TOPLINE:

Among patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism, those who use cannabis are 1.9 times more likely to develop exophthalmos — eyes that appear to bulge from the face — within 1 year of diagnosis, than those who do not use the drug. However, the added risk may wane over time.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers analyzed data from TriNetX, an electronic health record platform, for more than 36,000 patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism between 2003 and 2023.
• The dataset included cannabis users (n = 783), nicotine users (n = 17,310), and control individuals (n = 18,093) who did not use either substance.
• Primary outcomes included presentations of thyroid eye disease (TED) and the use of treatments for the condition, such as teprotumumab, steroids, eyelid retraction repair, tarsorrhaphy, strabismus surgery, or orbital decompression.
• The investigators used propensity matching to control for characteristics such as age, sex, race, and prior thyroidectomy or radio ablation.

TAKEAWAY:

• The incidence of exophthalmos at 1 year was 4.1% among nicotine users, 4.1% among cannabis users, and 2.2% among controls.
• Cannabis users were 1.9 times more likely than controls to develop exophthalmos within 1 year (P = .03).
• At 2 years, the researchers identified a trend toward more TED in cannabis users than in controls, but the difference was no longer statistically significant.
• Cannabis users were about 2.5 times more likely than controls to be prescribed steroids throughout the 2-year follow-up period.

IN PRACTICE:

“These findings altogether suggest that cannabis usage may be associated with earlier progression or increased short-term severity of TED symptoms,” the authors of the study wrote. The mechanisms may be like those for cigarette smoking and could include inflammation and vascular congestion, they added.

SOURCE:

The study was conducted by Amanda M. Zong and Anne Barmettler, MD, with Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City. It was published online in Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

LIMITATIONS:

The number of cannabis users was relatively small and included only patients who had received a diagnosis of a cannabis-usage disorder prior to the diagnosis of autoimmune hyperthyroidism, the researchers noted. TED lacks a specific International Classification of Diseases–10 code, which necessitated the use of indirect measures. “Furthermore, the mode of administration, duration, and frequency of cannabis and nicotine usage were not available in the dataset used, limiting analysis of degree of association and modifiable risk,” they wrote.

DISCLOSURES:

The researchers disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Among patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism, those who use cannabis are 1.9 times more likely to develop exophthalmos — eyes that appear to bulge from the face — within 1 year of diagnosis, than those who do not use the drug. However, the added risk may wane over time.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers analyzed data from TriNetX, an electronic health record platform, for more than 36,000 patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism between 2003 and 2023.
• The dataset included cannabis users (n = 783), nicotine users (n = 17,310), and control individuals (n = 18,093) who did not use either substance.
• Primary outcomes included presentations of thyroid eye disease (TED) and the use of treatments for the condition, such as teprotumumab, steroids, eyelid retraction repair, tarsorrhaphy, strabismus surgery, or orbital decompression.
• The investigators used propensity matching to control for characteristics such as age, sex, race, and prior thyroidectomy or radio ablation.

TAKEAWAY:

• The incidence of exophthalmos at 1 year was 4.1% among nicotine users, 4.1% among cannabis users, and 2.2% among controls.
• Cannabis users were 1.9 times more likely than controls to develop exophthalmos within 1 year (P = .03).
• At 2 years, the researchers identified a trend toward more TED in cannabis users than in controls, but the difference was no longer statistically significant.
• Cannabis users were about 2.5 times more likely than controls to be prescribed steroids throughout the 2-year follow-up period.

IN PRACTICE:

“These findings altogether suggest that cannabis usage may be associated with earlier progression or increased short-term severity of TED symptoms,” the authors of the study wrote. The mechanisms may be like those for cigarette smoking and could include inflammation and vascular congestion, they added.

SOURCE:

The study was conducted by Amanda M. Zong and Anne Barmettler, MD, with Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City. It was published online in Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

LIMITATIONS:

The number of cannabis users was relatively small and included only patients who had received a diagnosis of a cannabis-usage disorder prior to the diagnosis of autoimmune hyperthyroidism, the researchers noted. TED lacks a specific International Classification of Diseases–10 code, which necessitated the use of indirect measures. “Furthermore, the mode of administration, duration, and frequency of cannabis and nicotine usage were not available in the dataset used, limiting analysis of degree of association and modifiable risk,” they wrote.

DISCLOSURES:

The researchers disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Among patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism, those who use cannabis are 1.9 times more likely to develop exophthalmos — eyes that appear to bulge from the face — within 1 year of diagnosis, than those who do not use the drug. However, the added risk may wane over time.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers analyzed data from TriNetX, an electronic health record platform, for more than 36,000 patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism between 2003 and 2023.
• The dataset included cannabis users (n = 783), nicotine users (n = 17,310), and control individuals (n = 18,093) who did not use either substance.
• Primary outcomes included presentations of thyroid eye disease (TED) and the use of treatments for the condition, such as teprotumumab, steroids, eyelid retraction repair, tarsorrhaphy, strabismus surgery, or orbital decompression.
• The investigators used propensity matching to control for characteristics such as age, sex, race, and prior thyroidectomy or radio ablation.

TAKEAWAY:

• The incidence of exophthalmos at 1 year was 4.1% among nicotine users, 4.1% among cannabis users, and 2.2% among controls.
• Cannabis users were 1.9 times more likely than controls to develop exophthalmos within 1 year (P = .03).
• At 2 years, the researchers identified a trend toward more TED in cannabis users than in controls, but the difference was no longer statistically significant.
• Cannabis users were about 2.5 times more likely than controls to be prescribed steroids throughout the 2-year follow-up period.

IN PRACTICE:

“These findings altogether suggest that cannabis usage may be associated with earlier progression or increased short-term severity of TED symptoms,” the authors of the study wrote. The mechanisms may be like those for cigarette smoking and could include inflammation and vascular congestion, they added.

SOURCE:

The study was conducted by Amanda M. Zong and Anne Barmettler, MD, with Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City. It was published online in Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

LIMITATIONS:

The number of cannabis users was relatively small and included only patients who had received a diagnosis of a cannabis-usage disorder prior to the diagnosis of autoimmune hyperthyroidism, the researchers noted. TED lacks a specific International Classification of Diseases–10 code, which necessitated the use of indirect measures. “Furthermore, the mode of administration, duration, and frequency of cannabis and nicotine usage were not available in the dataset used, limiting analysis of degree of association and modifiable risk,” they wrote.

DISCLOSURES:

The researchers disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Residency programs across the country may have a few more slots for incoming residents due to a recent bump in Medicare funding.

Case in point: The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). The state has one of the top stroke rates in the country, and yet UAB has the only hospital in the state training future doctors to help stroke patients recover. “Our hospital cares for Alabama’s sickest patients, many who need rehabilitation services,” said Craig Hoesley, MD, senior associate dean for medical education, who oversees graduate medical education (GME) or residency programs.

After decades of stagnant support, a recent bump in Medicare funding will allow UAB to add two more physical medicine and rehabilitation residents to the four residencies already receiving such funding.

Medicare also awarded UAB more funding last year to add an addiction medicine fellowship, one of two such training programs in the state for the specialty that helps treat patients fighting addiction.

UAB is among healthcare systems and hospitals nationwide benefiting from a recent hike in Medicare funding for residency programs after some 25 years at the same level of federal support. Medicare is the largest funder of training positions. Otherwise, hospitals finance training through means such as state support.

The latest round of funding, which went into effect in July, adds 200 positions to the doctor pipeline, creating more openings for residents seeking positions after medical school.

In the next few months, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) will notify teaching hospitals whether they’ll receive the next round of Medicare funding for more residency positions. At that time, CMS will have awarded nearly half of the 1200 residency training slots Congress approved in the past few years. In 2020 — for the first time since 1996 — Congress approved adding 1000 residency slots at teaching hospitals nationwide. CMS awards the money for 200 slots each year for 5 years.

More than half of the initial round of funding focused on training primary care specialists, with other slots designated for mental health specialists. Last year, Congress also approved a separate allocation of 200 more Medicare-funded residency positions, with at least half designated for psychiatry and related subspecialty residencies to help meet the growing need for more mental health specialists. On August 1, CMS announced it would distribute the funds next year, effective in 2026.

The additional Medicare funding attempts to address the shortage of healthcare providers and ensure future access to care, including in rural and underserved communities. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) estimates the nation will face a shortage of up to 86,000 physicians by 2036, including primary care doctors and specialists.

In addition, more than 100 million Americans, nearly a third of the nation, don’t have access to primary care due to the physician shortages in their communities, according to the National Association of Community Health Centers.

Major medical organizations, medical schools, and hospital groups have been pushing for years for increased Medicare funding to train new doctors to keep up with the demand for healthcare services and offset the physician shortage. As a cost-saving measure, Medicare set its cap in 1996 for how much it will reimburse each hospital offering GME training. However, according to the medical groups that continue to advocate to Congress for more funding, the funding hasn’t kept pace with the growing healthcare needs or rising medical school enrollment.
 

Adding Residency Spots

In April, Dr. Hoesley of UAB spoke at a Congressional briefing among health systems and hospitals that benefited from the additional funding. He told Congressional leaders how the increased number of GME positions affects UAB Medicine and its ability to care for rural areas.

“We have entire counties in Alabama that don’t have physicians. One way to address the physician shortage is to grow the GME programs. The funding we received will help us grow these programs and care for residents in our state.”

Still, the Medicare funding is only a drop in the bucket, Dr. Hoesley said. “We rely on Medicare funding alongside other funding partners to train residents and expand our care across the state.” He said many UAB residency programs are over their Medicare funding cap and would like to grow, but they can’t without more funding.

Mount Sinai Health System in New York City also will be able to expand its residency program after receiving Medicare support in the latest round of funding. The health system will use the federal funds to train an additional vascular surgeon. Mount Sinai currently receives CMS funding to train three residents in the specialty.

Over a 5-year program, that means CMS funding will help train 20 residents in the specialty that treats blood vessel blockages and diseases of the veins and arteries generally associated with aging.

“The funding is amazing,” said Peter L. Faries, MD, a surgery professor and system chief of vascular surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, who directs the residency program.

“We don’t have the capacity to provide an individual training program without the funding. It’s not economically feasible.”

The need for more vascular surgeons increases as the population continues to age, he said. Mount Sinai treats patients throughout New York, including underserved areas in Harlem, the Bronx, Washington Heights, Brooklyn, and Queens. “These individuals might not receive an appropriate level of vascular care if we don’t have clinicians to treat them.”

Of the recent funding, Dr. Faries said it’s taken the residency program 15 years of advocacy to increase by two slots. “It’s a long process to get funding.” Vascular training programs can remain very selective with Medicare funding, typically receiving two applicants for every position,” said Dr. Faries.
 

Pushing for More Funds

Nearly 98,000 students enrolled in medical school this year, according to the National Resident Matching Program. A total of 44,853 applicants vied for the 38,494 first-year residency positions and 3009 second-year slots, leaving 3350 medical school graduates without a match.

“There are not enough spots to meet the growing demand,” said Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, MD, MPH, immediate past president of the American Medical Association. “Graduate medical education funding has not kept up.”

Despite the increase in medical school graduates over the past two decades, Medicare-supported training opportunities remained frozen at the 1996 level. A limited number of training positions meant residency programs couldn’t expand the physician pipeline to offset an aging workforce, contributing to the shortage. “The way to solve this is to expand GME,” Dr. Ehrenfeld said. “We continue to advocate to remove the cap.”

Dr. Ehrenfeld also told this news organization that he doesn’t mind that Congress recently designated GME funding to certain specialties, such as psychiatry, because he believes the need is great for residency spots across the board. “The good news is people recognize it’s challenging to get much through Congress.” He’s optimistic, though, about recent legislative efforts to increase funding.

AAMC, representing about a third of the nation’s 1100 teaching hospitals and health systems, feels the same. Congress “acknowledges and continues to recognize that the shortage is not getting better, and one way to address it is to increase Medicare-supported GME positions,” said Leonard Marquez, senior director of government relations and legislative advocacy.

Still, he said that the Medicare funding bump is only making a small dent in the need. AAMC estimates the average cost to train residents is $23 billion annually, and Medicare only funds 20% of that, or $5 billion. “Our members are at the point where they say: We already can’t add new training positions,” Mr. Marquez said. He added that without increasing residency slots, patient care will suffer. “We have to do anything possible we can to increase access to care.”

Mr. Marquez also believes Medicare funding should increase residency positions across the specialty spectrum, not just for psychiatry and primary care. He said that the targeted funding may prevent some teaching hospitals from applying for residency positions if they need other types of specialists based on their community’s needs.

Among the current proposals before Congress, the Resident Physician Shortage Reduction Act of 2023 would add 14,000 Medicare-supported residency slots over 7 years. Mr. Marquez said it may be more realistic to expect fewer new slots. A decision on potential legislation is expected at the end of the year. He said that if the medical groups aren’t pleased with the decision, they’ll advocate again in 2025.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Residency programs across the country may have a few more slots for incoming residents due to a recent bump in Medicare funding.

Case in point: The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). The state has one of the top stroke rates in the country, and yet UAB has the only hospital in the state training future doctors to help stroke patients recover. “Our hospital cares for Alabama’s sickest patients, many who need rehabilitation services,” said Craig Hoesley, MD, senior associate dean for medical education, who oversees graduate medical education (GME) or residency programs.

After decades of stagnant support, a recent bump in Medicare funding will allow UAB to add two more physical medicine and rehabilitation residents to the four residencies already receiving such funding.

Medicare also awarded UAB more funding last year to add an addiction medicine fellowship, one of two such training programs in the state for the specialty that helps treat patients fighting addiction.

UAB is among healthcare systems and hospitals nationwide benefiting from a recent hike in Medicare funding for residency programs after some 25 years at the same level of federal support. Medicare is the largest funder of training positions. Otherwise, hospitals finance training through means such as state support.

The latest round of funding, which went into effect in July, adds 200 positions to the doctor pipeline, creating more openings for residents seeking positions after medical school.

In the next few months, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) will notify teaching hospitals whether they’ll receive the next round of Medicare funding for more residency positions. At that time, CMS will have awarded nearly half of the 1200 residency training slots Congress approved in the past few years. In 2020 — for the first time since 1996 — Congress approved adding 1000 residency slots at teaching hospitals nationwide. CMS awards the money for 200 slots each year for 5 years.

More than half of the initial round of funding focused on training primary care specialists, with other slots designated for mental health specialists. Last year, Congress also approved a separate allocation of 200 more Medicare-funded residency positions, with at least half designated for psychiatry and related subspecialty residencies to help meet the growing need for more mental health specialists. On August 1, CMS announced it would distribute the funds next year, effective in 2026.

The additional Medicare funding attempts to address the shortage of healthcare providers and ensure future access to care, including in rural and underserved communities. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) estimates the nation will face a shortage of up to 86,000 physicians by 2036, including primary care doctors and specialists.

In addition, more than 100 million Americans, nearly a third of the nation, don’t have access to primary care due to the physician shortages in their communities, according to the National Association of Community Health Centers.

Major medical organizations, medical schools, and hospital groups have been pushing for years for increased Medicare funding to train new doctors to keep up with the demand for healthcare services and offset the physician shortage. As a cost-saving measure, Medicare set its cap in 1996 for how much it will reimburse each hospital offering GME training. However, according to the medical groups that continue to advocate to Congress for more funding, the funding hasn’t kept pace with the growing healthcare needs or rising medical school enrollment.
 

Adding Residency Spots

In April, Dr. Hoesley of UAB spoke at a Congressional briefing among health systems and hospitals that benefited from the additional funding. He told Congressional leaders how the increased number of GME positions affects UAB Medicine and its ability to care for rural areas.

“We have entire counties in Alabama that don’t have physicians. One way to address the physician shortage is to grow the GME programs. The funding we received will help us grow these programs and care for residents in our state.”

Still, the Medicare funding is only a drop in the bucket, Dr. Hoesley said. “We rely on Medicare funding alongside other funding partners to train residents and expand our care across the state.” He said many UAB residency programs are over their Medicare funding cap and would like to grow, but they can’t without more funding.

Mount Sinai Health System in New York City also will be able to expand its residency program after receiving Medicare support in the latest round of funding. The health system will use the federal funds to train an additional vascular surgeon. Mount Sinai currently receives CMS funding to train three residents in the specialty.

Over a 5-year program, that means CMS funding will help train 20 residents in the specialty that treats blood vessel blockages and diseases of the veins and arteries generally associated with aging.

“The funding is amazing,” said Peter L. Faries, MD, a surgery professor and system chief of vascular surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, who directs the residency program.

“We don’t have the capacity to provide an individual training program without the funding. It’s not economically feasible.”

The need for more vascular surgeons increases as the population continues to age, he said. Mount Sinai treats patients throughout New York, including underserved areas in Harlem, the Bronx, Washington Heights, Brooklyn, and Queens. “These individuals might not receive an appropriate level of vascular care if we don’t have clinicians to treat them.”

Of the recent funding, Dr. Faries said it’s taken the residency program 15 years of advocacy to increase by two slots. “It’s a long process to get funding.” Vascular training programs can remain very selective with Medicare funding, typically receiving two applicants for every position,” said Dr. Faries.
 

Pushing for More Funds

Nearly 98,000 students enrolled in medical school this year, according to the National Resident Matching Program. A total of 44,853 applicants vied for the 38,494 first-year residency positions and 3009 second-year slots, leaving 3350 medical school graduates without a match.

“There are not enough spots to meet the growing demand,” said Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, MD, MPH, immediate past president of the American Medical Association. “Graduate medical education funding has not kept up.”

Despite the increase in medical school graduates over the past two decades, Medicare-supported training opportunities remained frozen at the 1996 level. A limited number of training positions meant residency programs couldn’t expand the physician pipeline to offset an aging workforce, contributing to the shortage. “The way to solve this is to expand GME,” Dr. Ehrenfeld said. “We continue to advocate to remove the cap.”

Dr. Ehrenfeld also told this news organization that he doesn’t mind that Congress recently designated GME funding to certain specialties, such as psychiatry, because he believes the need is great for residency spots across the board. “The good news is people recognize it’s challenging to get much through Congress.” He’s optimistic, though, about recent legislative efforts to increase funding.

AAMC, representing about a third of the nation’s 1100 teaching hospitals and health systems, feels the same. Congress “acknowledges and continues to recognize that the shortage is not getting better, and one way to address it is to increase Medicare-supported GME positions,” said Leonard Marquez, senior director of government relations and legislative advocacy.

Still, he said that the Medicare funding bump is only making a small dent in the need. AAMC estimates the average cost to train residents is $23 billion annually, and Medicare only funds 20% of that, or $5 billion. “Our members are at the point where they say: We already can’t add new training positions,” Mr. Marquez said. He added that without increasing residency slots, patient care will suffer. “We have to do anything possible we can to increase access to care.”

Mr. Marquez also believes Medicare funding should increase residency positions across the specialty spectrum, not just for psychiatry and primary care. He said that the targeted funding may prevent some teaching hospitals from applying for residency positions if they need other types of specialists based on their community’s needs.

Among the current proposals before Congress, the Resident Physician Shortage Reduction Act of 2023 would add 14,000 Medicare-supported residency slots over 7 years. Mr. Marquez said it may be more realistic to expect fewer new slots. A decision on potential legislation is expected at the end of the year. He said that if the medical groups aren’t pleased with the decision, they’ll advocate again in 2025.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Residency programs across the country may have a few more slots for incoming residents due to a recent bump in Medicare funding.

Case in point: The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). The state has one of the top stroke rates in the country, and yet UAB has the only hospital in the state training future doctors to help stroke patients recover. “Our hospital cares for Alabama’s sickest patients, many who need rehabilitation services,” said Craig Hoesley, MD, senior associate dean for medical education, who oversees graduate medical education (GME) or residency programs.

After decades of stagnant support, a recent bump in Medicare funding will allow UAB to add two more physical medicine and rehabilitation residents to the four residencies already receiving such funding.

Medicare also awarded UAB more funding last year to add an addiction medicine fellowship, one of two such training programs in the state for the specialty that helps treat patients fighting addiction.

UAB is among healthcare systems and hospitals nationwide benefiting from a recent hike in Medicare funding for residency programs after some 25 years at the same level of federal support. Medicare is the largest funder of training positions. Otherwise, hospitals finance training through means such as state support.

The latest round of funding, which went into effect in July, adds 200 positions to the doctor pipeline, creating more openings for residents seeking positions after medical school.

In the next few months, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) will notify teaching hospitals whether they’ll receive the next round of Medicare funding for more residency positions. At that time, CMS will have awarded nearly half of the 1200 residency training slots Congress approved in the past few years. In 2020 — for the first time since 1996 — Congress approved adding 1000 residency slots at teaching hospitals nationwide. CMS awards the money for 200 slots each year for 5 years.

More than half of the initial round of funding focused on training primary care specialists, with other slots designated for mental health specialists. Last year, Congress also approved a separate allocation of 200 more Medicare-funded residency positions, with at least half designated for psychiatry and related subspecialty residencies to help meet the growing need for more mental health specialists. On August 1, CMS announced it would distribute the funds next year, effective in 2026.

