, ‘I vaccinated my children for everything on time and give them the flu shot every year. Why would I offer your child something I wouldn’t give my own?’ That personal decision, made without hesitation, resonates with parents.”
 

Wired for Stories

Medical professionals have a professional necessity to think and speak with precision. Their training is based on analyzing studies and data, and they develop a specialized vocabulary to describe their findings accurately.

But the human brain is naturally inclined to process and make sense of information through the structure and narrative of stories. We instinctively organize reality into a “shape of a story” rather than just isolated facts, explained Ben Riggs, senior communications specialist at Kettering Health, Dayton, Ohio, a nonfiction writing coach and author. Storytelling also taps into the emotional, rather than just the rational, parts of the brain. This emotional connection helps make the information more memorable and impactful for the listener.

Mr. Riggs said that moving from this world of precision and accuracy to one that also requires effective communication with those who haven’t had that same training is much like learning a new language. “If they can’t speak in a way that non-scientists understand, it’s like the old saying: If a tree falls in the woods and no one hears it, does it make a sound?”

Metaphors can help doctors translate scientific facts into language that meets people where they are, allowing patients to make informed decisions about their health. They can help physicians transform abstract concepts into vivid, tangible mental images that are easier for people to understand and relate to, Mr. Riggs explained. “We are predominantly concrete thinkers. Metaphors can create concrete scenes and do much of the heavy lifting when communicating complex ideas.”

“It’s important to align yourself with the other person by showing that you care, that you’re truly listening, and understand their perspective,” concluded Dr. Fisher. “Acknowledge their point of view and emphasize that they have autonomy in the decision-making process. This can open people up to hearing your perspective. You also need to know when to let go don’t cause a rift in the relationship.”

Dr. Fisher, Dr. Arnaout, and Mr. Riggs reported no relevant financial relationships.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

When Kimberly Fisher, MD, was a junior doctor, she got fired up when patients showed hesitancy about vaccines. She responded by providing numbers, data, and facts that proved vaccines were safe and effective in preventing life-threatening diseases. But she soon realized that regurgitating scientific evidence wasn’t a winning strategy. “I’ve made the mistake of launching into a let me tell you all the things that I know that you don’t know kind of lecture,” Dr. Fisher, now an associate professor of medicine at UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, a pulmonary physician, and a researcher interested in patient-provider communication, told this news organization. “Through experience and research, I have learned that when you do that, they stop listening.”

She said when patients give reasons for not getting vaccinated that are factually wrong and rooted in misinformation, the most common reaction is to correct that information and not let it stand. “That is important; it just can’t be the first thing you do,” she said.

Diane Arnaout, MD, a pediatrician at Cook Children’s Pediatrics in Fort Worth, Texas, said listening to some patients explaining why vaccine injections are poisonous or a conspiracy can be exhausting and frustrating, but she agrees that presenting scientific facts alone won’t change people’s minds. “Even in my worst days, I take the time to stop talking for a moment and let the parents talk about what concerns them because if you just get mad and put a wall up, then that trust is gone, possibly forever, not just about vaccines.”
 

The Default Option

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Dr. Fisher has dedicated much of her time researching vaccine hesitancy. One of the most “fascinating and unexpected” findings of her work was that people are more likely to get vaccinated if a healthcare provider recommends that they get vaccinated in a “presumptive style,” which means that the provider uses language that presupposes that the person’s going to get vaccinated. “Rather than asking whether they wanted to get the vaccine conveying that the option of not getting it is just as valid, you make vaccination the default option,” she suggested.

The strategy wins many undecided, but it might not work on the most reluctant. “The presumptive recommendation is very directive, and if that works, great, but if it doesn’t, you need to shift to almost the opposite strategy, showing empathy and understanding about the person’s reasons for not wanting to be vaccinated,” Dr. Fisher said.
 

Find One Thing to Agree On

During a focus group on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy that Dr. Fisher conducted in December 2021, most physicians expressed frustration that some patients remained resistant despite their best efforts. However, one participant shared an approach she found effective with even the most hesitant patients. The physician would listen carefully and express understanding, and even if what the patient said wasn’t accurate, she would find a kernel of truth to agree with and align herself with the patient. By doing this, she made patients feel like they were a team.

The example she gave was if a patient said, “I don’t know. I’ve heard different things and don’t feel comfortable taking the vaccine,” she might respond with something like, “I think it’s great that you’re thinking critically about this before making a decision. I was the same way — I wanted to fully understand the data before getting vaccinated. I also wouldn’t want to take something if I thought it wasn’t safe. It’s good that you’re being thorough.” Acknowledging their careful thought process, the physician helped patients feel seen and understood only after she introduced additional information to guide them toward understanding why the vaccine might be beneficial.
 