The additional Medicare funding attempts to address the shortage of healthcare providers and ensure future access to care, including in rural and underserved communities. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) estimates the nation will face a shortage of up to 86,000 physicians by 2036, including primary care doctors and specialists.

In addition, more than 100 million Americans, nearly a third of the nation, don’t have access to primary care due to the physician shortages in their communities, according to the National Association of Community Health Centers.

Major medical organizations, medical schools, and hospital groups have been pushing for years for increased Medicare funding to train new doctors to keep up with the demand for healthcare services and offset the physician shortage. As a cost-saving measure, Medicare set its cap in 1996 for how much it will reimburse each hospital offering GME training. However, according to the medical groups that continue to advocate to Congress for more funding, the funding hasn’t kept pace with the growing healthcare needs or rising medical school enrollment.
 

Adding Residency Spots

In April, Dr. Hoesley of UAB spoke at a Congressional briefing among health systems and hospitals that benefited from the additional funding. He told Congressional leaders how the increased number of GME positions affects UAB Medicine and its ability to care for rural areas.

“We have entire counties in Alabama that don’t have physicians. One way to address the physician shortage is to grow the GME programs. The funding we received will help us grow these programs and care for residents in our state.”

Still, the Medicare funding is only a drop in the bucket, Dr. Hoesley said. “We rely on Medicare funding alongside other funding partners to train residents and expand our care across the state.” He said many UAB residency programs are over their Medicare funding cap and would like to grow, but they can’t without more funding.

Mount Sinai Health System in New York City also will be able to expand its residency program after receiving Medicare support in the latest round of funding. The health system will use the federal funds to train an additional vascular surgeon. Mount Sinai currently receives CMS funding to train three residents in the specialty.

Over a 5-year program, that means CMS funding will help train 20 residents in the specialty that treats blood vessel blockages and diseases of the veins and arteries generally associated with aging.

“The funding is amazing,” said Peter L. Faries, MD, a surgery professor and system chief of vascular surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, who directs the residency program.

“We don’t have the capacity to provide an individual training program without the funding. It’s not economically feasible.”

The need for more vascular surgeons increases as the population continues to age, he said. Mount Sinai treats patients throughout New York, including underserved areas in Harlem, the Bronx, Washington Heights, Brooklyn, and Queens. “These individuals might not receive an appropriate level of vascular care if we don’t have clinicians to treat them.”

Of the recent funding, Dr. Faries said it’s taken the residency program 15 years of advocacy to increase by two slots. “It’s a long process to get funding.” Vascular training programs can remain very selective with Medicare funding, typically receiving two applicants for every position,” said Dr. Faries.
 

Pushing for More Funds

Nearly 98,000 students enrolled in medical school this year, according to the National Resident Matching Program. A total of 44,853 applicants vied for the 38,494 first-year residency positions and 3009 second-year slots, leaving 3350 medical school graduates without a match.

“There are not enough spots to meet the growing demand,” said Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, MD, MPH, immediate past president of the American Medical Association. “Graduate medical education funding has not kept up.”

Despite the increase in medical school graduates over the past two decades, Medicare-supported training opportunities remained frozen at the 1996 level. A limited number of training positions meant residency programs couldn’t expand the physician pipeline to offset an aging workforce, contributing to the shortage. “The way to solve this is to expand GME,” Dr. Ehrenfeld said. “We continue to advocate to remove the cap.”

Dr. Ehrenfeld also told this news organization that he doesn’t mind that Congress recently designated GME funding to certain specialties, such as psychiatry, because he believes the need is great for residency spots across the board. “The good news is people recognize it’s challenging to get much through Congress.” He’s optimistic, though, about recent legislative efforts to increase funding.

AAMC, representing about a third of the nation’s 1100 teaching hospitals and health systems, feels the same. Congress “acknowledges and continues to recognize that the shortage is not getting better, and one way to address it is to increase Medicare-supported GME positions,” said Leonard Marquez, senior director of government relations and legislative advocacy.

Still, he said that the Medicare funding bump is only making a small dent in the need. AAMC estimates the average cost to train residents is $23 billion annually, and Medicare only funds 20% of that, or $5 billion. “Our members are at the point where they say: We already can’t add new training positions,” Mr. Marquez said. He added that without increasing residency slots, patient care will suffer. “We have to do anything possible we can to increase access to care.”

Mr. Marquez also believes Medicare funding should increase residency positions across the specialty spectrum, not just for psychiatry and primary care. He said that the targeted funding may prevent some teaching hospitals from applying for residency positions if they need other types of specialists based on their community’s needs.

Among the current proposals before Congress, the Resident Physician Shortage Reduction Act of 2023 would add 14,000 Medicare-supported residency slots over 7 years. Mr. Marquez said it may be more realistic to expect fewer new slots. A decision on potential legislation is expected at the end of the year. He said that if the medical groups aren’t pleased with the decision, they’ll advocate again in 2025.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

When Jennifer Welsh, a 40-year-old from New Britain, Connecticut, visited her doctor about pain in her joints and neck, her doctor sent her to the emergency department (ED) to rule out meningitis. The ED did rule that out, as well as strep, so Ms. Welsh went to her follow-up appointment a few days later, hoping for answers or at least more tests to get those answers.

Instead, the doctor — a different one from the same practice as her primary care physician (PCP) — wouldn’t even talk to Ms. Welsh about her symptoms because she couldn’t see the ED’s results and refused to view the results that Ms. Welsh could pull up online.

“She just completely shut me down,” Ms. Welsh recalled. “It was a really awful appointment, and I left in tears. I was in physical pain, I had just been to the ER, nothing is really resolved, I’m stressed out about it, and this woman is completely dismissing me.”

She had been able to schedule an appointment with her regular PCP later that week, but after the harrowing experience with this doctor, she wondered if her PCP would order the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) test that Ms. Welsh suspected she needed. So, she took matters into her own hands.

“I was searching for what test to ask for from my doctor,” she said, and she found that she could order it on her own from a major lab company she was already familiar with. For around $100, “I could get it done and see what it says on my own,” she said.

But that’s not how it worked out. Her regular PCP apologized for the other doctor’s behavior and ordered the RA test as well as additional tests — and got results while Ms. Welsh still waited for the one she ordered to arrive over a week later.

At first, Ms. Welsh was grateful she could order the RA test without her doctor’s referral. “I felt it gave me a sense of control over the situation that I felt really not in control of, until the system failed me, and I didn’t get the results,” she said. But then, “not having someone I could call and get an answer about why my tests were delayed, why I wasn’t able to access them, why it was taking so long — it was definitely anxiety-inducing.”
 

A Growing Market

Ms. Welsh is one of a growing number of patients who are ordering direct-to-consumer (DTC) lab tests without the recommendation or guidance of a doctor. They’re offered online by labs ranging from well-established giants like Quest and Labcorp to smaller, potentially less vetted companies, although some smaller companies contract with larger companies like Quest. Combined, the DTC market is projected to be worth $2 billion by 2025.

Yet the burgeoning industry has also drawn critiques from both bioethicists and privacy experts. A research letter in JAMA in 2023, for example, found that less than half of the 21 companies identified in an online search declared Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance, while more than half “indicated the potential use of consumer data for research purposes either internally or through third-party sharing.” That study found the most commonly offered tests were related to diabetes, the thyroid, and vitamin levels, and hormone tests for men and women, such as testosterone or estradiol.

But a number of companies also offer tests related to rheumatologic conditions. A handful of tests offered by Labcorp, for example, could be used in rheumatology, such as tests for celiac antibodies or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Quest similarly offers a handful of autoimmune-related tests. But other companies offer a long slate of autoimmune or antibody tests.

The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test and RA panel offered by Quest are the same tests, run and analyzed in the same labs, as those ordered by physicians and hospitals, according to James Faix, MD, the medical director of immunology at Quest Diagnostics. Their RA panel includes rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide as well as antibody to mutated citrullinated vimentin, “which may detect approximately 10%-15%” of patients who test negative to the first two.

Quest’s ANA test with reflex costs $112, and its RA panel costs $110, price points that are similar across other companies’ offerings. Labcorp declined to respond to questions about its DTC tests, and several smaller companies did not respond to queries about their offerings. It can therefore be hard to assess what’s included or what the quality is of many DTC tests, particularly from smaller, less established companies.
 

Oversight and Quality Control

Anthony Killeen, MD, PhD, president of the Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine (ADLM) and director of Clinical Laboratories at the University of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis, said via email that the ADLM supports “expanding consumer access to direct-to-consumer laboratory testing services that have demonstrated analytical and clinical validity and clinical utility,” given the importance of individuals learning about their health status and becoming more involved in health decisions. But the ADLM also recommends “that only CLIA-certified laboratories perform direct-to-consumer testing,” he said.

Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine

“There are direct-to-consumer tests on the market that are not medical-grade laboratory tests and that may be performed in nonaccredited laboratories,” Dr. Killeen said. “We advise consumers to steer clear of such tests.” The ADLM also encourages consumers to “work with qualified healthcare providers when making decisions based off the results they receive from any direct-to-consumer tests” and recommends that DTC test companies “provide consumers with sufficient information and/or access to expert help to assist them in ordering tests and interpreting the results.”

Yet it’s unclear how much support, if any, consumers can receive in terms of understanding what their tests mean. Most of the companies in the 2023 study offered optional follow-up with a healthcare professional, but these professionals ranged from physicians to “health coaches,” and all the companies had disclaimers that “test results did not constitute medical advice.”

At Quest, the only company to respond to this news organization’s request for comment, consumer-initiated tests ordered online are first reviewed by a physician at PWNHealth, an independent, third-party physician network, to determine that it’s appropriate before the lab order is actually placed.

“Once results are available, individuals have the option to discuss their results with an independent physician at no extra cost,” Dr. Faix said. ANA or RA results outside the normal ranges may trigger a “call from a PWNHealth healthcare coordinator, who can help provide information, suggestions on next steps, and set up time for the individual to speak with an independent physician to discuss questions or concerns regarding the results,” he said.

“Our goal is not to replace the role of a healthcare provider,” Dr. Faix said. “We are providing an alternate way for people to engage with the healthcare system that offers convenience, gives people more control over their own healthcare journeys, and meets them where they are, supporting both consumers and their care teams.” The company has expanded its offerings from an initial 30 tests made available in 2018 to over 130 today, deciding which to offer “based on consumer research and expertise of clinical experts.” The company has also “seen steady interest in our two consumer rheumatology offerings,” Dr. Faix said.
 

The DTC Landscape in Rheumatology

Within rheumatology, among the most popular tests is for ANA, based on the experience of Alfred Kim, MD, PhD, associate professor of medicine at Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri.

Dr. Kim

“For a lot of people, losing control over their health is maybe the most frightening experience they can have, so I think a lot of patients use this as a way to kind of have ownership over their health,” Dr. Kim said. “Let’s say they’ve been to four doctors. No one can explain what’s going on. They’re getting frustrated, and so they just turn to solutions where they feel like they have ownership over the situation.”

Though the market is undoubtedly growing, the growth appears uneven across geography and institution types. Kim has seen a “fair number of referrals,” with patients coming in with results from a DTC test. Michael Putman, MD, MSci, assistant professor of medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, hasn’t seen it much. “I know that patients can get testing done themselves independently, but I don’t have people routinely coming in with tests they’ve ordered in advance of our appointment,” Dr. Putman said, but, like Dr. Kim, he recognizes why patients might seek them out.

Dr. Putman

Ron Hester Photography

Risks vs Benefits

DTC testing is not an answer to the national shortage of rheumatologists, however, especially given the risks that Dr. Niewold, Dr. Putman, and Dr. Kim worry outweigh potential benefits. On the one hand, getting online test results may help expedite a referral to a specialist, Dr. Niewold said. But a long wait for that appointment could then easily become a bigger source of anxiety than comfort, Dr. Putman said.

“It’s a trade-off where you are accepting a lot more people getting false-positive diagnoses and spending months thinking they have some disease where they might not, in exchange for a couple people who would have had a delayed diagnosis,” Dr. Putman said. “There’s an enormous amount of existential suffering,” that’s familiar to rheumatologists because some patients may dread the diagnosis of a rheumatic disease the way they might fear a cancer diagnosis, especially if they have lost a family member to a condition that they suspect they share, he said. “To put yourself into an existential catastrophe — that’s not a small harm.”

Dr. Niewold agreed, pointing out that patients with a positive ANA test may “get unnecessarily worried and stay up all night reading about lupus, getting scared for weeks on end before seeing a specialist.” And there are financial harms as well for patients who may order the same test multiple times, or a whole slate of tests, that they don’t need for hundreds or thousands of dollars. There’s also the lost time and effort of researching a condition or even seeking out support groups that patients may pursue, Dr. Niewold said.

The likely biggest risk to individuals, however, is the potential for overdiagnosis or misdiagnosis.

“If someone comes in and they’ve read the textbook on lupus and they have a positive ANA, it’s really hard as a rheumatologist to walk that back,” Dr. Putman said. “The human mind is a powerful thing,” he added, and people who get a positive test will likely start to notice things like joint pain or a rash on their cheeks and begin attributing it to a diagnosis they risk convincing themselves they have. “When people come into your clinic not knowing what a disease would look like and they just tell you how they’re feeling, it’s a much cleaner and more honest way to approach diagnosis.”

Most patients likely don’t realize, for example, that none of the tests rheumatologists usually order are diagnostic in and of themselves, Dr. Niewold said. “They’re all kind of like stars in the constellation of a diagnosis,” he said. “They’re helpful, but none of them is sufficient by itself.”

Dr. Killeen agreed, noting that “consumers might not understand the nuances of these tests well enough to know whether it is appropriate to order them or how to interpret the results correctly.” Given the long-term implications of a diagnosis for a rheumatologic disease, “I would have concerns about consumers ordering and interpreting rheumatologic tests without working closely with their physicians,” Dr. Killeen said. “The main concern that lab experts have about direct-to-consumer tests is the potential for people to get misleading results and/or to misinterpret their results, which in turn could lead to people not getting the treatment they need or getting treatment when they don’t need any at all.”

It’s one thing for patients to come in asking for a particular treatment they may not need but which a doctor may be able to dissuade them from seeking. But Dr. Kim also pointed out the risk that patients may decide to treat themselves with therapies that haven’t undergone rigorous testing or haven’t been recommended by a physician.

“We tend to have people who come in with a pretty clear idea of what they want done, but the problem is, we don’t know if their reasoning is correct from a clinical perspective,” Dr. Kim said. Companies offer these tests with the belief that they’re “providing patients a choice, an option to take ownership,” he said, “but the potential harm can be realized very quickly because there are going to be people who are misdiagnosing themselves and, worse yet, may then pursue their own treatment plan that’s going in the opposite direction of where we think it needs to go.”

Or, on the flip side, if a patient erroneously believes they have the answer to what ails them, it may delay diagnosis of a more serious condition that’s rarer or harder to detect. Kim pointed to, for example, intravascular lymphoma, which is notoriously as difficult to identify as it is rare and aggressive. If a patient’s confirmation bias has led them to believe they have an autoimmune condition, they may not receive the more serious diagnosis until it’s advanced too far to treat.
 

Patient-Provider Relationship Friction

Another concern is how these tests may lead to confusion and frustration that can erode the patient-provider relationship, particularly because most patients don’t know how to interpret the results or understand the bigger context in which the results have to be interpreted. Many patients may think a test can come back with a binary answer, a positive or negative, and that means they do or don’t have a condition. That’s generally true for pregnancy tests, COVID tests, and sexually transmitted infection tests — the kinds of tests that have long been available to consumers and which have fairly straightforward answers.

But physicians know that’s not the case for many conditions, particularly those in rheumatology.

“In rheumatic diseases, because the tests have such marginal value in terms of diagnosis, almost always we develop a suspicion before we even think about ordering the tests, and then that dictates whether or not we cross that threshold,” Dr. Kim said. “A negative test doesn’t exclude the fact that you may have disease X, but a positive test also doesn’t mean you have disease X. All they provide is an idea of the risk.”

But some patients who come in with DTC test results have “already made the decision in their mind that they have a certain condition,” Dr. Kim said. “This is obviously dangerous because the majority of these patients do not have the condition they think they have, and it leaves a very uncomfortable feeling after the visit because they feel like they’ve been either betrayed by me or by the test, and they leave more confused.”

Patients may also come in with tests that a doctor isn’t familiar with or isn’t sure how to interpret on its own, at least for that particular patient.

“For ANA testing, we have a pretty good idea of its positive and negative predictive value because it’s ordered so much, but for many of these tests being offered, there are specific autoantibodies, and we tend to only get them in people where there’s a clinical suspicion,” Dr. Kim said. “Within that very specific context, we kind of understand what that value means, but if you give it to the general public, then those numbers aren’t as applicable and most likely overestimate the risk of disease.”

Even if providers consider the results of a DTC test in their differential, they may want to be sure it’s from a trustworthy source. “If a provider is uncertain about whether a direct-to-consumer testing company is reputable or about whether a direct-to-consumer test result is reliable, I would encourage them to consult with their laboratory medicine colleagues,” Dr. Killeen said.
 

Responding to Patients

Like any other patient coming to a clinical visit, the most common reason patients are likely ordering these tests is that they’re seeking answers. Kim doesn’t typically see patients doing their own monitoring for diagnosed conditions between visits — the expense would add up too quickly — or testing for genetic markers, which likely wouldn’t be very helpful either.

“Even though most of our diseases probably have a genetic underpinning, how much it contributes is always unclear,” Dr. Kim said. Even conditions with clear genetic variants, such as familial Mediterranean fever, spondyloarthritis, and Behçet disease, can only support a diagnosis, not diagnose it on its own, Dr. Killeen said. And these are not among the tests currently available on most DTC company sites.

While there are also tests that can offer information about genetic risks for certain medications, such as a thiopurine methyltransferase test to find out if a patient lacks the enzyme needed to break down the immunosuppressant drug azathioprine, Kim hasn’t seen patients seeking these out either.

“The more global and more compassionate way to think about this is that we have a lot of people who are struggling to understand what’s going on with their bodies, and most physicians really don’t know what the next steps are for these people,” Dr. Kim said. “They’re desperate, and their quality of life is so poor that they’re going to take extreme steps to try to manage their own frustration with this condition.”

That means clinicians’ most powerful tools when patients come in with DTC test results are their listening skills.

“Empathy is the most important thing, just being able to share the patient’s frustration to the point where they had to take matters into their own hands,” Dr. Kim said. “I think a lot of rheumatologists are actually pretty comfortable being in this position.”

Additionally, doctors should know that some patients may be engaging in attempts to self-diagnose, self-treat, or otherwise self-manage their symptoms or perceived condition. “They just need to be aware and try to make sure there’s no harm being done,” Dr. Kim said.

Ms. Welsh didn’t seek treatment or diagnosis on her own, but getting her test also did not give her the control she was seeking. “Looking back, it was kind of a waste of money, but it felt good in the moment,” Ms. Welsh said. “I was so upset, and I wanted that control, and in the end, it didn’t get me results any sooner, and it didn’t give me peace of mind.”

It was Ms. Welsh’s primary care doctor listening to her concerns, ordering the same test she had ordered with several others, and working with her to seek answers that reassured her that her provider cared about her well-being.

“A lot of what I do in my business is reassure people that you know what they have is treatable or not going to end their life as they know it,” Dr. Putman said. “And you certainly can’t reassure them if they’re not in your clinic yet.”

Dr. Putman has participated in clinical trials with AbbVie, consulting with Novartis and GSK, and clinical trials and consulting with Amgen and AstraZeneca. Dr. Niewold reported receiving research grants from EMD Serono and Zenas BioPharma and consulting for Thermo Fisher Scientific, Progentec Diagnostics, Roivant Sciences, AstraZeneca, S3 Connected Health, Flagship Pioneering, and Guidepoint. Dr. Kim reported sponsored research agreements with AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, and CRISPR Therapeutics; royalties from Kypha; and consulting/speaking for Amgen, ANI Pharmaceuticals, Atara Biotherapeutics, Aurinia Pharmaceuticals, CARGO Therapeutics, Exagen Diagnostics, GSK, Hinge Bio, Kypha, Progentec Diagnostics, Synthekine, and UpToDate. Dr. Killeen had no relevant financial relationships to disclose.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

When Jennifer Welsh, a 40-year-old from New Britain, Connecticut, visited her doctor about pain in her joints and neck, her doctor sent her to the emergency department (ED) to rule out meningitis. The ED did rule that out, as well as strep, so Ms. Welsh went to her follow-up appointment a few days later, hoping for answers or at least more tests to get those answers.

Instead, the doctor — a different one from the same practice as her primary care physician (PCP) — wouldn’t even talk to Ms. Welsh about her symptoms because she couldn’t see the ED’s results and refused to view the results that Ms. Welsh could pull up online.

“She just completely shut me down,” Ms. Welsh recalled. “It was a really awful appointment, and I left in tears. I was in physical pain, I had just been to the ER, nothing is really resolved, I’m stressed out about it, and this woman is completely dismissing me.”

She had been able to schedule an appointment with her regular PCP later that week, but after the harrowing experience with this doctor, she wondered if her PCP would order the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) test that Ms. Welsh suspected she needed. So, she took matters into her own hands.

“I was searching for what test to ask for from my doctor,” she said, and she found that she could order it on her own from a major lab company she was already familiar with. For around $100, “I could get it done and see what it says on my own,” she said.

But that’s not how it worked out. Her regular PCP apologized for the other doctor’s behavior and ordered the RA test as well as additional tests — and got results while Ms. Welsh still waited for the one she ordered to arrive over a week later.

At first, Ms. Welsh was grateful she could order the RA test without her doctor’s referral. “I felt it gave me a sense of control over the situation that I felt really not in control of, until the system failed me, and I didn’t get the results,” she said. But then, “not having someone I could call and get an answer about why my tests were delayed, why I wasn’t able to access them, why it was taking so long — it was definitely anxiety-inducing.”
 

A Growing Market

Ms. Welsh is one of a growing number of patients who are ordering direct-to-consumer (DTC) lab tests without the recommendation or guidance of a doctor. They’re offered online by labs ranging from well-established giants like Quest and Labcorp to smaller, potentially less vetted companies, although some smaller companies contract with larger companies like Quest. Combined, the DTC market is projected to be worth $2 billion by 2025.

Yet the burgeoning industry has also drawn critiques from both bioethicists and privacy experts. A research letter in JAMA in 2023, for example, found that less than half of the 21 companies identified in an online search declared Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance, while more than half “indicated the potential use of consumer data for research purposes either internally or through third-party sharing.” That study found the most commonly offered tests were related to diabetes, the thyroid, and vitamin levels, and hormone tests for men and women, such as testosterone or estradiol.

But a number of companies also offer tests related to rheumatologic conditions. A handful of tests offered by Labcorp, for example, could be used in rheumatology, such as tests for celiac antibodies or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Quest similarly offers a handful of autoimmune-related tests. But other companies offer a long slate of autoimmune or antibody tests.

The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test and RA panel offered by Quest are the same tests, run and analyzed in the same labs, as those ordered by physicians and hospitals, according to James Faix, MD, the medical director of immunology at Quest Diagnostics. Their RA panel includes rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide as well as antibody to mutated citrullinated vimentin, “which may detect approximately 10%-15%” of patients who test negative to the first two.

Quest’s ANA test with reflex costs $112, and its RA panel costs $110, price points that are similar across other companies’ offerings. Labcorp declined to respond to questions about its DTC tests, and several smaller companies did not respond to queries about their offerings. It can therefore be hard to assess what’s included or what the quality is of many DTC tests, particularly from smaller, less established companies.
 

Oversight and Quality Control

Anthony Killeen, MD, PhD, president of the Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine (ADLM) and director of Clinical Laboratories at the University of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis, said via email that the ADLM supports “expanding consumer access to direct-to-consumer laboratory testing services that have demonstrated analytical and clinical validity and clinical utility,” given the importance of individuals learning about their health status and becoming more involved in health decisions. But the ADLM also recommends “that only CLIA-certified laboratories perform direct-to-consumer testing,” he said.

Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine

“There are direct-to-consumer tests on the market that are not medical-grade laboratory tests and that may be performed in nonaccredited laboratories,” Dr. Killeen said. “We advise consumers to steer clear of such tests.” The ADLM also encourages consumers to “work with qualified healthcare providers when making decisions based off the results they receive from any direct-to-consumer tests” and recommends that DTC test companies “provide consumers with sufficient information and/or access to expert help to assist them in ordering tests and interpreting the results.”

Yet it’s unclear how much support, if any, consumers can receive in terms of understanding what their tests mean. Most of the companies in the 2023 study offered optional follow-up with a healthcare professional, but these professionals ranged from physicians to “health coaches,” and all the companies had disclaimers that “test results did not constitute medical advice.”

At Quest, the only company to respond to this news organization’s request for comment, consumer-initiated tests ordered online are first reviewed by a physician at PWNHealth, an independent, third-party physician network, to determine that it’s appropriate before the lab order is actually placed.

“Once results are available, individuals have the option to discuss their results with an independent physician at no extra cost,” Dr. Faix said. ANA or RA results outside the normal ranges may trigger a “call from a PWNHealth healthcare coordinator, who can help provide information, suggestions on next steps, and set up time for the individual to speak with an independent physician to discuss questions or concerns regarding the results,” he said.

“Our goal is not to replace the role of a healthcare provider,” Dr. Faix said. “We are providing an alternate way for people to engage with the healthcare system that offers convenience, gives people more control over their own healthcare journeys, and meets them where they are, supporting both consumers and their care teams.” The company has expanded its offerings from an initial 30 tests made available in 2018 to over 130 today, deciding which to offer “based on consumer research and expertise of clinical experts.” The company has also “seen steady interest in our two consumer rheumatology offerings,” Dr. Faix said.
 

The DTC Landscape in Rheumatology

Within rheumatology, among the most popular tests is for ANA, based on the experience of Alfred Kim, MD, PhD, associate professor of medicine at Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri.

Dr. Kim

“For a lot of people, losing control over their health is maybe the most frightening experience they can have, so I think a lot of patients use this as a way to kind of have ownership over their health,” Dr. Kim said. “Let’s say they’ve been to four doctors. No one can explain what’s going on. They’re getting frustrated, and so they just turn to solutions where they feel like they have ownership over the situation.”

Though the market is undoubtedly growing, the growth appears uneven across geography and institution types. Kim has seen a “fair number of referrals,” with patients coming in with results from a DTC test. Michael Putman, MD, MSci, assistant professor of medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, hasn’t seen it much. “I know that patients can get testing done themselves independently, but I don’t have people routinely coming in with tests they’ve ordered in advance of our appointment,” Dr. Putman said, but, like Dr. Kim, he recognizes why patients might seek them out.

Dr. Putman

Ron Hester Photography

Risks vs Benefits

DTC testing is not an answer to the national shortage of rheumatologists, however, especially given the risks that Dr. Niewold, Dr. Putman, and Dr. Kim worry outweigh potential benefits. On the one hand, getting online test results may help expedite a referral to a specialist, Dr. Niewold said. But a long wait for that appointment could then easily become a bigger source of anxiety than comfort, Dr. Putman said.

“It’s a trade-off where you are accepting a lot more people getting false-positive diagnoses and spending months thinking they have some disease where they might not, in exchange for a couple people who would have had a delayed diagnosis,” Dr. Putman said. “There’s an enormous amount of existential suffering,” that’s familiar to rheumatologists because some patients may dread the diagnosis of a rheumatic disease the way they might fear a cancer diagnosis, especially if they have lost a family member to a condition that they suspect they share, he said. “To put yourself into an existential catastrophe — that’s not a small harm.”

Dr. Niewold agreed, pointing out that patients with a positive ANA test may “get unnecessarily worried and stay up all night reading about lupus, getting scared for weeks on end before seeing a specialist.” And there are financial harms as well for patients who may order the same test multiple times, or a whole slate of tests, that they don’t need for hundreds or thousands of dollars. There’s also the lost time and effort of researching a condition or even seeking out support groups that patients may pursue, Dr. Niewold said.

The likely biggest risk to individuals, however, is the potential for overdiagnosis or misdiagnosis.

“If someone comes in and they’ve read the textbook on lupus and they have a positive ANA, it’s really hard as a rheumatologist to walk that back,” Dr. Putman said. “The human mind is a powerful thing,” he added, and people who get a positive test will likely start to notice things like joint pain or a rash on their cheeks and begin attributing it to a diagnosis they risk convincing themselves they have. “When people come into your clinic not knowing what a disease would look like and they just tell you how they’re feeling, it’s a much cleaner and more honest way to approach diagnosis.”

Most patients likely don’t realize, for example, that none of the tests rheumatologists usually order are diagnostic in and of themselves, Dr. Niewold said. “They’re all kind of like stars in the constellation of a diagnosis,” he said. “They’re helpful, but none of them is sufficient by itself.”

Dr. Killeen agreed, noting that “consumers might not understand the nuances of these tests well enough to know whether it is appropriate to order them or how to interpret the results correctly.” Given the long-term implications of a diagnosis for a rheumatologic disease, “I would have concerns about consumers ordering and interpreting rheumatologic tests without working closely with their physicians,” Dr. Killeen said. “The main concern that lab experts have about direct-to-consumer tests is the potential for people to get misleading results and/or to misinterpret their results, which in turn could lead to people not getting the treatment they need or getting treatment when they don’t need any at all.”

It’s one thing for patients to come in asking for a particular treatment they may not need but which a doctor may be able to dissuade them from seeking. But Dr. Kim also pointed out the risk that patients may decide to treat themselves with therapies that haven’t undergone rigorous testing or haven’t been recommended by a physician.

“We tend to have people who come in with a pretty clear idea of what they want done, but the problem is, we don’t know if their reasoning is correct from a clinical perspective,” Dr. Kim said. Companies offer these tests with the belief that they’re “providing patients a choice, an option to take ownership,” he said, “but the potential harm can be realized very quickly because there are going to be people who are misdiagnosing themselves and, worse yet, may then pursue their own treatment plan that’s going in the opposite direction of where we think it needs to go.”

Or, on the flip side, if a patient erroneously believes they have the answer to what ails them, it may delay diagnosis of a more serious condition that’s rarer or harder to detect. Kim pointed to, for example, intravascular lymphoma, which is notoriously as difficult to identify as it is rare and aggressive. If a patient’s confirmation bias has led them to believe they have an autoimmune condition, they may not receive the more serious diagnosis until it’s advanced too far to treat.
 

Patient-Provider Relationship Friction

Another concern is how these tests may lead to confusion and frustration that can erode the patient-provider relationship, particularly because most patients don’t know how to interpret the results or understand the bigger context in which the results have to be interpreted. Many patients may think a test can come back with a binary answer, a positive or negative, and that means they do or don’t have a condition. That’s generally true for pregnancy tests, COVID tests, and sexually transmitted infection tests — the kinds of tests that have long been available to consumers and which have fairly straightforward answers.

But physicians know that’s not the case for many conditions, particularly those in rheumatology.

“In rheumatic diseases, because the tests have such marginal value in terms of diagnosis, almost always we develop a suspicion before we even think about ordering the tests, and then that dictates whether or not we cross that threshold,” Dr. Kim said. “A negative test doesn’t exclude the fact that you may have disease X, but a positive test also doesn’t mean you have disease X. All they provide is an idea of the risk.”

But some patients who come in with DTC test results have “already made the decision in their mind that they have a certain condition,” Dr. Kim said. “This is obviously dangerous because the majority of these patients do not have the condition they think they have, and it leaves a very uncomfortable feeling after the visit because they feel like they’ve been either betrayed by me or by the test, and they leave more confused.”

Patients may also come in with tests that a doctor isn’t familiar with or isn’t sure how to interpret on its own, at least for that particular patient.

“For ANA testing, we have a pretty good idea of its positive and negative predictive value because it’s ordered so much, but for many of these tests being offered, there are specific autoantibodies, and we tend to only get them in people where there’s a clinical suspicion,” Dr. Kim said. “Within that very specific context, we kind of understand what that value means, but if you give it to the general public, then those numbers aren’t as applicable and most likely overestimate the risk of disease.”

Even if providers consider the results of a DTC test in their differential, they may want to be sure it’s from a trustworthy source. “If a provider is uncertain about whether a direct-to-consumer testing company is reputable or about whether a direct-to-consumer test result is reliable, I would encourage them to consult with their laboratory medicine colleagues,” Dr. Killeen said.
 

Responding to Patients

Like any other patient coming to a clinical visit, the most common reason patients are likely ordering these tests is that they’re seeking answers. Kim doesn’t typically see patients doing their own monitoring for diagnosed conditions between visits — the expense would add up too quickly — or testing for genetic markers, which likely wouldn’t be very helpful either.

“Even though most of our diseases probably have a genetic underpinning, how much it contributes is always unclear,” Dr. Kim said. Even conditions with clear genetic variants, such as familial Mediterranean fever, spondyloarthritis, and Behçet disease, can only support a diagnosis, not diagnose it on its own, Dr. Killeen said. And these are not among the tests currently available on most DTC company sites.

While there are also tests that can offer information about genetic risks for certain medications, such as a thiopurine methyltransferase test to find out if a patient lacks the enzyme needed to break down the immunosuppressant drug azathioprine, Kim hasn’t seen patients seeking these out either.

“The more global and more compassionate way to think about this is that we have a lot of people who are struggling to understand what’s going on with their bodies, and most physicians really don’t know what the next steps are for these people,” Dr. Kim said. “They’re desperate, and their quality of life is so poor that they’re going to take extreme steps to try to manage their own frustration with this condition.”

That means clinicians’ most powerful tools when patients come in with DTC test results are their listening skills.

“Empathy is the most important thing, just being able to share the patient’s frustration to the point where they had to take matters into their own hands,” Dr. Kim said. “I think a lot of rheumatologists are actually pretty comfortable being in this position.”

Additionally, doctors should know that some patients may be engaging in attempts to self-diagnose, self-treat, or otherwise self-manage their symptoms or perceived condition. “They just need to be aware and try to make sure there’s no harm being done,” Dr. Kim said.

Ms. Welsh didn’t seek treatment or diagnosis on her own, but getting her test also did not give her the control she was seeking. “Looking back, it was kind of a waste of money, but it felt good in the moment,” Ms. Welsh said. “I was so upset, and I wanted that control, and in the end, it didn’t get me results any sooner, and it didn’t give me peace of mind.”

It was Ms. Welsh’s primary care doctor listening to her concerns, ordering the same test she had ordered with several others, and working with her to seek answers that reassured her that her provider cared about her well-being.

“A lot of what I do in my business is reassure people that you know what they have is treatable or not going to end their life as they know it,” Dr. Putman said. “And you certainly can’t reassure them if they’re not in your clinic yet.”

Dr. Putman has participated in clinical trials with AbbVie, consulting with Novartis and GSK, and clinical trials and consulting with Amgen and AstraZeneca. Dr. Niewold reported receiving research grants from EMD Serono and Zenas BioPharma and consulting for Thermo Fisher Scientific, Progentec Diagnostics, Roivant Sciences, AstraZeneca, S3 Connected Health, Flagship Pioneering, and Guidepoint. Dr. Kim reported sponsored research agreements with AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, and CRISPR Therapeutics; royalties from Kypha; and consulting/speaking for Amgen, ANI Pharmaceuticals, Atara Biotherapeutics, Aurinia Pharmaceuticals, CARGO Therapeutics, Exagen Diagnostics, GSK, Hinge Bio, Kypha, Progentec Diagnostics, Synthekine, and UpToDate. Dr. Killeen had no relevant financial relationships to disclose.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

When Jennifer Welsh, a 40-year-old from New Britain, Connecticut, visited her doctor about pain in her joints and neck, her doctor sent her to the emergency department (ED) to rule out meningitis. The ED did rule that out, as well as strep, so Ms. Welsh went to her follow-up appointment a few days later, hoping for answers or at least more tests to get those answers.

Instead, the doctor — a different one from the same practice as her primary care physician (PCP) — wouldn’t even talk to Ms. Welsh about her symptoms because she couldn’t see the ED’s results and refused to view the results that Ms. Welsh could pull up online.

“She just completely shut me down,” Ms. Welsh recalled. “It was a really awful appointment, and I left in tears. I was in physical pain, I had just been to the ER, nothing is really resolved, I’m stressed out about it, and this woman is completely dismissing me.”

She had been able to schedule an appointment with her regular PCP later that week, but after the harrowing experience with this doctor, she wondered if her PCP would order the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) test that Ms. Welsh suspected she needed. So, she took matters into her own hands.

“I was searching for what test to ask for from my doctor,” she said, and she found that she could order it on her own from a major lab company she was already familiar with. For around $100, “I could get it done and see what it says on my own,” she said.

But that’s not how it worked out. Her regular PCP apologized for the other doctor’s behavior and ordered the RA test as well as additional tests — and got results while Ms. Welsh still waited for the one she ordered to arrive over a week later.

At first, Ms. Welsh was grateful she could order the RA test without her doctor’s referral. “I felt it gave me a sense of control over the situation that I felt really not in control of, until the system failed me, and I didn’t get the results,” she said. But then, “not having someone I could call and get an answer about why my tests were delayed, why I wasn’t able to access them, why it was taking so long — it was definitely anxiety-inducing.”
 

A Growing Market

Ms. Welsh is one of a growing number of patients who are ordering direct-to-consumer (DTC) lab tests without the recommendation or guidance of a doctor. They’re offered online by labs ranging from well-established giants like Quest and Labcorp to smaller, potentially less vetted companies, although some smaller companies contract with larger companies like Quest. Combined, the DTC market is projected to be worth $2 billion by 2025.

Yet the burgeoning industry has also drawn critiques from both bioethicists and privacy experts. A research letter in JAMA in 2023, for example, found that less than half of the 21 companies identified in an online search declared Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance, while more than half “indicated the potential use of consumer data for research purposes either internally or through third-party sharing.” That study found the most commonly offered tests were related to diabetes, the thyroid, and vitamin levels, and hormone tests for men and women, such as testosterone or estradiol.

But a number of companies also offer tests related to rheumatologic conditions. A handful of tests offered by Labcorp, for example, could be used in rheumatology, such as tests for celiac antibodies or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Quest similarly offers a handful of autoimmune-related tests. But other companies offer a long slate of autoimmune or antibody tests.

The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test and RA panel offered by Quest are the same tests, run and analyzed in the same labs, as those ordered by physicians and hospitals, according to James Faix, MD, the medical director of immunology at Quest Diagnostics. Their RA panel includes rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide as well as antibody to mutated citrullinated vimentin, “which may detect approximately 10%-15%” of patients who test negative to the first two.

Quest’s ANA test with reflex costs $112, and its RA panel costs $110, price points that are similar across other companies’ offerings. Labcorp declined to respond to questions about its DTC tests, and several smaller companies did not respond to queries about their offerings. It can therefore be hard to assess what’s included or what the quality is of many DTC tests, particularly from smaller, less established companies.
 

Oversight and Quality Control

Anthony Killeen, MD, PhD, president of the Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine (ADLM) and director of Clinical Laboratories at the University of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis, said via email that the ADLM supports “expanding consumer access to direct-to-consumer laboratory testing services that have demonstrated analytical and clinical validity and clinical utility,” given the importance of individuals learning about their health status and becoming more involved in health decisions. But the ADLM also recommends “that only CLIA-certified laboratories perform direct-to-consumer testing,” he said.

Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine

“There are direct-to-consumer tests on the market that are not medical-grade laboratory tests and that may be performed in nonaccredited laboratories,” Dr. Killeen said. “We advise consumers to steer clear of such tests.” The ADLM also encourages consumers to “work with qualified healthcare providers when making decisions based off the results they receive from any direct-to-consumer tests” and recommends that DTC test companies “provide consumers with sufficient information and/or access to expert help to assist them in ordering tests and interpreting the results.”

Yet it’s unclear how much support, if any, consumers can receive in terms of understanding what their tests mean. Most of the companies in the 2023 study offered optional follow-up with a healthcare professional, but these professionals ranged from physicians to “health coaches,” and all the companies had disclaimers that “test results did not constitute medical advice.”

At Quest, the only company to respond to this news organization’s request for comment, consumer-initiated tests ordered online are first reviewed by a physician at PWNHealth, an independent, third-party physician network, to determine that it’s appropriate before the lab order is actually placed.

“Once results are available, individuals have the option to discuss their results with an independent physician at no extra cost,” Dr. Faix said. ANA or RA results outside the normal ranges may trigger a “call from a PWNHealth healthcare coordinator, who can help provide information, suggestions on next steps, and set up time for the individual to speak with an independent physician to discuss questions or concerns regarding the results,” he said.

“Our goal is not to replace the role of a healthcare provider,” Dr. Faix said. “We are providing an alternate way for people to engage with the healthcare system that offers convenience, gives people more control over their own healthcare journeys, and meets them where they are, supporting both consumers and their care teams.” The company has expanded its offerings from an initial 30 tests made available in 2018 to over 130 today, deciding which to offer “based on consumer research and expertise of clinical experts.” The company has also “seen steady interest in our two consumer rheumatology offerings,” Dr. Faix said.
 

The DTC Landscape in Rheumatology

Within rheumatology, among the most popular tests is for ANA, based on the experience of Alfred Kim, MD, PhD, associate professor of medicine at Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri.

Dr. Kim

“For a lot of people, losing control over their health is maybe the most frightening experience they can have, so I think a lot of patients use this as a way to kind of have ownership over their health,” Dr. Kim said. “Let’s say they’ve been to four doctors. No one can explain what’s going on. They’re getting frustrated, and so they just turn to solutions where they feel like they have ownership over the situation.”