Focus on the Disease

Dr. Arnaout’s frustration grows when at the end of an appointment some parents object to vaccines with irrational and misguided concerns. “You’ve trusted me with everything else we’ve discussed today — whether it’s a diaper rash or an ear infection — so why wouldn’t you trust me on this? Sometimes it feels almost offensive — why trust my medical expertise on everything else but not vaccines?” she said.

The answer, she believes, is that vaccines are preventive, and when the threat of disease feels distant, it’s hard to see the necessity of a painful shot for your healthy child. “But if your baby were dying from meningitis, the needles we use to deliver life-saving medications in the hospital would feel absolutely necessary. It’s hard as a parent to inflict pain for something you’ve never personally seen.”

Dr. Arnaout thinks it is important to bring the focus on the disease the vaccine prevents. “Let’s talk about measles — how if a baby in my waiting room has measles and coughs, the virus can stay suspended in the air for 2 hours, and 100% of unvaccinated people in that room will get measles.”

She said sharing personal stories can also help physicians connect with their patients. “I talk to parents every day about their vaccine concerns, and I’ve found that if I take the time to explain why we vaccinate, they start to understand. I also tell them, ‘I vaccinated my children for everything on time and give them the flu shot every year. Why would I offer your child something I wouldn’t give my own?’ That personal decision, made without hesitation, resonates with parents.”
 

Wired for Stories

Medical professionals have a professional necessity to think and speak with precision. Their training is based on analyzing studies and data, and they develop a specialized vocabulary to describe their findings accurately.

But the human brain is naturally inclined to process and make sense of information through the structure and narrative of stories. We instinctively organize reality into a “shape of a story” rather than just isolated facts, explained Ben Riggs, senior communications specialist at Kettering Health, Dayton, Ohio, a nonfiction writing coach and author. Storytelling also taps into the emotional, rather than just the rational, parts of the brain. This emotional connection helps make the information more memorable and impactful for the listener.

Mr. Riggs said that moving from this world of precision and accuracy to one that also requires effective communication with those who haven’t had that same training is much like learning a new language. “If they can’t speak in a way that non-scientists understand, it’s like the old saying: If a tree falls in the woods and no one hears it, does it make a sound?”

Metaphors can help doctors translate scientific facts into language that meets people where they are, allowing patients to make informed decisions about their health. They can help physicians transform abstract concepts into vivid, tangible mental images that are easier for people to understand and relate to, Mr. Riggs explained. “We are predominantly concrete thinkers. Metaphors can create concrete scenes and do much of the heavy lifting when communicating complex ideas.”

“It’s important to align yourself with the other person by showing that you care, that you’re truly listening, and understand their perspective,” concluded Dr. Fisher. “Acknowledge their point of view and emphasize that they have autonomy in the decision-making process. This can open people up to hearing your perspective. You also need to know when to let go don’t cause a rift in the relationship.”

Dr. Fisher, Dr. Arnaout, and Mr. Riggs reported no relevant financial relationships.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Eczematous dermatitis, folliculitis, and seborrheic dermatitis were the most common skin conditions in patients with Down syndrome (DS) in a 10-year retrospective study.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 1529 patients with DS from eight outpatient dermatology clinics in the United States and Canada between 2011 and 2021.
• In total, 50.8% of patients were children (0-12 years), 25.2% were adolescents (13-17 years), and 24% were adults (≥ 18 years).
• The researchers evaluated skin conditions in the patients.

TAKEAWAY:

• Eczematous dermatitis was the most common diagnosis, affecting 26% of patients, followed by folliculitis (19.3%) and seborrheic dermatitis (15.6%). Dermatophyte infections were diagnosed in 13%.
• Alopecia areata was the most common autoimmune skin condition, diagnosed in 178 patients (11.6%); 135 (75.8%) were children. Vitiligo was diagnosed in 66 patients (4.3%).
• The most common cutaneous infections were onychomycosis (5.9%), tinea pedis (5%), and verruca vulgaris/other viral warts (5%).
• High-risk medication use was reported in 4.3% of patients; acne vulgaris, hidradenitis suppurativa, and eczematous dermatitis were the most common associated conditions with such medications.

IN PRACTICE:

“Children, adolescents, and adults with DS are most often found to have eczematous, adnexal, and autoimmune skin conditions at outpatient dermatology visits,” the authors wrote. Their findings, they added, “offer valuable insights for clinicians and researchers, aiding in the improved prioritization of screening, diagnosis, and management, as well as facilitating both basic science and clinical research into prevalent skin conditions in individuals with DS.”