Though the market is undoubtedly growing, the growth appears uneven across geography and institution types. Kim has seen a “fair number of referrals,” with patients coming in with results from a DTC test. Michael Putman, MD, MSci, assistant professor of medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, hasn’t seen it much. “I know that patients can get testing done themselves independently, but I don’t have people routinely coming in with tests they’ve ordered in advance of our appointment,” Dr. Putman said, but, like Dr. Kim, he recognizes why patients might seek them out.

Dr. Putman

Ron Hester Photography

Risks vs Benefits

DTC testing is not an answer to the national shortage of rheumatologists, however, especially given the risks that Dr. Niewold, Dr. Putman, and Dr. Kim worry outweigh potential benefits. On the one hand, getting online test results may help expedite a referral to a specialist, Dr. Niewold said. But a long wait for that appointment could then easily become a bigger source of anxiety than comfort, Dr. Putman said.

“It’s a trade-off where you are accepting a lot more people getting false-positive diagnoses and spending months thinking they have some disease where they might not, in exchange for a couple people who would have had a delayed diagnosis,” Dr. Putman said. “There’s an enormous amount of existential suffering,” that’s familiar to rheumatologists because some patients may dread the diagnosis of a rheumatic disease the way they might fear a cancer diagnosis, especially if they have lost a family member to a condition that they suspect they share, he said. “To put yourself into an existential catastrophe — that’s not a small harm.”

Dr. Niewold agreed, pointing out that patients with a positive ANA test may “get unnecessarily worried and stay up all night reading about lupus, getting scared for weeks on end before seeing a specialist.” And there are financial harms as well for patients who may order the same test multiple times, or a whole slate of tests, that they don’t need for hundreds or thousands of dollars. There’s also the lost time and effort of researching a condition or even seeking out support groups that patients may pursue, Dr. Niewold said.

The likely biggest risk to individuals, however, is the potential for overdiagnosis or misdiagnosis.

“If someone comes in and they’ve read the textbook on lupus and they have a positive ANA, it’s really hard as a rheumatologist to walk that back,” Dr. Putman said. “The human mind is a powerful thing,” he added, and people who get a positive test will likely start to notice things like joint pain or a rash on their cheeks and begin attributing it to a diagnosis they risk convincing themselves they have. “When people come into your clinic not knowing what a disease would look like and they just tell you how they’re feeling, it’s a much cleaner and more honest way to approach diagnosis.”

Most patients likely don’t realize, for example, that none of the tests rheumatologists usually order are diagnostic in and of themselves, Dr. Niewold said. “They’re all kind of like stars in the constellation of a diagnosis,” he said. “They’re helpful, but none of them is sufficient by itself.”

Dr. Killeen agreed, noting that “consumers might not understand the nuances of these tests well enough to know whether it is appropriate to order them or how to interpret the results correctly.” Given the long-term implications of a diagnosis for a rheumatologic disease, “I would have concerns about consumers ordering and interpreting rheumatologic tests without working closely with their physicians,” Dr. Killeen said. “The main concern that lab experts have about direct-to-consumer tests is the potential for people to get misleading results and/or to misinterpret their results, which in turn could lead to people not getting the treatment they need or getting treatment when they don’t need any at all.”

It’s one thing for patients to come in asking for a particular treatment they may not need but which a doctor may be able to dissuade them from seeking. But Dr. Kim also pointed out the risk that patients may decide to treat themselves with therapies that haven’t undergone rigorous testing or haven’t been recommended by a physician.

“We tend to have people who come in with a pretty clear idea of what they want done, but the problem is, we don’t know if their reasoning is correct from a clinical perspective,” Dr. Kim said. Companies offer these tests with the belief that they’re “providing patients a choice, an option to take ownership,” he said, “but the potential harm can be realized very quickly because there are going to be people who are misdiagnosing themselves and, worse yet, may then pursue their own treatment plan that’s going in the opposite direction of where we think it needs to go.”

Or, on the flip side, if a patient erroneously believes they have the answer to what ails them, it may delay diagnosis of a more serious condition that’s rarer or harder to detect. Kim pointed to, for example, intravascular lymphoma, which is notoriously as difficult to identify as it is rare and aggressive. If a patient’s confirmation bias has led them to believe they have an autoimmune condition, they may not receive the more serious diagnosis until it’s advanced too far to treat.
 

Patient-Provider Relationship Friction

Another concern is how these tests may lead to confusion and frustration that can erode the patient-provider relationship, particularly because most patients don’t know how to interpret the results or understand the bigger context in which the results have to be interpreted. Many patients may think a test can come back with a binary answer, a positive or negative, and that means they do or don’t have a condition. That’s generally true for pregnancy tests, COVID tests, and sexually transmitted infection tests — the kinds of tests that have long been available to consumers and which have fairly straightforward answers.

But physicians know that’s not the case for many conditions, particularly those in rheumatology.

“In rheumatic diseases, because the tests have such marginal value in terms of diagnosis, almost always we develop a suspicion before we even think about ordering the tests, and then that dictates whether or not we cross that threshold,” Dr. Kim said. “A negative test doesn’t exclude the fact that you may have disease X, but a positive test also doesn’t mean you have disease X. All they provide is an idea of the risk.”

But some patients who come in with DTC test results have “already made the decision in their mind that they have a certain condition,” Dr. Kim said. “This is obviously dangerous because the majority of these patients do not have the condition they think they have, and it leaves a very uncomfortable feeling after the visit because they feel like they’ve been either betrayed by me or by the test, and they leave more confused.”

Patients may also come in with tests that a doctor isn’t familiar with or isn’t sure how to interpret on its own, at least for that particular patient.

“For ANA testing, we have a pretty good idea of its positive and negative predictive value because it’s ordered so much, but for many of these tests being offered, there are specific autoantibodies, and we tend to only get them in people where there’s a clinical suspicion,” Dr. Kim said. “Within that very specific context, we kind of understand what that value means, but if you give it to the general public, then those numbers aren’t as applicable and most likely overestimate the risk of disease.”

Even if providers consider the results of a DTC test in their differential, they may want to be sure it’s from a trustworthy source. “If a provider is uncertain about whether a direct-to-consumer testing company is reputable or about whether a direct-to-consumer test result is reliable, I would encourage them to consult with their laboratory medicine colleagues,” Dr. Killeen said.
 

Responding to Patients

Like any other patient coming to a clinical visit, the most common reason patients are likely ordering these tests is that they’re seeking answers. Kim doesn’t typically see patients doing their own monitoring for diagnosed conditions between visits — the expense would add up too quickly — or testing for genetic markers, which likely wouldn’t be very helpful either.

“Even though most of our diseases probably have a genetic underpinning, how much it contributes is always unclear,” Dr. Kim said. Even conditions with clear genetic variants, such as familial Mediterranean fever, spondyloarthritis, and Behçet disease, can only support a diagnosis, not diagnose it on its own, Dr. Killeen said. And these are not among the tests currently available on most DTC company sites.

While there are also tests that can offer information about genetic risks for certain medications, such as a thiopurine methyltransferase test to find out if a patient lacks the enzyme needed to break down the immunosuppressant drug azathioprine, Kim hasn’t seen patients seeking these out either.

“The more global and more compassionate way to think about this is that we have a lot of people who are struggling to understand what’s going on with their bodies, and most physicians really don’t know what the next steps are for these people,” Dr. Kim said. “They’re desperate, and their quality of life is so poor that they’re going to take extreme steps to try to manage their own frustration with this condition.”

That means clinicians’ most powerful tools when patients come in with DTC test results are their listening skills.

“Empathy is the most important thing, just being able to share the patient’s frustration to the point where they had to take matters into their own hands,” Dr. Kim said. “I think a lot of rheumatologists are actually pretty comfortable being in this position.”

Additionally, doctors should know that some patients may be engaging in attempts to self-diagnose, self-treat, or otherwise self-manage their symptoms or perceived condition. “They just need to be aware and try to make sure there’s no harm being done,” Dr. Kim said.

Ms. Welsh didn’t seek treatment or diagnosis on her own, but getting her test also did not give her the control she was seeking. “Looking back, it was kind of a waste of money, but it felt good in the moment,” Ms. Welsh said. “I was so upset, and I wanted that control, and in the end, it didn’t get me results any sooner, and it didn’t give me peace of mind.”

It was Ms. Welsh’s primary care doctor listening to her concerns, ordering the same test she had ordered with several others, and working with her to seek answers that reassured her that her provider cared about her well-being.

“A lot of what I do in my business is reassure people that you know what they have is treatable or not going to end their life as they know it,” Dr. Putman said. “And you certainly can’t reassure them if they’re not in your clinic yet.”

Dr. Putman has participated in clinical trials with AbbVie, consulting with Novartis and GSK, and clinical trials and consulting with Amgen and AstraZeneca. Dr. Niewold reported receiving research grants from EMD Serono and Zenas BioPharma and consulting for Thermo Fisher Scientific, Progentec Diagnostics, Roivant Sciences, AstraZeneca, S3 Connected Health, Flagship Pioneering, and Guidepoint. Dr. Kim reported sponsored research agreements with AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, and CRISPR Therapeutics; royalties from Kypha; and consulting/speaking for Amgen, ANI Pharmaceuticals, Atara Biotherapeutics, Aurinia Pharmaceuticals, CARGO Therapeutics, Exagen Diagnostics, GSK, Hinge Bio, Kypha, Progentec Diagnostics, Synthekine, and UpToDate. Dr. Killeen had no relevant financial relationships to disclose.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Research conducted at the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) could offer crucial insight into the hotly debated question of whether patients with head and neck cancer should have access to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) before they develop malnutrition.

While no definitive conclusions can be drawn until a complete study is performed, early findings of a pilot trial are intriguing, said advanced practice oncology dietitian Katherine Petersen, MS, RDN, CSO, of the Phoenix VA Health Care System, who spoke in an interview with Federal Practitioner and at the annual meeting of the Association of VA Hematology/Oncology.

So far, the 12 patients with head and neck cancer who agreed to the placement of prophylactic feeding tubes prior to chemoradiation have had worse outcomes in some areas compared to the 9 patients who had tubes inserted when clinically indicated and the 12 who didn't need feeding tubes.

Petersen cautioned that the study is small and underpowered at this point. Still, she noted, "We're seeing a hint of exactly the opposite of what I expected. Those who get a tube prophylactically are doing worse than those who are getting it reactively or not at all, If that's the case, that's a really important outcome."

As Petersen explained, the placement of PEG feeding tubes is a hot topic in head and neck cancer care. Malnutrition affects about 80% of these patients and can contribute to mortality, raising the question of whether they should have access to feeding tubes placed prior to treatment in case enteral nutrition is needed.

In some patients with head and neck cancer, malnutrition may arise when tumors block food intake or prevent patients from swallowing. "But in my clinical experience, most often it's from the adverse effects of radiation and chemotherapy. Radiation creates burns inside their throat that make it hard to swallow. Or they have taste changes or really dry mouth," Petersen said.

"On top of these problems, chemotherapy can cause nausea and vomiting," she said. Placing feeding tube access may seem like a smart strategy to head off malnutrition as soon as it occurs. But, as Petersen noted, feeding tube use can lead to dependency as patients lose their ability to swallow. "There's a theory that if we give people feeding tubes, they'll go with the easier route of using a feeding tube and not keep swallowing. Then those swallowing muscles would weaken, and patients would end up permanently on a feeding tube."

In 2020, a retrospective VA study linked feeding tube dependence to lower overall survival in head and neck cancer patients. There are also risks to feeding tube placement, such as infection, pain, leakage, and inflammation.

But what if feeding tube valves are inserted prophylactically so they can be used for nutrition if needed? "We just haven't had any prospective studies to get to the heart of the matter and answer the question," she said. "It's hard to recruit. How do you convince somebody to randomly be assigned to have a hole poked in their stomach?"

For the new pilot study, researchers in Phoenix decided not to randomize patients. Instead, they asked them whether they'd accept the placement of feeding tube valves on a prophylactic basis.

Thirty-six veterans enrolled in 3 years, 33% of those were eligible. Twelve have died, 1 withdrew, and 2 were lost to follow-up.

Those in the prophylactic group had worse physical function and muscle strength over time, while those who received feeding tubes when needed had more adverse events.

Why might some outcomes be worse for patients who chose the prophylactic approach? "The answer is unclear," Petersen said. "Although one possibility is that those patients had higher-risk tumors and were more clued into their own risk."

"The goal now is to get funding for an expanded, multicenter study within the VA," Petersen said. The big question that she hopes to answer is: Does a prophylactic approach work? "Does it make a difference for patients in terms of how quickly they go back to living a full, meaningful life and be able to do all the things that they normally would do?"

A complete study would likely last 7 years, but helpful results may come earlier. "We are starting to see significant differences in terms of our main outcomes of physical function," Petersen said. "We only need 1 to 2 years of data for each patient to get to the heart of that."

The study is not funded, and Petersen reported no disclosures.

Research conducted at the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) could offer crucial insight into the hotly debated question of whether patients with head and neck cancer should have access to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) before they develop malnutrition.

While no definitive conclusions can be drawn until a complete study is performed, early findings of a pilot trial are intriguing, said advanced practice oncology dietitian Katherine Petersen, MS, RDN, CSO, of the Phoenix VA Health Care System, who spoke in an interview with Federal Practitioner and at the annual meeting of the Association of VA Hematology/Oncology.

So far, the 12 patients with head and neck cancer who agreed to the placement of prophylactic feeding tubes prior to chemoradiation have had worse outcomes in some areas compared to the 9 patients who had tubes inserted when clinically indicated and the 12 who didn't need feeding tubes.

Petersen cautioned that the study is small and underpowered at this point. Still, she noted, "We're seeing a hint of exactly the opposite of what I expected. Those who get a tube prophylactically are doing worse than those who are getting it reactively or not at all, If that's the case, that's a really important outcome."

As Petersen explained, the placement of PEG feeding tubes is a hot topic in head and neck cancer care. Malnutrition affects about 80% of these patients and can contribute to mortality, raising the question of whether they should have access to feeding tubes placed prior to treatment in case enteral nutrition is needed.

In some patients with head and neck cancer, malnutrition may arise when tumors block food intake or prevent patients from swallowing. "But in my clinical experience, most often it's from the adverse effects of radiation and chemotherapy. Radiation creates burns inside their throat that make it hard to swallow. Or they have taste changes or really dry mouth," Petersen said.

"On top of these problems, chemotherapy can cause nausea and vomiting," she said. Placing feeding tube access may seem like a smart strategy to head off malnutrition as soon as it occurs. But, as Petersen noted, feeding tube use can lead to dependency as patients lose their ability to swallow. "There's a theory that if we give people feeding tubes, they'll go with the easier route of using a feeding tube and not keep swallowing. Then those swallowing muscles would weaken, and patients would end up permanently on a feeding tube."

In 2020, a retrospective VA study linked feeding tube dependence to lower overall survival in head and neck cancer patients. There are also risks to feeding tube placement, such as infection, pain, leakage, and inflammation.

But what if feeding tube valves are inserted prophylactically so they can be used for nutrition if needed? "We just haven't had any prospective studies to get to the heart of the matter and answer the question," she said. "It's hard to recruit. How do you convince somebody to randomly be assigned to have a hole poked in their stomach?"

For the new pilot study, researchers in Phoenix decided not to randomize patients. Instead, they asked them whether they'd accept the placement of feeding tube valves on a prophylactic basis.

Thirty-six veterans enrolled in 3 years, 33% of those were eligible. Twelve have died, 1 withdrew, and 2 were lost to follow-up.

Those in the prophylactic group had worse physical function and muscle strength over time, while those who received feeding tubes when needed had more adverse events.

Why might some outcomes be worse for patients who chose the prophylactic approach? "The answer is unclear," Petersen said. "Although one possibility is that those patients had higher-risk tumors and were more clued into their own risk."

"The goal now is to get funding for an expanded, multicenter study within the VA," Petersen said. The big question that she hopes to answer is: Does a prophylactic approach work? "Does it make a difference for patients in terms of how quickly they go back to living a full, meaningful life and be able to do all the things that they normally would do?"

A complete study would likely last 7 years, but helpful results may come earlier. "We are starting to see significant differences in terms of our main outcomes of physical function," Petersen said. "We only need 1 to 2 years of data for each patient to get to the heart of that."

The study is not funded, and Petersen reported no disclosures.

Research conducted at the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) could offer crucial insight into the hotly debated question of whether patients with head and neck cancer should have access to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) before they develop malnutrition.

While no definitive conclusions can be drawn until a complete study is performed, early findings of a pilot trial are intriguing, said advanced practice oncology dietitian Katherine Petersen, MS, RDN, CSO, of the Phoenix VA Health Care System, who spoke in an interview with Federal Practitioner and at the annual meeting of the Association of VA Hematology/Oncology.

So far, the 12 patients with head and neck cancer who agreed to the placement of prophylactic feeding tubes prior to chemoradiation have had worse outcomes in some areas compared to the 9 patients who had tubes inserted when clinically indicated and the 12 who didn't need feeding tubes.

Petersen cautioned that the study is small and underpowered at this point. Still, she noted, "We're seeing a hint of exactly the opposite of what I expected. Those who get a tube prophylactically are doing worse than those who are getting it reactively or not at all, If that's the case, that's a really important outcome."

As Petersen explained, the placement of PEG feeding tubes is a hot topic in head and neck cancer care. Malnutrition affects about 80% of these patients and can contribute to mortality, raising the question of whether they should have access to feeding tubes placed prior to treatment in case enteral nutrition is needed.

In some patients with head and neck cancer, malnutrition may arise when tumors block food intake or prevent patients from swallowing. "But in my clinical experience, most often it's from the adverse effects of radiation and chemotherapy. Radiation creates burns inside their throat that make it hard to swallow. Or they have taste changes or really dry mouth," Petersen said.

"On top of these problems, chemotherapy can cause nausea and vomiting," she said. Placing feeding tube access may seem like a smart strategy to head off malnutrition as soon as it occurs. But, as Petersen noted, feeding tube use can lead to dependency as patients lose their ability to swallow. "There's a theory that if we give people feeding tubes, they'll go with the easier route of using a feeding tube and not keep swallowing. Then those swallowing muscles would weaken, and patients would end up permanently on a feeding tube."

In 2020, a retrospective VA study linked feeding tube dependence to lower overall survival in head and neck cancer patients. There are also risks to feeding tube placement, such as infection, pain, leakage, and inflammation.

But what if feeding tube valves are inserted prophylactically so they can be used for nutrition if needed? "We just haven't had any prospective studies to get to the heart of the matter and answer the question," she said. "It's hard to recruit. How do you convince somebody to randomly be assigned to have a hole poked in their stomach?"

For the new pilot study, researchers in Phoenix decided not to randomize patients. Instead, they asked them whether they'd accept the placement of feeding tube valves on a prophylactic basis.

Thirty-six veterans enrolled in 3 years, 33% of those were eligible. Twelve have died, 1 withdrew, and 2 were lost to follow-up.

Those in the prophylactic group had worse physical function and muscle strength over time, while those who received feeding tubes when needed had more adverse events.

Why might some outcomes be worse for patients who chose the prophylactic approach? "The answer is unclear," Petersen said. "Although one possibility is that those patients had higher-risk tumors and were more clued into their own risk."

"The goal now is to get funding for an expanded, multicenter study within the VA," Petersen said. The big question that she hopes to answer is: Does a prophylactic approach work? "Does it make a difference for patients in terms of how quickly they go back to living a full, meaningful life and be able to do all the things that they normally would do?"

A complete study would likely last 7 years, but helpful results may come earlier. "We are starting to see significant differences in terms of our main outcomes of physical function," Petersen said. "We only need 1 to 2 years of data for each patient to get to the heart of that."

The study is not funded, and Petersen reported no disclosures.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved osimertinib (Tagrisso, AstraZeneca) for the treatment of locally advanced, unresectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in certain adult patients.

Specifically, the third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) was approved for patients whose disease has not progressed during or after concurrent or sequential platinum-based chemoradiation therapy and whose tumors have EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R mutations. Such EGFR mutations can be detected by an FDA-approved test.

The FDA approved osimertinib in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC with the same mutations in February. The EGFR-TKI also carries other indications, including as first-line monotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic EGFR-mutated NSCLC.
 

Trial Findings Supporting Latest Approval

AstraZeneca announced in June that osimertinib had been granted Priority Review and Breakthrough Therapy Designation for its newest indication.

The September 25 approval was based on findings from the randomized, placebo-controlled LAURA trial of 216 patients, which demonstrated improved median progression-free survival with osimertinib vs placebo (39.1 vs 5.6 months; hazard ratio, 0.16). Overall survival results were immature at the most recent analysis, but “no trend towards a detriment was observed,” with 36% of prespecified deaths for the final analysis reported, according to an FDA press release.
 

Adverse Events

Study participants were randomized 2:1 to receive the osimertinib recommended dose of 80 mg given orally once daily or placebo until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The most common adverse reactions, occurring in at least 20% of patients, were lymphopenia, leukopenia, interstitial lung disease/pneumonitis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, rash, diarrhea, nail toxicity, musculoskeletal pain, cough, and COVID-19 infection.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved osimertinib (Tagrisso, AstraZeneca) for the treatment of locally advanced, unresectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in certain adult patients.