SOURCE:

The study was led by Tasya Rakasiwi, of the Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth Health, Manchester, New Hampshire, and was published online in Pediatric Dermatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Over 50% of the patients were children, potentially resulting in bias toward pediatric diagnoses and younger ages of presentation. Race, ethnicity, and sociodemographic factors were not captured, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Medical codes often do not capture disease phenotype or severity, and the manual conversion of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 to ICD-10 codes may introduce potential conversion errors.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by the Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance. The authors declared no competing interests.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Eczematous dermatitis, folliculitis, and seborrheic dermatitis were the most common skin conditions in patients with Down syndrome (DS) in a 10-year retrospective study.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 1529 patients with DS from eight outpatient dermatology clinics in the United States and Canada between 2011 and 2021.
• In total, 50.8% of patients were children (0-12 years), 25.2% were adolescents (13-17 years), and 24% were adults (≥ 18 years).
• The researchers evaluated skin conditions in the patients.

TAKEAWAY:

• Eczematous dermatitis was the most common diagnosis, affecting 26% of patients, followed by folliculitis (19.3%) and seborrheic dermatitis (15.6%). Dermatophyte infections were diagnosed in 13%.
• Alopecia areata was the most common autoimmune skin condition, diagnosed in 178 patients (11.6%); 135 (75.8%) were children. Vitiligo was diagnosed in 66 patients (4.3%).
• The most common cutaneous infections were onychomycosis (5.9%), tinea pedis (5%), and verruca vulgaris/other viral warts (5%).
• High-risk medication use was reported in 4.3% of patients; acne vulgaris, hidradenitis suppurativa, and eczematous dermatitis were the most common associated conditions with such medications.

IN PRACTICE:

“Children, adolescents, and adults with DS are most often found to have eczematous, adnexal, and autoimmune skin conditions at outpatient dermatology visits,” the authors wrote. Their findings, they added, “offer valuable insights for clinicians and researchers, aiding in the improved prioritization of screening, diagnosis, and management, as well as facilitating both basic science and clinical research into prevalent skin conditions in individuals with DS.”

SOURCE:

The study was led by Tasya Rakasiwi, of the Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth Health, Manchester, New Hampshire, and was published online in Pediatric Dermatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Over 50% of the patients were children, potentially resulting in bias toward pediatric diagnoses and younger ages of presentation. Race, ethnicity, and sociodemographic factors were not captured, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Medical codes often do not capture disease phenotype or severity, and the manual conversion of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 to ICD-10 codes may introduce potential conversion errors.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by the Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance. The authors declared no competing interests.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Eczematous dermatitis, folliculitis, and seborrheic dermatitis were the most common skin conditions in patients with Down syndrome (DS) in a 10-year retrospective study.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 1529 patients with DS from eight outpatient dermatology clinics in the United States and Canada between 2011 and 2021.
• In total, 50.8% of patients were children (0-12 years), 25.2% were adolescents (13-17 years), and 24% were adults (≥ 18 years).
• The researchers evaluated skin conditions in the patients.

TAKEAWAY:

• Eczematous dermatitis was the most common diagnosis, affecting 26% of patients, followed by folliculitis (19.3%) and seborrheic dermatitis (15.6%). Dermatophyte infections were diagnosed in 13%.
• Alopecia areata was the most common autoimmune skin condition, diagnosed in 178 patients (11.6%); 135 (75.8%) were children. Vitiligo was diagnosed in 66 patients (4.3%).
• The most common cutaneous infections were onychomycosis (5.9%), tinea pedis (5%), and verruca vulgaris/other viral warts (5%).
• High-risk medication use was reported in 4.3% of patients; acne vulgaris, hidradenitis suppurativa, and eczematous dermatitis were the most common associated conditions with such medications.

IN PRACTICE:

“Children, adolescents, and adults with DS are most often found to have eczematous, adnexal, and autoimmune skin conditions at outpatient dermatology visits,” the authors wrote. Their findings, they added, “offer valuable insights for clinicians and researchers, aiding in the improved prioritization of screening, diagnosis, and management, as well as facilitating both basic science and clinical research into prevalent skin conditions in individuals with DS.”

SOURCE:

The study was led by Tasya Rakasiwi, of the Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth Health, Manchester, New Hampshire, and was published online in Pediatric Dermatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Over 50% of the patients were children, potentially resulting in bias toward pediatric diagnoses and younger ages of presentation. Race, ethnicity, and sociodemographic factors were not captured, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Medical codes often do not capture disease phenotype or severity, and the manual conversion of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 to ICD-10 codes may introduce potential conversion errors.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by the Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance. The authors declared no competing interests.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.