Specifically, the third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) was approved for patients whose disease has not progressed during or after concurrent or sequential platinum-based chemoradiation therapy and whose tumors have EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R mutations. Such EGFR mutations can be detected by an FDA-approved test.

The FDA approved osimertinib in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC with the same mutations in February. The EGFR-TKI also carries other indications, including as first-line monotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic EGFR-mutated NSCLC.
 

Trial Findings Supporting Latest Approval

AstraZeneca announced in June that osimertinib had been granted Priority Review and Breakthrough Therapy Designation for its newest indication.

The September 25 approval was based on findings from the randomized, placebo-controlled LAURA trial of 216 patients, which demonstrated improved median progression-free survival with osimertinib vs placebo (39.1 vs 5.6 months; hazard ratio, 0.16). Overall survival results were immature at the most recent analysis, but “no trend towards a detriment was observed,” with 36% of prespecified deaths for the final analysis reported, according to an FDA press release.
 

Adverse Events

Study participants were randomized 2:1 to receive the osimertinib recommended dose of 80 mg given orally once daily or placebo until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The most common adverse reactions, occurring in at least 20% of patients, were lymphopenia, leukopenia, interstitial lung disease/pneumonitis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, rash, diarrhea, nail toxicity, musculoskeletal pain, cough, and COVID-19 infection.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved osimertinib (Tagrisso, AstraZeneca) for the treatment of locally advanced, unresectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in certain adult patients.

Specifically, the third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) was approved for patients whose disease has not progressed during or after concurrent or sequential platinum-based chemoradiation therapy and whose tumors have EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R mutations. Such EGFR mutations can be detected by an FDA-approved test.

The FDA approved osimertinib in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC with the same mutations in February. The EGFR-TKI also carries other indications, including as first-line monotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic EGFR-mutated NSCLC.
 

Trial Findings Supporting Latest Approval

AstraZeneca announced in June that osimertinib had been granted Priority Review and Breakthrough Therapy Designation for its newest indication.

The September 25 approval was based on findings from the randomized, placebo-controlled LAURA trial of 216 patients, which demonstrated improved median progression-free survival with osimertinib vs placebo (39.1 vs 5.6 months; hazard ratio, 0.16). Overall survival results were immature at the most recent analysis, but “no trend towards a detriment was observed,” with 36% of prespecified deaths for the final analysis reported, according to an FDA press release.
 

Adverse Events

Study participants were randomized 2:1 to receive the osimertinib recommended dose of 80 mg given orally once daily or placebo until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The most common adverse reactions, occurring in at least 20% of patients, were lymphopenia, leukopenia, interstitial lung disease/pneumonitis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, rash, diarrhea, nail toxicity, musculoskeletal pain, cough, and COVID-19 infection.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

MADRID — Airplane travel consistently causes insulin pumps to over-deliver a little over half a unit on takeoff and under-deliver a bit less on landing, new research found.

This phenomenon is due to air bubble formation and reabsorption in the insulin caused by ambient pressure changes in the airplane’s cabin. It has nothing to do with the pump itself and happens with all insulin pumps, including those in hybrid closed-loop systems, Bruce King, MD, said at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) 2024 Annual Meeting.

The extent to which this affects people with diabetes who use insulin pumps depends on their dose and insulin sensitivity among other factors, but all who fly should be aware of the possibility and take precautions, particularly with children, Dr. King, a pediatric endocrinologist at John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, Australia, told this news organization.

“Basically, the pumps are very safe in flight, but they deliver a little bit of extra insulin when you go up and stop delivery when you come back down again. There are a couple of simple steps that people can take to make sure that they don’t have problems during the flight,” he said.

Specifically, he advised that for pumps with tubing, wearers can disconnect just prior to takeoff and reconnect when the plane reaches cruising altitude, about 20 minutes into the flight. The insulin will still come out, but it won’t be delivered to the person, Dr. King said.

On descent, they can disconnect after landing and prime the line to remove the insulin deficit.

With the Omnipod, which can’t be disconnected, the only solution is to eat a small snack on takeoff. And on landing, eat another small snack such as a banana, and give a bolus for it to overcome the blockage of insulin delivery.

In any case, Dr. King said, “One of the most important things is informing people with diabetes about this effect so they’re aware of it and can act appropriately when they fly.”

Asked to comment, Nicholas B. Argento, MD, a practicing endocrinologist in Columbia, Maryland, and author of the American Diabetes Association’s book, “Putting Your Patients on the Pump,” called the issue a “minor effect,” adding, “While I think it would be reasonable to make those changes ... it seems like a lot of effort for a difference of 0.6 units extra on ascent and 0.5 units less on descent.”

He noted there is a risk that the individual might forget to reattach the pump after 20 minutes, leading to hyperglycemia and even diabetic ketoacidosis. Instead, “one could put the pump on suspend for 1 hour on ascent. That would not stop the extra insulin but would net less insulin during that time period.”

And after descent, “you have to walk a lot in most cases, so I don’t think they need to take this into consideration. So many other factors change in air travel that I don’t think this is a significant enough effect to make the effort.”
 

A Known Phenomenon, the Manufacturers Are Aware

This phenomenon has been described previously, including by Dr. King in a 2011 Diabetes Care paper. The new research is among a series of experiments funded by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency in collaboration with the pump manufacturers Medtronic (MiniMed), Tandem (t:slim), and Insulet (Omnipod), primarily aimed at establishing safety parameters for airline pilots with insulin-treated diabetes.

Both the Omnipod DASH and Omnipod 5 User Guides include warnings about unintended insulin delivery during flight, and both advise users to check their blood glucose levels frequently while flying.

In a statement, Jordan Pinsker, MD, Chief Medical Officer at Tandem Diabetes Care, told this news organization, “While it has long been known that routine air travel pressure changes can cause minor fluctuations in insulin pump delivery, the impact of these variations have been found to be generally minor as it relates to glycemic control.”

Dr. Pinsker added that the Tandem Mobi user manual includes a warning related to significant pressure changes in specific air travel situations and offers guidance to disconnect. However, “the t:slim X2 pump’s microdelivery technology limits how much extra insulin can get delivered from air pressure changes due to a mechanism between the tubing and the contents of the bag inside the cartridge.”

Medtronic’s user guide says that the 780G system has not been tested at altitudes higher than 10,150 feet.
 

Hypobaric Chamber Used to Simulate Flight

The study was conducted in vitro, in a hypobaric chamber designed to mimic atmospheric changes during commercial flight. A total of 10 Medtronic MiniMed 780G, 10 Tandem t:slim X2, and six Insulet Omnipod DASH pumps were tested.

The hypobaric chamber was depressurized to 550 mm Hg over a 20-minute ascent, maintained at a 30-minute cruise, followed by a 20-minute descent to ground (750 mm Hg). During the simulated flights, insulin infusion was set at 0.6 units per hour, a rate typical for both adults and children, to allow accurate measurements with multiple flights.

Insulin delivery rates and bubble formation were recorded by attaching infusion sets to open-ended 100 µL capillary tubes against 1-mm grid paper.

Full cartridges — Medtronic: 3 mL, t:slim: 3 mL, and Omnipod: 2 mL — all over-delivered 0.60 units of insulin over a 20-minute ascent compared with delivery at ground level. And during descent, the cartridges under-delivered 0.51 units of insulin.
 

But if There’s Rapid Decompression…

In a separate protocol, insulin infusion sets without pumps were tested in a simulation of rapid decompression. Insulin delivery during both ascent and descent showed statistically significant differences compared with delivery at ground level (both P < .001). In this scenario, fluid delivery was equivalent to 5.6 units of excess insulin.

Dr. King pointed out that while these are rare events, about 40-50 occur annually. One was the widely publicized Alaska Airlines flight in January 2024 when the door fell off in midair.

Dr. Argento said, “The catastrophic decompression is of note, and I would want patients to be aware of this, but it is asking a lot for someone thinking they are going to die to remember to disconnect as it starts.”

The researchers are investigating this phenomenon further in people, including airline pilots.

Dr. King’s research group has been involved in research with Medtronic, Tandem, and Insulet. Dr. Argento has consulted or been on advisory boards for Eli Lilly Diabetes, Dexcom, Diabeloop, Convatec, and Senseonics and served on the speakers’ bureaus for Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Eli Lilly Diabetes, MannKind, Novo Nordisk, Xeris, and Zealand Pharma.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

MADRID — Airplane travel consistently causes insulin pumps to over-deliver a little over half a unit on takeoff and under-deliver a bit less on landing, new research found.

This phenomenon is due to air bubble formation and reabsorption in the insulin caused by ambient pressure changes in the airplane’s cabin. It has nothing to do with the pump itself and happens with all insulin pumps, including those in hybrid closed-loop systems, Bruce King, MD, said at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) 2024 Annual Meeting.

The extent to which this affects people with diabetes who use insulin pumps depends on their dose and insulin sensitivity among other factors, but all who fly should be aware of the possibility and take precautions, particularly with children, Dr. King, a pediatric endocrinologist at John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, Australia, told this news organization.

“Basically, the pumps are very safe in flight, but they deliver a little bit of extra insulin when you go up and stop delivery when you come back down again. There are a couple of simple steps that people can take to make sure that they don’t have problems during the flight,” he said.

Specifically, he advised that for pumps with tubing, wearers can disconnect just prior to takeoff and reconnect when the plane reaches cruising altitude, about 20 minutes into the flight. The insulin will still come out, but it won’t be delivered to the person, Dr. King said.

On descent, they can disconnect after landing and prime the line to remove the insulin deficit.

With the Omnipod, which can’t be disconnected, the only solution is to eat a small snack on takeoff. And on landing, eat another small snack such as a banana, and give a bolus for it to overcome the blockage of insulin delivery.

In any case, Dr. King said, “One of the most important things is informing people with diabetes about this effect so they’re aware of it and can act appropriately when they fly.”

Asked to comment, Nicholas B. Argento, MD, a practicing endocrinologist in Columbia, Maryland, and author of the American Diabetes Association’s book, “Putting Your Patients on the Pump,” called the issue a “minor effect,” adding, “While I think it would be reasonable to make those changes ... it seems like a lot of effort for a difference of 0.6 units extra on ascent and 0.5 units less on descent.”

He noted there is a risk that the individual might forget to reattach the pump after 20 minutes, leading to hyperglycemia and even diabetic ketoacidosis. Instead, “one could put the pump on suspend for 1 hour on ascent. That would not stop the extra insulin but would net less insulin during that time period.”

And after descent, “you have to walk a lot in most cases, so I don’t think they need to take this into consideration. So many other factors change in air travel that I don’t think this is a significant enough effect to make the effort.”
 

A Known Phenomenon, the Manufacturers Are Aware

This phenomenon has been described previously, including by Dr. King in a 2011 Diabetes Care paper. The new research is among a series of experiments funded by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency in collaboration with the pump manufacturers Medtronic (MiniMed), Tandem (t:slim), and Insulet (Omnipod), primarily aimed at establishing safety parameters for airline pilots with insulin-treated diabetes.

Both the Omnipod DASH and Omnipod 5 User Guides include warnings about unintended insulin delivery during flight, and both advise users to check their blood glucose levels frequently while flying.

In a statement, Jordan Pinsker, MD, Chief Medical Officer at Tandem Diabetes Care, told this news organization, “While it has long been known that routine air travel pressure changes can cause minor fluctuations in insulin pump delivery, the impact of these variations have been found to be generally minor as it relates to glycemic control.”

Dr. Pinsker added that the Tandem Mobi user manual includes a warning related to significant pressure changes in specific air travel situations and offers guidance to disconnect. However, “the t:slim X2 pump’s microdelivery technology limits how much extra insulin can get delivered from air pressure changes due to a mechanism between the tubing and the contents of the bag inside the cartridge.”

Medtronic’s user guide says that the 780G system has not been tested at altitudes higher than 10,150 feet.
 

Hypobaric Chamber Used to Simulate Flight

The study was conducted in vitro, in a hypobaric chamber designed to mimic atmospheric changes during commercial flight. A total of 10 Medtronic MiniMed 780G, 10 Tandem t:slim X2, and six Insulet Omnipod DASH pumps were tested.

The hypobaric chamber was depressurized to 550 mm Hg over a 20-minute ascent, maintained at a 30-minute cruise, followed by a 20-minute descent to ground (750 mm Hg). During the simulated flights, insulin infusion was set at 0.6 units per hour, a rate typical for both adults and children, to allow accurate measurements with multiple flights.

Insulin delivery rates and bubble formation were recorded by attaching infusion sets to open-ended 100 µL capillary tubes against 1-mm grid paper.

Full cartridges — Medtronic: 3 mL, t:slim: 3 mL, and Omnipod: 2 mL — all over-delivered 0.60 units of insulin over a 20-minute ascent compared with delivery at ground level. And during descent, the cartridges under-delivered 0.51 units of insulin.
 

But if There’s Rapid Decompression…

In a separate protocol, insulin infusion sets without pumps were tested in a simulation of rapid decompression. Insulin delivery during both ascent and descent showed statistically significant differences compared with delivery at ground level (both P < .001). In this scenario, fluid delivery was equivalent to 5.6 units of excess insulin.

Dr. King pointed out that while these are rare events, about 40-50 occur annually. One was the widely publicized Alaska Airlines flight in January 2024 when the door fell off in midair.

Dr. Argento said, “The catastrophic decompression is of note, and I would want patients to be aware of this, but it is asking a lot for someone thinking they are going to die to remember to disconnect as it starts.”

The researchers are investigating this phenomenon further in people, including airline pilots.

Dr. King’s research group has been involved in research with Medtronic, Tandem, and Insulet. Dr. Argento has consulted or been on advisory boards for Eli Lilly Diabetes, Dexcom, Diabeloop, Convatec, and Senseonics and served on the speakers’ bureaus for Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Eli Lilly Diabetes, MannKind, Novo Nordisk, Xeris, and Zealand Pharma.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

MADRID — Airplane travel consistently causes insulin pumps to over-deliver a little over half a unit on takeoff and under-deliver a bit less on landing, new research found.

This phenomenon is due to air bubble formation and reabsorption in the insulin caused by ambient pressure changes in the airplane’s cabin. It has nothing to do with the pump itself and happens with all insulin pumps, including those in hybrid closed-loop systems, Bruce King, MD, said at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) 2024 Annual Meeting.

The extent to which this affects people with diabetes who use insulin pumps depends on their dose and insulin sensitivity among other factors, but all who fly should be aware of the possibility and take precautions, particularly with children, Dr. King, a pediatric endocrinologist at John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, Australia, told this news organization.

“Basically, the pumps are very safe in flight, but they deliver a little bit of extra insulin when you go up and stop delivery when you come back down again. There are a couple of simple steps that people can take to make sure that they don’t have problems during the flight,” he said.

Specifically, he advised that for pumps with tubing, wearers can disconnect just prior to takeoff and reconnect when the plane reaches cruising altitude, about 20 minutes into the flight. The insulin will still come out, but it won’t be delivered to the person, Dr. King said.

On descent, they can disconnect after landing and prime the line to remove the insulin deficit.

With the Omnipod, which can’t be disconnected, the only solution is to eat a small snack on takeoff. And on landing, eat another small snack such as a banana, and give a bolus for it to overcome the blockage of insulin delivery.

In any case, Dr. King said, “One of the most important things is informing people with diabetes about this effect so they’re aware of it and can act appropriately when they fly.”

Asked to comment, Nicholas B. Argento, MD, a practicing endocrinologist in Columbia, Maryland, and author of the American Diabetes Association’s book, “Putting Your Patients on the Pump,” called the issue a “minor effect,” adding, “While I think it would be reasonable to make those changes ... it seems like a lot of effort for a difference of 0.6 units extra on ascent and 0.5 units less on descent.”

He noted there is a risk that the individual might forget to reattach the pump after 20 minutes, leading to hyperglycemia and even diabetic ketoacidosis. Instead, “one could put the pump on suspend for 1 hour on ascent. That would not stop the extra insulin but would net less insulin during that time period.”

And after descent, “you have to walk a lot in most cases, so I don’t think they need to take this into consideration. So many other factors change in air travel that I don’t think this is a significant enough effect to make the effort.”
 

A Known Phenomenon, the Manufacturers Are Aware

This phenomenon has been described previously, including by Dr. King in a 2011 Diabetes Care paper. The new research is among a series of experiments funded by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency in collaboration with the pump manufacturers Medtronic (MiniMed), Tandem (t:slim), and Insulet (Omnipod), primarily aimed at establishing safety parameters for airline pilots with insulin-treated diabetes.

Both the Omnipod DASH and Omnipod 5 User Guides include warnings about unintended insulin delivery during flight, and both advise users to check their blood glucose levels frequently while flying.

In a statement, Jordan Pinsker, MD, Chief Medical Officer at Tandem Diabetes Care, told this news organization, “While it has long been known that routine air travel pressure changes can cause minor fluctuations in insulin pump delivery, the impact of these variations have been found to be generally minor as it relates to glycemic control.”

Dr. Pinsker added that the Tandem Mobi user manual includes a warning related to significant pressure changes in specific air travel situations and offers guidance to disconnect. However, “the t:slim X2 pump’s microdelivery technology limits how much extra insulin can get delivered from air pressure changes due to a mechanism between the tubing and the contents of the bag inside the cartridge.”

Medtronic’s user guide says that the 780G system has not been tested at altitudes higher than 10,150 feet.
 

Hypobaric Chamber Used to Simulate Flight

The study was conducted in vitro, in a hypobaric chamber designed to mimic atmospheric changes during commercial flight. A total of 10 Medtronic MiniMed 780G, 10 Tandem t:slim X2, and six Insulet Omnipod DASH pumps were tested.

The hypobaric chamber was depressurized to 550 mm Hg over a 20-minute ascent, maintained at a 30-minute cruise, followed by a 20-minute descent to ground (750 mm Hg). During the simulated flights, insulin infusion was set at 0.6 units per hour, a rate typical for both adults and children, to allow accurate measurements with multiple flights.

Insulin delivery rates and bubble formation were recorded by attaching infusion sets to open-ended 100 µL capillary tubes against 1-mm grid paper.

Full cartridges — Medtronic: 3 mL, t:slim: 3 mL, and Omnipod: 2 mL — all over-delivered 0.60 units of insulin over a 20-minute ascent compared with delivery at ground level. And during descent, the cartridges under-delivered 0.51 units of insulin.
 

But if There’s Rapid Decompression…

In a separate protocol, insulin infusion sets without pumps were tested in a simulation of rapid decompression. Insulin delivery during both ascent and descent showed statistically significant differences compared with delivery at ground level (both P < .001). In this scenario, fluid delivery was equivalent to 5.6 units of excess insulin.

Dr. King pointed out that while these are rare events, about 40-50 occur annually. One was the widely publicized Alaska Airlines flight in January 2024 when the door fell off in midair.

Dr. Argento said, “The catastrophic decompression is of note, and I would want patients to be aware of this, but it is asking a lot for someone thinking they are going to die to remember to disconnect as it starts.”

The researchers are investigating this phenomenon further in people, including airline pilots.

Dr. King’s research group has been involved in research with Medtronic, Tandem, and Insulet. Dr. Argento has consulted or been on advisory boards for Eli Lilly Diabetes, Dexcom, Diabeloop, Convatec, and Senseonics and served on the speakers’ bureaus for Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Eli Lilly Diabetes, MannKind, Novo Nordisk, Xeris, and Zealand Pharma.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Matching adjusted indirect comparison is one method of evaluating comparative effectiveness. To compare the efficacy between bimekizumab, an interleukin (IL) 17A/F inhibitor and risankizumab, an IL-23 inhibitor, Mease et al conducted such a study using data from four phase 3 trials (BE OPTIMAL, BE COMPLETE, KEEPsAKE-1, and KEEPsAKE-2) involving patients who were biologic-naive or inadequate responders to tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors  who received bimekizumab (n = 698) or risankizumab (n = 589).¹
 

At week 52, bimekizumab led to a higher likelihood of achieving a ≥ 70% improvement in the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response in patients who were biologic-naive and TNF inhibitor inadequate responders (TNFi-IR), compared with risankizumab. Bimekizumab also had greater odds of achieving minimal disease activity in patients who were TNFi-IR. Thus, bimekizumab may be superior to risankizumab for treating those with PsA. Randomized controlled head-to-head clinical trials are required to confirm these findings.

In regard to long-term safety and efficacy of bimekizumab, Mease et al reported that bimekizumab demonstrated consistent safety and sustained efficacy for up to 2 years in patients with PsA.² In this open-label extension (BE VITAL) of two phase 3 trials that included biologic-naive (n = 852) and TNFi-IR (n = 400) patients with PsA who were randomly assigned to receive bimekizumab, placebo with crossover to bimekizumab at week 16, or adalimumab followed by bimekizumab at week 52, no new safety signals were noted from weeks 52 to 104,. SARS-CoV-2 infection was the most common treatment-emergent adverse event. Approximately 50% of biologic-naive and TNFi-IR patients maintained a 50% or greater improvement in the ACR response.

Guselkumab, another IL-23 inhibitor, has proven efficacy in treating PsA. Curtis et al investigated the impact of early achievement of improvement with guselkumab and longer-term outcomes.³ This was a post hoc analysis of two phase 3 trials, DISCOVER-1 and DISCOVER-2, which included 1120 patients with active PsA who received guselkumab every 4 or 8 weeks (Q4W) or placebo with a crossover to guselkumab Q4W at week 24. The study demonstrated that guselkumab led to early achievement of minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) in clinical disease activity index for PsA (cDAPSA), with higher response rates at week 4 compared with placebo. Moreover, achieving early MCII in cDAPSA was associated with sustained disease control at weeks 24 and 52. Thus, guselkumab treatment achieved MCII in cDAPSA after the first dose and sustained disease control for up to 1 year. Early treatment response and a proven safety record make guselkumab an attractive treatment option for PsA.

PsA clinical trials mostly include patients with polyarthritis. Little is known about treatment efficacy for oligoarticular PsA. To address this gap in knowledge, Gossec et al reported the results of the phase 4 FOREMOST trial that included 308 patients with early (symptom duration 5 years or less) targeted therapy–naive oligoarticular PsA and were randomly assigned to receive apremilast (n = 203) or placebo (n = 105).⁴ At week 16, a higher proportion of patients receiving apremilast achieved minimal disease activity (joints response) compared with those receiving placebo. No new safety signals were reported. Apremilast is thus efficacious in treating early oligoarticular PsA as well as polyarticular PsA and psoriasis. Similar studies with other targeted therapies will help clinicians better manage early oligoarticular PsA.

References

1. Mease PJ, Warren RB, Nash P, et al. Comparative effectiveness of bimekizumab and risankizumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis at 52 weeks assessed using a matching-adjusted indirect comparison. Rheumatol Ther. 2024 Aug 9. Source
2. Mease PJ, Merola JF, Tanaka Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of bimekizumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis: 2-year results from two phase 3 studies. Rheumatol Ther. 2024 Aug 31. Source
3. Curtis JR, et al. Early improvements with guselkumab associate with sustained control of psoriatic arthritis: post hoc analyses of two phase 3 trials. Rheumatol Ther. 2024 Sep 11. Source
4. Gossec L, Coates LC, Gladman DD, et al. Treatment of early oligoarticular psoriatic arthritis with apremilast: primary outcomes at week 16 from the FOREMOST randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024 Sep 16:ard-2024-225833. Source

Matching adjusted indirect comparison is one method of evaluating comparative effectiveness. To compare the efficacy between bimekizumab, an interleukin (IL) 17A/F inhibitor and risankizumab, an IL-23 inhibitor, Mease et al conducted such a study using data from four phase 3 trials (BE OPTIMAL, BE COMPLETE, KEEPsAKE-1, and KEEPsAKE-2) involving patients who were biologic-naive or inadequate responders to tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors  who received bimekizumab (n = 698) or risankizumab (n = 589).¹
 

At week 52, bimekizumab led to a higher likelihood of achieving a ≥ 70% improvement in the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response in patients who were biologic-naive and TNF inhibitor inadequate responders (TNFi-IR), compared with risankizumab. Bimekizumab also had greater odds of achieving minimal disease activity in patients who were TNFi-IR. Thus, bimekizumab may be superior to risankizumab for treating those with PsA. Randomized controlled head-to-head clinical trials are required to confirm these findings.

In regard to long-term safety and efficacy of bimekizumab, Mease et al reported that bimekizumab demonstrated consistent safety and sustained efficacy for up to 2 years in patients with PsA.² In this open-label extension (BE VITAL) of two phase 3 trials that included biologic-naive (n = 852) and TNFi-IR (n = 400) patients with PsA who were randomly assigned to receive bimekizumab, placebo with crossover to bimekizumab at week 16, or adalimumab followed by bimekizumab at week 52, no new safety signals were noted from weeks 52 to 104,. SARS-CoV-2 infection was the most common treatment-emergent adverse event. Approximately 50% of biologic-naive and TNFi-IR patients maintained a 50% or greater improvement in the ACR response.

Guselkumab, another IL-23 inhibitor, has proven efficacy in treating PsA. Curtis et al investigated the impact of early achievement of improvement with guselkumab and longer-term outcomes.³ This was a post hoc analysis of two phase 3 trials, DISCOVER-1 and DISCOVER-2, which included 1120 patients with active PsA who received guselkumab every 4 or 8 weeks (Q4W) or placebo with a crossover to guselkumab Q4W at week 24. The study demonstrated that guselkumab led to early achievement of minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) in clinical disease activity index for PsA (cDAPSA), with higher response rates at week 4 compared with placebo. Moreover, achieving early MCII in cDAPSA was associated with sustained disease control at weeks 24 and 52. Thus, guselkumab treatment achieved MCII in cDAPSA after the first dose and sustained disease control for up to 1 year. Early treatment response and a proven safety record make guselkumab an attractive treatment option for PsA.

PsA clinical trials mostly include patients with polyarthritis. Little is known about treatment efficacy for oligoarticular PsA. To address this gap in knowledge, Gossec et al reported the results of the phase 4 FOREMOST trial that included 308 patients with early (symptom duration 5 years or less) targeted therapy–naive oligoarticular PsA and were randomly assigned to receive apremilast (n = 203) or placebo (n = 105).⁴ At week 16, a higher proportion of patients receiving apremilast achieved minimal disease activity (joints response) compared with those receiving placebo. No new safety signals were reported. Apremilast is thus efficacious in treating early oligoarticular PsA as well as polyarticular PsA and psoriasis. Similar studies with other targeted therapies will help clinicians better manage early oligoarticular PsA.

References

1. Mease PJ, Warren RB, Nash P, et al. Comparative effectiveness of bimekizumab and risankizumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis at 52 weeks assessed using a matching-adjusted indirect comparison. Rheumatol Ther. 2024 Aug 9. Source
2. Mease PJ, Merola JF, Tanaka Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of bimekizumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis: 2-year results from two phase 3 studies. Rheumatol Ther. 2024 Aug 31. Source
3. Curtis JR, et al. Early improvements with guselkumab associate with sustained control of psoriatic arthritis: post hoc analyses of two phase 3 trials. Rheumatol Ther. 2024 Sep 11. Source
4. Gossec L, Coates LC, Gladman DD, et al. Treatment of early oligoarticular psoriatic arthritis with apremilast: primary outcomes at week 16 from the FOREMOST randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024 Sep 16:ard-2024-225833. Source

Matching adjusted indirect comparison is one method of evaluating comparative effectiveness. To compare the efficacy between bimekizumab, an interleukin (IL) 17A/F inhibitor and risankizumab, an IL-23 inhibitor, Mease et al conducted such a study using data from four phase 3 trials (BE OPTIMAL, BE COMPLETE, KEEPsAKE-1, and KEEPsAKE-2) involving patients who were biologic-naive or inadequate responders to tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors  who received bimekizumab (n = 698) or risankizumab (n = 589).¹
 

At week 52, bimekizumab led to a higher likelihood of achieving a ≥ 70% improvement in the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response in patients who were biologic-naive and TNF inhibitor inadequate responders (TNFi-IR), compared with risankizumab. Bimekizumab also had greater odds of achieving minimal disease activity in patients who were TNFi-IR. Thus, bimekizumab may be superior to risankizumab for treating those with PsA. Randomized controlled head-to-head clinical trials are required to confirm these findings.

In regard to long-term safety and efficacy of bimekizumab, Mease et al reported that bimekizumab demonstrated consistent safety and sustained efficacy for up to 2 years in patients with PsA.² In this open-label extension (BE VITAL) of two phase 3 trials that included biologic-naive (n = 852) and TNFi-IR (n = 400) patients with PsA who were randomly assigned to receive bimekizumab, placebo with crossover to bimekizumab at week 16, or adalimumab followed by bimekizumab at week 52, no new safety signals were noted from weeks 52 to 104,. SARS-CoV-2 infection was the most common treatment-emergent adverse event. Approximately 50% of biologic-naive and TNFi-IR patients maintained a 50% or greater improvement in the ACR response.

Guselkumab, another IL-23 inhibitor, has proven efficacy in treating PsA. Curtis et al investigated the impact of early achievement of improvement with guselkumab and longer-term outcomes.³ This was a post hoc analysis of two phase 3 trials, DISCOVER-1 and DISCOVER-2, which included 1120 patients with active PsA who received guselkumab every 4 or 8 weeks (Q4W) or placebo with a crossover to guselkumab Q4W at week 24. The study demonstrated that guselkumab led to early achievement of minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) in clinical disease activity index for PsA (cDAPSA), with higher response rates at week 4 compared with placebo. Moreover, achieving early MCII in cDAPSA was associated with sustained disease control at weeks 24 and 52. Thus, guselkumab treatment achieved MCII in cDAPSA after the first dose and sustained disease control for up to 1 year. Early treatment response and a proven safety record make guselkumab an attractive treatment option for PsA.

PsA clinical trials mostly include patients with polyarthritis. Little is known about treatment efficacy for oligoarticular PsA. To address this gap in knowledge, Gossec et al reported the results of the phase 4 FOREMOST trial that included 308 patients with early (symptom duration 5 years or less) targeted therapy–naive oligoarticular PsA and were randomly assigned to receive apremilast (n = 203) or placebo (n = 105).⁴ At week 16, a higher proportion of patients receiving apremilast achieved minimal disease activity (joints response) compared with those receiving placebo. No new safety signals were reported. Apremilast is thus efficacious in treating early oligoarticular PsA as well as polyarticular PsA and psoriasis. Similar studies with other targeted therapies will help clinicians better manage early oligoarticular PsA.

References

1. Mease PJ, Warren RB, Nash P, et al. Comparative effectiveness of bimekizumab and risankizumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis at 52 weeks assessed using a matching-adjusted indirect comparison. Rheumatol Ther. 2024 Aug 9. Source
2. Mease PJ, Merola JF, Tanaka Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of bimekizumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis: 2-year results from two phase 3 studies. Rheumatol Ther. 2024 Aug 31. Source
3. Curtis JR, et al. Early improvements with guselkumab associate with sustained control of psoriatic arthritis: post hoc analyses of two phase 3 trials. Rheumatol Ther. 2024 Sep 11. Source
4. Gossec L, Coates LC, Gladman DD, et al. Treatment of early oligoarticular psoriatic arthritis with apremilast: primary outcomes at week 16 from the FOREMOST randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024 Sep 16:ard-2024-225833. Source

Fatigue, nausea, acid reflux, muscle loss, and the dreaded “Ozempic face” are side effects from using glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) such as semaglutide or the dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 RA tirzepatide to control blood sugar and promote weight loss. 

But what I’ve learned from working with hundreds of patients on these medications, and others, is that most (if not all) of these side effects can be minimized by ensuring proper nutrition. 

Setting patients up for success requires dietary education and counseling, along with regular monitoring to determine any nutritional deficiencies. Although adequate intake of all the macro and micronutrients is obviously important, there are five nutrients in particular that clinicians should emphasize with their patients on GLP-1 RAs or GIP/GLP-1 RSs.
 

Protein

My patients are probably sick of hearing me talk about protein, but without the constant reinforcement, many of them wouldn’t consume enough of this macronutrient to maintain their baseline lean body mass. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein (0.8 g/kg bodyweight) doesn’t cut it, especially for older, obese patients, who need closer to 1.0-1.2 g/kg bodyweight to maintain their muscle mass. For example, for a 250-lb patient, I would recommend 114-136 g protein per day. This is equivalent to roughly 15 oz of cooked animal protein. It’s important to note, though, that individuals with kidney disease must limit their protein intake to 0.6-0.8 g/kg bodyweight per day, to avoid overtaxing their kidneys. In this situation, the benefit of increased protein intake does not outweigh the risk of harming the kidneys.

It’s often challenging for patients with suppressed appetites to even think about eating a large hunk of meat or fish, let alone consume it. Plus, eating more than 3-4 oz of protein in one meal can make some patients extremely uncomfortable, owing to the medication’s effect on gastric emptying. This means that daily protein intake must be spread out over multiple mini-meals. 

For patients who need more than 100 g of protein per day, protein powders and premade protein shakes can provide 20-30 g protein to fill in the gaps. Although I always try to promote food first, protein supplements have been game changers for my patients, especially those who find solid food less appealing on the medication, or those who avoid animal protein. 

Clinicians should have their patients monitor changes in their lean body mass using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan or a bioelectrical impedance scale; this can be a helpful tool in assessing whether protein intake is sufficient. 
 

Fiber

Even my most knowledgeable and compliant patients will experience some constipation. Generally speaking, when you eat less, you will have fewer bowel movements. Combine that with delayed gastric emptying and reduced fiber intake, and you have a perfect storm. Many patients are simply not able to get in the recommended 25-35 g fiber per day through food, because fibrous foods are filling. If they are prioritizing the protein in their meal, they will not have enough room for all the vegetables on their plate. 

To ensure that patients are getting sufficient fiber, clinicians should push consumption of certain vegetables and fruits, such as carrots, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, raspberries, blackberries, and apples, as well as beans and legumes. (Salads are great, but greens like spinach are not as fibrous as one might think.) If the fruit and veggie intake isn’t up to par, a fiber supplement such as psyllium husk can provide an effective boost.
 

Vitamin B12

Use of these medications is associated with a reduction in vitamin B12 levels, in part because delayed gastric emptying may affect B12 absorption. Low dietary intake of B12 while on the medications can also be to blame, though. The best food sources are animal proteins, so if possible, patients should prioritize having fish, lean meat, eggs, and dairy daily. 

Vegetarians and vegans, who are at an increased risk for deficiency, can incorporate nutritional yeast, an excellent source of vitamin B12, into their daily routine. It is beneficial for patients to get blood work periodically to check on B12 status, because insufficient B12 can contribute to the fatigue patients experience while on the medication.
 

Calcium

Individuals should have calcium on their radar, because weight loss is associated with a decrease in bone mineral density. Adequate intake of the mineral is crucial for optimal bone health, particularly among postmenopausal women and those who are at risk of developing osteoporosis. The RDA for calcium is 1000-1200 mg/d, which an estimated 50% of obese individuals do not take in. 

Although dairy products are well-known for being rich in calcium, there are other great sources. Dark green leafy vegetables, such as cooked collard greens and spinach, provide nearly 300 mg per cup. Tofu and sardines are also calcium powerhouses. Despite the plethora of calcium-rich foods, however, some patients may need a calcium supplement.
 

Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is common among individuals with obesity, so even before these patients start the medications, supplementation may be warranted. The vitamin’s role in promoting calcium absorption, as well as in bone remodeling, make adequate intake essential for patients experiencing significant weight loss.

Clinicians should emphasize regular consumption of fatty fish, such as salmon, as well as eggs, mushrooms, and vitamin D–fortified milks. But unfortunately, that’s where the list of vitamin D–rich foods ends, so taking a vitamin D supplement will be necessary for many patients.

Regularly monitoring patients on GLP-1 RAs through blood work to check vitamin levels and body composition analysis can be helpful in assessing nutritional status while losing weight. Clinicians can also encourage their patients to work with a registered dietitian who is familiar with these medications, so they can develop optimal eating habits throughout their health journey.

Ms. Hanks, a registered dietitian in New York City, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Fatigue, nausea, acid reflux, muscle loss, and the dreaded “Ozempic face” are side effects from using glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) such as semaglutide or the dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 RA tirzepatide to control blood sugar and promote weight loss. 

But what I’ve learned from working with hundreds of patients on these medications, and others, is that most (if not all) of these side effects can be minimized by ensuring proper nutrition. 

Setting patients up for success requires dietary education and counseling, along with regular monitoring to determine any nutritional deficiencies. Although adequate intake of all the macro and micronutrients is obviously important, there are five nutrients in particular that clinicians should emphasize with their patients on GLP-1 RAs or GIP/GLP-1 RSs.
 

Protein

My patients are probably sick of hearing me talk about protein, but without the constant reinforcement, many of them wouldn’t consume enough of this macronutrient to maintain their baseline lean body mass. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein (0.8 g/kg bodyweight) doesn’t cut it, especially for older, obese patients, who need closer to 1.0-1.2 g/kg bodyweight to maintain their muscle mass. For example, for a 250-lb patient, I would recommend 114-136 g protein per day. This is equivalent to roughly 15 oz of cooked animal protein. It’s important to note, though, that individuals with kidney disease must limit their protein intake to 0.6-0.8 g/kg bodyweight per day, to avoid overtaxing their kidneys. In this situation, the benefit of increased protein intake does not outweigh the risk of harming the kidneys.

It’s often challenging for patients with suppressed appetites to even think about eating a large hunk of meat or fish, let alone consume it. Plus, eating more than 3-4 oz of protein in one meal can make some patients extremely uncomfortable, owing to the medication’s effect on gastric emptying. This means that daily protein intake must be spread out over multiple mini-meals. 

For patients who need more than 100 g of protein per day, protein powders and premade protein shakes can provide 20-30 g protein to fill in the gaps. Although I always try to promote food first, protein supplements have been game changers for my patients, especially those who find solid food less appealing on the medication, or those who avoid animal protein. 

Clinicians should have their patients monitor changes in their lean body mass using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan or a bioelectrical impedance scale; this can be a helpful tool in assessing whether protein intake is sufficient. 
 

Fiber

Even my most knowledgeable and compliant patients will experience some constipation. Generally speaking, when you eat less, you will have fewer bowel movements. Combine that with delayed gastric emptying and reduced fiber intake, and you have a perfect storm. Many patients are simply not able to get in the recommended 25-35 g fiber per day through food, because fibrous foods are filling. If they are prioritizing the protein in their meal, they will not have enough room for all the vegetables on their plate. 

To ensure that patients are getting sufficient fiber, clinicians should push consumption of certain vegetables and fruits, such as carrots, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, raspberries, blackberries, and apples, as well as beans and legumes. (Salads are great, but greens like spinach are not as fibrous as one might think.) If the fruit and veggie intake isn’t up to par, a fiber supplement such as psyllium husk can provide an effective boost.
 

Vitamin B12

Use of these medications is associated with a reduction in vitamin B12 levels, in part because delayed gastric emptying may affect B12 absorption. Low dietary intake of B12 while on the medications can also be to blame, though. The best food sources are animal proteins, so if possible, patients should prioritize having fish, lean meat, eggs, and dairy daily. 

Vegetarians and vegans, who are at an increased risk for deficiency, can incorporate nutritional yeast, an excellent source of vitamin B12, into their daily routine. It is beneficial for patients to get blood work periodically to check on B12 status, because insufficient B12 can contribute to the fatigue patients experience while on the medication.
 

Calcium

Individuals should have calcium on their radar, because weight loss is associated with a decrease in bone mineral density. Adequate intake of the mineral is crucial for optimal bone health, particularly among postmenopausal women and those who are at risk of developing osteoporosis. The RDA for calcium is 1000-1200 mg/d, which an estimated 50% of obese individuals do not take in. 

Although dairy products are well-known for being rich in calcium, there are other great sources. Dark green leafy vegetables, such as cooked collard greens and spinach, provide nearly 300 mg per cup. Tofu and sardines are also calcium powerhouses. Despite the plethora of calcium-rich foods, however, some patients may need a calcium supplement.
 

Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is common among individuals with obesity, so even before these patients start the medications, supplementation may be warranted. The vitamin’s role in promoting calcium absorption, as well as in bone remodeling, make adequate intake essential for patients experiencing significant weight loss.

Clinicians should emphasize regular consumption of fatty fish, such as salmon, as well as eggs, mushrooms, and vitamin D–fortified milks. But unfortunately, that’s where the list of vitamin D–rich foods ends, so taking a vitamin D supplement will be necessary for many patients.

Regularly monitoring patients on GLP-1 RAs through blood work to check vitamin levels and body composition analysis can be helpful in assessing nutritional status while losing weight. Clinicians can also encourage their patients to work with a registered dietitian who is familiar with these medications, so they can develop optimal eating habits throughout their health journey.

Ms. Hanks, a registered dietitian in New York City, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Fatigue, nausea, acid reflux, muscle loss, and the dreaded “Ozempic face” are side effects from using glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) such as semaglutide or the dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 RA tirzepatide to control blood sugar and promote weight loss. 

But what I’ve learned from working with hundreds of patients on these medications, and others, is that most (if not all) of these side effects can be minimized by ensuring proper nutrition. 

Setting patients up for success requires dietary education and counseling, along with regular monitoring to determine any nutritional deficiencies. Although adequate intake of all the macro and micronutrients is obviously important, there are five nutrients in particular that clinicians should emphasize with their patients on GLP-1 RAs or GIP/GLP-1 RSs.
 

Protein

My patients are probably sick of hearing me talk about protein, but without the constant reinforcement, many of them wouldn’t consume enough of this macronutrient to maintain their baseline lean body mass. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein (0.8 g/kg bodyweight) doesn’t cut it, especially for older, obese patients, who need closer to 1.0-1.2 g/kg bodyweight to maintain their muscle mass. For example, for a 250-lb patient, I would recommend 114-136 g protein per day. This is equivalent to roughly 15 oz of cooked animal protein. It’s important to note, though, that individuals with kidney disease must limit their protein intake to 0.6-0.8 g/kg bodyweight per day, to avoid overtaxing their kidneys. In this situation, the benefit of increased protein intake does not outweigh the risk of harming the kidneys.

It’s often challenging for patients with suppressed appetites to even think about eating a large hunk of meat or fish, let alone consume it. Plus, eating more than 3-4 oz of protein in one meal can make some patients extremely uncomfortable, owing to the medication’s effect on gastric emptying. This means that daily protein intake must be spread out over multiple mini-meals. 

For patients who need more than 100 g of protein per day, protein powders and premade protein shakes can provide 20-30 g protein to fill in the gaps. Although I always try to promote food first, protein supplements have been game changers for my patients, especially those who find solid food less appealing on the medication, or those who avoid animal protein. 

Clinicians should have their patients monitor changes in their lean body mass using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan or a bioelectrical impedance scale; this can be a helpful tool in assessing whether protein intake is sufficient. 
 

Fiber

Even my most knowledgeable and compliant patients will experience some constipation. Generally speaking, when you eat less, you will have fewer bowel movements. Combine that with delayed gastric emptying and reduced fiber intake, and you have a perfect storm. Many patients are simply not able to get in the recommended 25-35 g fiber per day through food, because fibrous foods are filling. If they are prioritizing the protein in their meal, they will not have enough room for all the vegetables on their plate. 

To ensure that patients are getting sufficient fiber, clinicians should push consumption of certain vegetables and fruits, such as carrots, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, raspberries, blackberries, and apples, as well as beans and legumes. (Salads are great, but greens like spinach are not as fibrous as one might think.) If the fruit and veggie intake isn’t up to par, a fiber supplement such as psyllium husk can provide an effective boost.
 

Vitamin B12

Use of these medications is associated with a reduction in vitamin B12 levels, in part because delayed gastric emptying may affect B12 absorption. Low dietary intake of B12 while on the medications can also be to blame, though. The best food sources are animal proteins, so if possible, patients should prioritize having fish, lean meat, eggs, and dairy daily. 

Vegetarians and vegans, who are at an increased risk for deficiency, can incorporate nutritional yeast, an excellent source of vitamin B12, into their daily routine. It is beneficial for patients to get blood work periodically to check on B12 status, because insufficient B12 can contribute to the fatigue patients experience while on the medication.
 

Calcium

Individuals should have calcium on their radar, because weight loss is associated with a decrease in bone mineral density. Adequate intake of the mineral is crucial for optimal bone health, particularly among postmenopausal women and those who are at risk of developing osteoporosis. The RDA for calcium is 1000-1200 mg/d, which an estimated 50% of obese individuals do not take in. 

Although dairy products are well-known for being rich in calcium, there are other great sources. Dark green leafy vegetables, such as cooked collard greens and spinach, provide nearly 300 mg per cup. Tofu and sardines are also calcium powerhouses. Despite the plethora of calcium-rich foods, however, some patients may need a calcium supplement.
 

Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is common among individuals with obesity, so even before these patients start the medications, supplementation may be warranted. The vitamin’s role in promoting calcium absorption, as well as in bone remodeling, make adequate intake essential for patients experiencing significant weight loss.

Clinicians should emphasize regular consumption of fatty fish, such as salmon, as well as eggs, mushrooms, and vitamin D–fortified milks. But unfortunately, that’s where the list of vitamin D–rich foods ends, so taking a vitamin D supplement will be necessary for many patients.

Regularly monitoring patients on GLP-1 RAs through blood work to check vitamin levels and body composition analysis can be helpful in assessing nutritional status while losing weight. Clinicians can also encourage their patients to work with a registered dietitian who is familiar with these medications, so they can develop optimal eating habits throughout their health journey.

Ms. Hanks, a registered dietitian in New York City, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

“I’d probably be a quadriplegic,” Dean J. Kereiakes, MD, an interventional cardiologist, said when asked what would have happened if two top neurosurgeons at his hospital hadn’t rushed him to the operating room (OR) for a cervical decompression in February this year.

Dr. Kereiakes had orthopedic problems for years due to the heavy lead aprons he wore in the cath lab. He regularly dosed himself with steroids for disc pain so he could stand up straight and continue to do procedures. “Several times a year I’d go on a tapering dose of prednisone of about 10 days to 2 weeks, and this would take care of it.”

But then his luck ran out. “I’m told in retrospect that my gait — the way I walked — was different, and I was also having some myoclonic jerking in my legs when I was going to sleep. I thought it was peculiar, but I didn’t really tie it together that this was an upper tract injury response.”

At a restaurant with his wife, he found himself unable to sign the check. “I couldn’t write my name.” By the next morning, “I had a floppy right foot, and as I turned around to put my scrubs on, everything fell apart. My arms began to not function and my legs — I couldn’t walk.”

Admitted to The Christ Hospital Heart & Vascular Center in Cincinnati — the very hospital he works in — Dr. Kereiakes had CT and MRI scans and consulted with neurosurgeons he counts as friends. He was given extremely high doses of intravenous steroids. “But instead of getting better, the pain came back, and I started posturing — when you posture, it looks like a praying mantis, your arms are flexed up, your wrists are flexed, and your fingers are spasmed together.” His wife and the nurses couldn’t pull his fingers open, “so they rolled me back, and the posturing started to go away.”

This prompted the neurosurgeons to bring him to the OR “by 6 a.m., and they are ‘unzipping me in the back’ to basically get my spinal cord off my spine. I had cord compression at C2-3 and C 6-7.”

Postop, Dr. Kereiakes couldn’t move his right leg and couldn’t close any of his fingers. “You lose control of things like bladder and bowel function — you have a catheter in — and you say to yourself, ‘How am I going to live like this?.’ ”

The quick-thinking of his neurosurgeons prevented permanent paralysis, and after a long 6-month recovery, Dr. Kereiakes is back in the cath lab, performing procedures. But crucially, he will no longer have to wear a lead apron.
 

Ending Careers Early. A Catalyst for Change

Typically, interventional cardiologists, interventional radiologists, electrophysiologists, and others working in labs where they are exposed to ionizing radiation wear lead aprons and garments, such as thyroid collars, leaded caps, and glasses, to protect them during procedures.

Long-term occupational exposure to radiation is linked to cataracts; brain tumors; cancers, including leukemia, multiple myelomas, lymphomas, and thyroid cancers; and left-sided breast cancers in women because the aprons don’t always cover the left side of the chest adequately.

Individual states set the standards in terms of the thickness of the lead required, varying from 0.25- to 0.5-mm–lead-equivalent aprons, which reduce exposure by 85%-95%. Radiation safety officers monitor the badges that staff wear to record their radiation exposure and will warn them when their levels are too high.

But — as Dr. Kereiakes freely admits — ambitious interventionalists don’t always take much notice. “They would come and say, ‘Hey your badge is really high,’ and so I would just put it in a drawer and carry on,” he said. “When you are younger, you feel immortal.”

James B. Hermiller Jr., MD, president of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions (SCAI), agrees: “The feeling is that, with lead, you are indestructible, and no one wants to show any weakness.”

Another occupational hazard related to those protective lead aprons was also being ignored, that of orthopedic injury. In surveys done by SCAI, around half of interventional cardiology respondents report cervical, lumbar, hip, knee, or ankle joint injuries.

While Dr. Kereiakes recognizes likely bias — with those afflicted more likely to complete these surveys — he believes that the problem is huge and “is ending careers early.”

“It’s interesting that radiation is at the forefront of protection and occupational safety, but you are much more likely to be taken out of work because of orthopedic injury,” explained Dr. Hermiller, director of Structural Heart Program at Ascension St. Vincent Heart Center in Indianapolis.

His own story “is not as compelling as Dean’s, but 17 years ago, I ruptured a disk in my lower spine and had emergent surgery and I now need a neck surgery.”

Dr. Kereiakes’ case was “a catalyst” for his hospital to investigate, and eventually commit to, the purchase of a new radiation protection system which allows the labs using radiation to effectively go “lead-free.”

Dr. Hermiller’s hospital, too, has purchased multiple radiation protection systems. “If you want to do this job for 30 years, you have to protect yourself early and at all times,” he said.

His focus as SCAI president is to help get these protection systems in place at more hospitals.

But significant challenges remain, not least the cost, which can be $150,000-$200,000 per lab. He estimates that fewer than 10% US hospitals with cath and other labs using radiation have installed such systems.

Most systems are not US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved because they are not attached to equipment in the cath lab, something that Nadia Sutton, MD, MPH, chair of the SCAI Women in Innovations committee, said many physicians are not aware of. “The companies [marketing the systems] are telling us that we can ‘shed our lead,’ ” she said. “It could be safe, but we are using the data provided by the companies.”
 

How Do the Lead-Free Systems Work?

Currently, there are three main radiation protection systems available. The Protego Radiation Protection System (Image Diagnostics), the EggNest Protect (Egg Medical), and the Rampart (Rampart ic).

According to Dr. Kereiakes, they differ somewhat in whether they allow immediate access to the patient or whether you can see and interact with them. He explained that in high-risk procedures, easy access is desirable. “If you get a perforation or tamponade and the patient suddenly goes ‘out,’ you need to be able to get to them quickly, and you can’t be spending a lot of time taking the shielding down.”

Dr. Kereiakes was recovering in the hospital when his colleagues plumped for the EggNest system. He thinks they chose it because it offers visibility and access to the patient and “takes 4-5 minutes, maximum, to set up.” So far, he agrees with the choice but wants to “give it a real, volume-driven try.”

If they are satisfied with the system, the hospital will order six more by the end of the year, he said. A significant financial undertaking, he acknowledged.

Dr. Hermiller cited data for the Rampart system showing a 95% reduction in radiation without any lead. For an average 1-GRAY radiation exposure case, “if you wear lead, you reach the maximum dose of radiation around 850 cases in a year. If you do it with one of these protection systems, in this case Rampart, you can do 14,500 cases in a year. Not that anyone would do that [many].”

The Protego system has very similar data, he noted. The systems protect the operator and whoever is scrubbing in at the table, so those on the other side of the protector still need to wear lead, Dr. Hermiller stressed.

Data for the EggNest Protect are available but are as yet unpublished.

Dr. Hermiller acknowledged that there is still a long way to go in getting hospitals to spend the money on these systems, but he thinks cath lab operators will drive the change.

“At our SCAI meeting this year, the biggest attendance was at a session about a lead-free cath lab environment.”
 

Regulation at the State Level

Despite the excitement among the profession, Dr. Sutton — director of Interventional Cardiology Research in the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee — still has concerns about the lack of FDA regulation.

There is one newer system, called the Radiaction shield system, that attaches to the existing equipment so that is regulated by the FDA as a class II device, she noted. “But it is my understanding that the Protego, Rampart, and EggNest are Class I Exempt. That is the same category as Band-Aid.”

James Beabout, MBA, chief marketing officer, Egg Medical, confirmed that the EggNest “is classified as a Class I device which does not require FDA approval. That leaves regulation to each state regarding the requirements for protective aprons.” And Mark Hansen, vice president business development, of Image Diagnostics — the manufacturer of the Protego Radiation Protection System — confirmed that “the real governance is at the state level.”

The company petitions the state regulator for an exemption letter to the wearing of lead aprons. “In some cases, the state will come to the site directly and validate the systems integrity and to confirm their decision. Once the exemption is granted, the state sends a document, and it’s the responsibility of the sites’ Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) to change the labs safety process and rules,” Mr. Hansen explained.

“What really makes this work is a real-time dosimetry from Fluke Medical. Staff wear one to two badges that instantly detects exposure,” Mr. Hansen stressed.

Similarly, said Mr. Beabout, Egg Medical has data from over 1000 real-world cases collected using real-time dosimetry (RaySafe i3 system) which demonstrate that it is possible to get some people in the room out of protective aprons, where allowed. They recommend real-time dosimetry anytime people are removing their aprons, “since the patient BMI, x-ray system type/age, and complexity of the case all have a significant effect on the radiation dose in each case.” Their goal is for exposure to be zero or as close to zero as possible, “otherwise we recommend use of protective aprons. With the EggNest, operators can use much lighter aprons (0.125 mm sold by Burlington Medical) than what has traditionally been used, so that is also an option,” he said.

Dr. Hermiller said the SCAI plan is to produce several statements on going lead-free, with all other interested professional societies — such as those representing interventional radiologists and vascular surgeons, as well as all the major cardiology societies.

“We want to make an intellectual foundation for this,” Dr. Hermiller explained. Guidelines “are in the making,” he said, with the expectation that they will be ready by the end of this year or early next year.

SCAI will also work with the 50 US states to facilitate lead-free labs, “as each one has a different way to be approved to go without lead,” he noted.

“This is not going to go away, it’s going to build in force, through the societies,” said Dr. Kereiakes. “It’s a matter of workplace safety.” He doesn’t think that the federal Occupational Health and Safety Administration does much to protect doctors, nurses, and technicians in the cath and other labs.

Dr. Hermiller agreed: “I always say that if we were a GM car plant, they would shut us down.”

Dr. Hermiller also stressed the expense of having doctors and other staff off work with occupation-related injuries. He has already observed that “it’s much easier to recruit cath lab staff to a place where they don’t have to wear lead.”

He anticipates that the next generation of physicians “are going to demand places where they don’t have to wear lead.” He is also hopeful that it will result in more women choosing interventional cardiology: “Women are safe in the cath lab with current lead systems, but if we could move to this, there would be even more women participating.”
 

Pregnancy Safe in the Cath Lab

Dr. Sutton reiterated his point: “The number-one message that I want to get across is that it is considered safe for the unborn baby, being in the cath lab, under lead,” she said, noting that there are very good data that the amount of lead that is required by states results in negligible radiation exposure to the developing fetus.

She had her children before working in the cath lab, “but I’ve heard from other women: It’s heavy and its sweaty for prolonged periods of time, but it can be done and you can get through it,” she said. Although the promise of radiation protection systems “is exciting, we have to approach this with some level of caution or awareness,” she said. “Cardiologists come from a cardiology background. We are not radiologists who go through a radiology residency, like IRs do. They get a lot of training on radiation exposure and what it means,” Dr. Sutton stressed.

Dr. Kereiakes, for his part, remains enthusiastic. He returned to the cath lab in August, just 6 months after his brush with near quadriplegia. “This is what I’ve spent my life doing and I love doing it, and I’m not ready to quit.”

Dr. Hermiller, Dr. Kereiakes, and Dr. Sutton reported having no relevant financial conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

“I’d probably be a quadriplegic,” Dean J. Kereiakes, MD, an interventional cardiologist, said when asked what would have happened if two top neurosurgeons at his hospital hadn’t rushed him to the operating room (OR) for a cervical decompression in February this year.

Dr. Kereiakes had orthopedic problems for years due to the heavy lead aprons he wore in the cath lab. He regularly dosed himself with steroids for disc pain so he could stand up straight and continue to do procedures. “Several times a year I’d go on a tapering dose of prednisone of about 10 days to 2 weeks, and this would take care of it.”

But then his luck ran out. “I’m told in retrospect that my gait — the way I walked — was different, and I was also having some myoclonic jerking in my legs when I was going to sleep. I thought it was peculiar, but I didn’t really tie it together that this was an upper tract injury response.”

At a restaurant with his wife, he found himself unable to sign the check. “I couldn’t write my name.” By the next morning, “I had a floppy right foot, and as I turned around to put my scrubs on, everything fell apart. My arms began to not function and my legs — I couldn’t walk.”

Admitted to The Christ Hospital Heart & Vascular Center in Cincinnati — the very hospital he works in — Dr. Kereiakes had CT and MRI scans and consulted with neurosurgeons he counts as friends. He was given extremely high doses of intravenous steroids. “But instead of getting better, the pain came back, and I started posturing — when you posture, it looks like a praying mantis, your arms are flexed up, your wrists are flexed, and your fingers are spasmed together.” His wife and the nurses couldn’t pull his fingers open, “so they rolled me back, and the posturing started to go away.”

This prompted the neurosurgeons to bring him to the OR “by 6 a.m., and they are ‘unzipping me in the back’ to basically get my spinal cord off my spine. I had cord compression at C2-3 and C 6-7.”

Postop, Dr. Kereiakes couldn’t move his right leg and couldn’t close any of his fingers. “You lose control of things like bladder and bowel function — you have a catheter in — and you say to yourself, ‘How am I going to live like this?.’ ”

The quick-thinking of his neurosurgeons prevented permanent paralysis, and after a long 6-month recovery, Dr. Kereiakes is back in the cath lab, performing procedures. But crucially, he will no longer have to wear a lead apron.
 

Ending Careers Early. A Catalyst for Change

Typically, interventional cardiologists, interventional radiologists, electrophysiologists, and others working in labs where they are exposed to ionizing radiation wear lead aprons and garments, such as thyroid collars, leaded caps, and glasses, to protect them during procedures.

Long-term occupational exposure to radiation is linked to cataracts; brain tumors; cancers, including leukemia, multiple myelomas, lymphomas, and thyroid cancers; and left-sided breast cancers in women because the aprons don’t always cover the left side of the chest adequately.

Individual states set the standards in terms of the thickness of the lead required, varying from 0.25- to 0.5-mm–lead-equivalent aprons, which reduce exposure by 85%-95%. Radiation safety officers monitor the badges that staff wear to record their radiation exposure and will warn them when their levels are too high.

But — as Dr. Kereiakes freely admits — ambitious interventionalists don’t always take much notice. “They would come and say, ‘Hey your badge is really high,’ and so I would just put it in a drawer and carry on,” he said. “When you are younger, you feel immortal.”

James B. Hermiller Jr., MD, president of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions (SCAI), agrees: “The feeling is that, with lead, you are indestructible, and no one wants to show any weakness.”

Another occupational hazard related to those protective lead aprons was also being ignored, that of orthopedic injury. In surveys done by SCAI, around half of interventional cardiology respondents report cervical, lumbar, hip, knee, or ankle joint injuries.

While Dr. Kereiakes recognizes likely bias — with those afflicted more likely to complete these surveys — he believes that the problem is huge and “is ending careers early.”

“It’s interesting that radiation is at the forefront of protection and occupational safety, but you are much more likely to be taken out of work because of orthopedic injury,” explained Dr. Hermiller, director of Structural Heart Program at Ascension St. Vincent Heart Center in Indianapolis.

His own story “is not as compelling as Dean’s, but 17 years ago, I ruptured a disk in my lower spine and had emergent surgery and I now need a neck surgery.”

Dr. Kereiakes’ case was “a catalyst” for his hospital to investigate, and eventually commit to, the purchase of a new radiation protection system which allows the labs using radiation to effectively go “lead-free.”

Dr. Hermiller’s hospital, too, has purchased multiple radiation protection systems. “If you want to do this job for 30 years, you have to protect yourself early and at all times,” he said.

His focus as SCAI president is to help get these protection systems in place at more hospitals.

But significant challenges remain, not least the cost, which can be $150,000-$200,000 per lab. He estimates that fewer than 10% US hospitals with cath and other labs using radiation have installed such systems.

Most systems are not US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved because they are not attached to equipment in the cath lab, something that Nadia Sutton, MD, MPH, chair of the SCAI Women in Innovations committee, said many physicians are not aware of. “The companies [marketing the systems] are telling us that we can ‘shed our lead,’ ” she said. “It could be safe, but we are using the data provided by the companies.”
 

How Do the Lead-Free Systems Work?

Currently, there are three main radiation protection systems available. The Protego Radiation Protection System (Image Diagnostics), the EggNest Protect (Egg Medical), and the Rampart (Rampart ic).

According to Dr. Kereiakes, they differ somewhat in whether they allow immediate access to the patient or whether you can see and interact with them. He explained that in high-risk procedures, easy access is desirable. “If you get a perforation or tamponade and the patient suddenly goes ‘out,’ you need to be able to get to them quickly, and you can’t be spending a lot of time taking the shielding down.”

Dr. Kereiakes was recovering in the hospital when his colleagues plumped for the EggNest system. He thinks they chose it because it offers visibility and access to the patient and “takes 4-5 minutes, maximum, to set up.” So far, he agrees with the choice but wants to “give it a real, volume-driven try.”

If they are satisfied with the system, the hospital will order six more by the end of the year, he said. A significant financial undertaking, he acknowledged.

Dr. Hermiller cited data for the Rampart system showing a 95% reduction in radiation without any lead. For an average 1-GRAY radiation exposure case, “if you wear lead, you reach the maximum dose of radiation around 850 cases in a year. If you do it with one of these protection systems, in this case Rampart, you can do 14,500 cases in a year. Not that anyone would do that [many].”

The Protego system has very similar data, he noted. The systems protect the operator and whoever is scrubbing in at the table, so those on the other side of the protector still need to wear lead, Dr. Hermiller stressed.

Data for the EggNest Protect are available but are as yet unpublished.

Dr. Hermiller acknowledged that there is still a long way to go in getting hospitals to spend the money on these systems, but he thinks cath lab operators will drive the change.

“At our SCAI meeting this year, the biggest attendance was at a session about a lead-free cath lab environment.”
 

Regulation at the State Level

Despite the excitement among the profession, Dr. Sutton — director of Interventional Cardiology Research in the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee — still has concerns about the lack of FDA regulation.

There is one newer system, called the Radiaction shield system, that attaches to the existing equipment so that is regulated by the FDA as a class II device, she noted. “But it is my understanding that the Protego, Rampart, and EggNest are Class I Exempt. That is the same category as Band-Aid.”

James Beabout, MBA, chief marketing officer, Egg Medical, confirmed that the EggNest “is classified as a Class I device which does not require FDA approval. That leaves regulation to each state regarding the requirements for protective aprons.” And Mark Hansen, vice president business development, of Image Diagnostics — the manufacturer of the Protego Radiation Protection System — confirmed that “the real governance is at the state level.”

The company petitions the state regulator for an exemption letter to the wearing of lead aprons. “In some cases, the state will come to the site directly and validate the systems integrity and to confirm their decision. Once the exemption is granted, the state sends a document, and it’s the responsibility of the sites’ Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) to change the labs safety process and rules,” Mr. Hansen explained.

“What really makes this work is a real-time dosimetry from Fluke Medical. Staff wear one to two badges that instantly detects exposure,” Mr. Hansen stressed.

Similarly, said Mr. Beabout, Egg Medical has data from over 1000 real-world cases collected using real-time dosimetry (RaySafe i3 system) which demonstrate that it is possible to get some people in the room out of protective aprons, where allowed. They recommend real-time dosimetry anytime people are removing their aprons, “since the patient BMI, x-ray system type/age, and complexity of the case all have a significant effect on the radiation dose in each case.” Their goal is for exposure to be zero or as close to zero as possible, “otherwise we recommend use of protective aprons. With the EggNest, operators can use much lighter aprons (0.125 mm sold by Burlington Medical) than what has traditionally been used, so that is also an option,” he said.

Dr. Hermiller said the SCAI plan is to produce several statements on going lead-free, with all other interested professional societies — such as those representing interventional radiologists and vascular surgeons, as well as all the major cardiology societies.

“We want to make an intellectual foundation for this,” Dr. Hermiller explained. Guidelines “are in the making,” he said, with the expectation that they will be ready by the end of this year or early next year.

SCAI will also work with the 50 US states to facilitate lead-free labs, “as each one has a different way to be approved to go without lead,” he noted.

“This is not going to go away, it’s going to build in force, through the societies,” said Dr. Kereiakes. “It’s a matter of workplace safety.” He doesn’t think that the federal Occupational Health and Safety Administration does much to protect doctors, nurses, and technicians in the cath and other labs.

Dr. Hermiller agreed: “I always say that if we were a GM car plant, they would shut us down.”

Dr. Hermiller also stressed the expense of having doctors and other staff off work with occupation-related injuries. He has already observed that “it’s much easier to recruit cath lab staff to a place where they don’t have to wear lead.”

He anticipates that the next generation of physicians “are going to demand places where they don’t have to wear lead.” He is also hopeful that it will result in more women choosing interventional cardiology: “Women are safe in the cath lab with current lead systems, but if we could move to this, there would be even more women participating.”
 

Pregnancy Safe in the Cath Lab

Dr. Sutton reiterated his point: “The number-one message that I want to get across is that it is considered safe for the unborn baby, being in the cath lab, under lead,” she said, noting that there are very good data that the amount of lead that is required by states results in negligible radiation exposure to the developing fetus.

She had her children before working in the cath lab, “but I’ve heard from other women: It’s heavy and its sweaty for prolonged periods of time, but it can be done and you can get through it,” she said. Although the promise of radiation protection systems “is exciting, we have to approach this with some level of caution or awareness,” she said. “Cardiologists come from a cardiology background. We are not radiologists who go through a radiology residency, like IRs do. They get a lot of training on radiation exposure and what it means,” Dr. Sutton stressed.

Dr. Kereiakes, for his part, remains enthusiastic. He returned to the cath lab in August, just 6 months after his brush with near quadriplegia. “This is what I’ve spent my life doing and I love doing it, and I’m not ready to quit.”

Dr. Hermiller, Dr. Kereiakes, and Dr. Sutton reported having no relevant financial conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

“I’d probably be a quadriplegic,” Dean J. Kereiakes, MD, an interventional cardiologist, said when asked what would have happened if two top neurosurgeons at his hospital hadn’t rushed him to the operating room (OR) for a cervical decompression in February this year.

Dr. Kereiakes had orthopedic problems for years due to the heavy lead aprons he wore in the cath lab. He regularly dosed himself with steroids for disc pain so he could stand up straight and continue to do procedures. “Several times a year I’d go on a tapering dose of prednisone of about 10 days to 2 weeks, and this would take care of it.”

But then his luck ran out. “I’m told in retrospect that my gait — the way I walked — was different, and I was also having some myoclonic jerking in my legs when I was going to sleep. I thought it was peculiar, but I didn’t really tie it together that this was an upper tract injury response.”

At a restaurant with his wife, he found himself unable to sign the check. “I couldn’t write my name.” By the next morning, “I had a floppy right foot, and as I turned around to put my scrubs on, everything fell apart. My arms began to not function and my legs — I couldn’t walk.”

Admitted to The Christ Hospital Heart & Vascular Center in Cincinnati — the very hospital he works in — Dr. Kereiakes had CT and MRI scans and consulted with neurosurgeons he counts as friends. He was given extremely high doses of intravenous steroids. “But instead of getting better, the pain came back, and I started posturing — when you posture, it looks like a praying mantis, your arms are flexed up, your wrists are flexed, and your fingers are spasmed together.” His wife and the nurses couldn’t pull his fingers open, “so they rolled me back, and the posturing started to go away.”

This prompted the neurosurgeons to bring him to the OR “by 6 a.m., and they are ‘unzipping me in the back’ to basically get my spinal cord off my spine. I had cord compression at C2-3 and C 6-7.”

Postop, Dr. Kereiakes couldn’t move his right leg and couldn’t close any of his fingers. “You lose control of things like bladder and bowel function — you have a catheter in — and you say to yourself, ‘How am I going to live like this?.’ ”

The quick-thinking of his neurosurgeons prevented permanent paralysis, and after a long 6-month recovery, Dr. Kereiakes is back in the cath lab, performing procedures. But crucially, he will no longer have to wear a lead apron.
 

Ending Careers Early. A Catalyst for Change

Typically, interventional cardiologists, interventional radiologists, electrophysiologists, and others working in labs where they are exposed to ionizing radiation wear lead aprons and garments, such as thyroid collars, leaded caps, and glasses, to protect them during procedures.

Long-term occupational exposure to radiation is linked to cataracts; brain tumors; cancers, including leukemia, multiple myelomas, lymphomas, and thyroid cancers; and left-sided breast cancers in women because the aprons don’t always cover the left side of the chest adequately.

Individual states set the standards in terms of the thickness of the lead required, varying from 0.25- to 0.5-mm–lead-equivalent aprons, which reduce exposure by 85%-95%. Radiation safety officers monitor the badges that staff wear to record their radiation exposure and will warn them when their levels are too high.

But — as Dr. Kereiakes freely admits — ambitious interventionalists don’t always take much notice. “They would come and say, ‘Hey your badge is really high,’ and so I would just put it in a drawer and carry on,” he said. “When you are younger, you feel immortal.”

James B. Hermiller Jr., MD, president of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions (SCAI), agrees: “The feeling is that, with lead, you are indestructible, and no one wants to show any weakness.”

Another occupational hazard related to those protective lead aprons was also being ignored, that of orthopedic injury. In surveys done by SCAI, around half of interventional cardiology respondents report cervical, lumbar, hip, knee, or ankle joint injuries.

While Dr. Kereiakes recognizes likely bias — with those afflicted more likely to complete these surveys — he believes that the problem is huge and “is ending careers early.”

“It’s interesting that radiation is at the forefront of protection and occupational safety, but you are much more likely to be taken out of work because of orthopedic injury,” explained Dr. Hermiller, director of Structural Heart Program at Ascension St. Vincent Heart Center in Indianapolis.

His own story “is not as compelling as Dean’s, but 17 years ago, I ruptured a disk in my lower spine and had emergent surgery and I now need a neck surgery.”

Dr. Kereiakes’ case was “a catalyst” for his hospital to investigate, and eventually commit to, the purchase of a new radiation protection system which allows the labs using radiation to effectively go “lead-free.”

Dr. Hermiller’s hospital, too, has purchased multiple radiation protection systems. “If you want to do this job for 30 years, you have to protect yourself early and at all times,” he said.

His focus as SCAI president is to help get these protection systems in place at more hospitals.

But significant challenges remain, not least the cost, which can be $150,000-$200,000 per lab. He estimates that fewer than 10% US hospitals with cath and other labs using radiation have installed such systems.

Most systems are not US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved because they are not attached to equipment in the cath lab, something that Nadia Sutton, MD, MPH, chair of the SCAI Women in Innovations committee, said many physicians are not aware of. “The companies [marketing the systems] are telling us that we can ‘shed our lead,’ ” she said. “It could be safe, but we are using the data provided by the companies.”
 

How Do the Lead-Free Systems Work?

Currently, there are three main radiation protection systems available. The Protego Radiation Protection System (Image Diagnostics), the EggNest Protect (Egg Medical), and the Rampart (Rampart ic).

According to Dr. Kereiakes, they differ somewhat in whether they allow immediate access to the patient or whether you can see and interact with them. He explained that in high-risk procedures, easy access is desirable. “If you get a perforation or tamponade and the patient suddenly goes ‘out,’ you need to be able to get to them quickly, and you can’t be spending a lot of time taking the shielding down.”

Dr. Kereiakes was recovering in the hospital when his colleagues plumped for the EggNest system. He thinks they chose it because it offers visibility and access to the patient and “takes 4-5 minutes, maximum, to set up.” So far, he agrees with the choice but wants to “give it a real, volume-driven try.”

If they are satisfied with the system, the hospital will order six more by the end of the year, he said. A significant financial undertaking, he acknowledged.

Dr. Hermiller cited data for the Rampart system showing a 95% reduction in radiation without any lead. For an average 1-GRAY radiation exposure case, “if you wear lead, you reach the maximum dose of radiation around 850 cases in a year. If you do it with one of these protection systems, in this case Rampart, you can do 14,500 cases in a year. Not that anyone would do that [many].”

The Protego system has very similar data, he noted. The systems protect the operator and whoever is scrubbing in at the table, so those on the other side of the protector still need to wear lead, Dr. Hermiller stressed.

Data for the EggNest Protect are available but are as yet unpublished.

Dr. Hermiller acknowledged that there is still a long way to go in getting hospitals to spend the money on these systems, but he thinks cath lab operators will drive the change.

“At our SCAI meeting this year, the biggest attendance was at a session about a lead-free cath lab environment.”
 

Regulation at the State Level

Despite the excitement among the profession, Dr. Sutton — director of Interventional Cardiology Research in the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee — still has concerns about the lack of FDA regulation.

There is one newer system, called the Radiaction shield system, that attaches to the existing equipment so that is regulated by the FDA as a class II device, she noted. “But it is my understanding that the Protego, Rampart, and EggNest are Class I Exempt. That is the same category as Band-Aid.”

James Beabout, MBA, chief marketing officer, Egg Medical, confirmed that the EggNest “is classified as a Class I device which does not require FDA approval. That leaves regulation to each state regarding the requirements for protective aprons.” And Mark Hansen, vice president business development, of Image Diagnostics — the manufacturer of the Protego Radiation Protection System — confirmed that “the real governance is at the state level.”

The company petitions the state regulator for an exemption letter to the wearing of lead aprons. “In some cases, the state will come to the site directly and validate the systems integrity and to confirm their decision. Once the exemption is granted, the state sends a document, and it’s the responsibility of the sites’ Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) to change the labs safety process and rules,” Mr. Hansen explained.

“What really makes this work is a real-time dosimetry from Fluke Medical. Staff wear one to two badges that instantly detects exposure,” Mr. Hansen stressed.

Similarly, said Mr. Beabout, Egg Medical has data from over 1000 real-world cases collected using real-time dosimetry (RaySafe i3 system) which demonstrate that it is possible to get some people in the room out of protective aprons, where allowed. They recommend real-time dosimetry anytime people are removing their aprons, “since the patient BMI, x-ray system type/age, and complexity of the case all have a significant effect on the radiation dose in each case.” Their goal is for exposure to be zero or as close to zero as possible, “otherwise we recommend use of protective aprons. With the EggNest, operators can use much lighter aprons (0.125 mm sold by Burlington Medical) than what has traditionally been used, so that is also an option,” he said.

Dr. Hermiller said the SCAI plan is to produce several statements on going lead-free, with all other interested professional societies — such as those representing interventional radiologists and vascular surgeons, as well as all the major cardiology societies.

“We want to make an intellectual foundation for this,” Dr. Hermiller explained. Guidelines “are in the making,” he said, with the expectation that they will be ready by the end of this year or early next year.

SCAI will also work with the 50 US states to facilitate lead-free labs, “as each one has a different way to be approved to go without lead,” he noted.

“This is not going to go away, it’s going to build in force, through the societies,” said Dr. Kereiakes. “It’s a matter of workplace safety.” He doesn’t think that the federal Occupational Health and Safety Administration does much to protect doctors, nurses, and technicians in the cath and other labs.

Dr. Hermiller agreed: “I always say that if we were a GM car plant, they would shut us down.”

Dr. Hermiller also stressed the expense of having doctors and other staff off work with occupation-related injuries. He has already observed that “it’s much easier to recruit cath lab staff to a place where they don’t have to wear lead.”

He anticipates that the next generation of physicians “are going to demand places where they don’t have to wear lead.” He is also hopeful that it will result in more women choosing interventional cardiology: “Women are safe in the cath lab with current lead systems, but if we could move to this, there would be even more women participating.”
 

Pregnancy Safe in the Cath Lab

Dr. Sutton reiterated his point: “The number-one message that I want to get across is that it is considered safe for the unborn baby, being in the cath lab, under lead,” she said, noting that there are very good data that the amount of lead that is required by states results in negligible radiation exposure to the developing fetus.

She had her children before working in the cath lab, “but I’ve heard from other women: It’s heavy and its sweaty for prolonged periods of time, but it can be done and you can get through it,” she said. Although the promise of radiation protection systems “is exciting, we have to approach this with some level of caution or awareness,” she said. “Cardiologists come from a cardiology background. We are not radiologists who go through a radiology residency, like IRs do. They get a lot of training on radiation exposure and what it means,” Dr. Sutton stressed.

Dr. Kereiakes, for his part, remains enthusiastic. He returned to the cath lab in August, just 6 months after his brush with near quadriplegia. “This is what I’ve spent my life doing and I love doing it, and I’m not ready to quit.”

Dr. Hermiller, Dr. Kereiakes, and Dr. Sutton reported having no relevant financial conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The origin of the COVID-19 pandemic has sparked much debate, and various hypotheses have been put forward.

“My colleagues and I have examined the issue with an open mind, taking into account all possible hypotheses. The laboratory origin hypothesis was legitimate and deserved to be investigated,” Florence Débarre, PhD, a research director at the French National Center for Scientific Research at the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences in Paris, France, told this news organization. Nevertheless, research carried out as part of a large international collaboration points more toward an animal origin at the Wuhan market in China.

“We studied data from environmental samples taken at the Huanan market in Wuhan shortly after its closure in early 2020,” said Dr. Débarre. The data were shared by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention on open and public databases. They include the raw genetic sequences of more than 800 samples collected at the Huanan market, on cages and carts, on the floors and walls of the stalls, and in the pipes and sewers.

These data allowed researchers to highlight the co-presence at this location of genetic material from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and certain wild animals. Masked palm civets, which are wild canids similar to foxes, with a dark facial mask similar to that of raccoons, and civets, small carnivorous mammals close to mongooses, were at the site.

“These species were already involved in the emergence of the SARS epidemic in the early 2000s and considered to facilitate the transmission of the virus from animals to humans,” said Dr. Débarre.

These animals were identified based on their DNA and located in the southwest part of the market, which is also a hotspot where many samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.

“There is a particular stall where the virus and the animals were found,” she said.

Since the data used are based on environmental samples, it is not possible to formally demonstrate that the animals were infected, but the discovery of virus samples located in the same place as the genetic material of these animals suggests that they were.

“There were samples taken from some animals at the market, but not from others, as they had already been evacuated when the sampling services arrived,” said Dr. Débarre. These results add to a large body of evidence that all points in the same direction: an animal origin at the Wuhan market.

The team also found other zoonotic viruses, such as avian flu. “This study confirms that live animal markets pose a high health risk, especially when they are at the heart of urban centers,” said Dr. Débarre. “It can provide avenues for prevention, particularly by limiting interactions between humans and wild fauna.”

This story was translated from the Medscape French edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The origin of the COVID-19 pandemic has sparked much debate, and various hypotheses have been put forward.

“My colleagues and I have examined the issue with an open mind, taking into account all possible hypotheses. The laboratory origin hypothesis was legitimate and deserved to be investigated,” Florence Débarre, PhD, a research director at the French National Center for Scientific Research at the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences in Paris, France, told this news organization. Nevertheless, research carried out as part of a large international collaboration points more toward an animal origin at the Wuhan market in China.

“We studied data from environmental samples taken at the Huanan market in Wuhan shortly after its closure in early 2020,” said Dr. Débarre. The data were shared by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention on open and public databases. They include the raw genetic sequences of more than 800 samples collected at the Huanan market, on cages and carts, on the floors and walls of the stalls, and in the pipes and sewers.

These data allowed researchers to highlight the co-presence at this location of genetic material from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and certain wild animals. Masked palm civets, which are wild canids similar to foxes, with a dark facial mask similar to that of raccoons, and civets, small carnivorous mammals close to mongooses, were at the site.

“These species were already involved in the emergence of the SARS epidemic in the early 2000s and considered to facilitate the transmission of the virus from animals to humans,” said Dr. Débarre.

These animals were identified based on their DNA and located in the southwest part of the market, which is also a hotspot where many samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.

“There is a particular stall where the virus and the animals were found,” she said.

Since the data used are based on environmental samples, it is not possible to formally demonstrate that the animals were infected, but the discovery of virus samples located in the same place as the genetic material of these animals suggests that they were.

“There were samples taken from some animals at the market, but not from others, as they had already been evacuated when the sampling services arrived,” said Dr. Débarre. These results add to a large body of evidence that all points in the same direction: an animal origin at the Wuhan market.

The team also found other zoonotic viruses, such as avian flu. “This study confirms that live animal markets pose a high health risk, especially when they are at the heart of urban centers,” said Dr. Débarre. “It can provide avenues for prevention, particularly by limiting interactions between humans and wild fauna.”

This story was translated from the Medscape French edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

The origin of the COVID-19 pandemic has sparked much debate, and various hypotheses have been put forward.

“My colleagues and I have examined the issue with an open mind, taking into account all possible hypotheses. The laboratory origin hypothesis was legitimate and deserved to be investigated,” Florence Débarre, PhD, a research director at the French National Center for Scientific Research at the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences in Paris, France, told this news organization. Nevertheless, research carried out as part of a large international collaboration points more toward an animal origin at the Wuhan market in China.

“We studied data from environmental samples taken at the Huanan market in Wuhan shortly after its closure in early 2020,” said Dr. Débarre. The data were shared by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention on open and public databases. They include the raw genetic sequences of more than 800 samples collected at the Huanan market, on cages and carts, on the floors and walls of the stalls, and in the pipes and sewers.

These data allowed researchers to highlight the co-presence at this location of genetic material from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and certain wild animals. Masked palm civets, which are wild canids similar to foxes, with a dark facial mask similar to that of raccoons, and civets, small carnivorous mammals close to mongooses, were at the site.

“These species were already involved in the emergence of the SARS epidemic in the early 2000s and considered to facilitate the transmission of the virus from animals to humans,” said Dr. Débarre.

These animals were identified based on their DNA and located in the southwest part of the market, which is also a hotspot where many samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.

“There is a particular stall where the virus and the animals were found,” she said.

Since the data used are based on environmental samples, it is not possible to formally demonstrate that the animals were infected, but the discovery of virus samples located in the same place as the genetic material of these animals suggests that they were.

“There were samples taken from some animals at the market, but not from others, as they had already been evacuated when the sampling services arrived,” said Dr. Débarre. These results add to a large body of evidence that all points in the same direction: an animal origin at the Wuhan market.

The team also found other zoonotic viruses, such as avian flu. “This study confirms that live animal markets pose a high health risk, especially when they are at the heart of urban centers,” said Dr. Débarre. “It can provide avenues for prevention, particularly by limiting interactions between humans and wild fauna.”

This story was translated from the Medscape French edition using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.